4 A 4 Final Full Blown Research Paper

UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL MENTALITY AMONG

INDIVIDUALS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Psychology Department
College of Science
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Major in Research and Measurement
CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER

JOICE A. DANGA
JANINE P. OLILI
2021
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Page | i
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Psychology major in Research and Measurement, this thesis
titled “MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL MENTALITY AMONG
INDIVIDUALS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD” has been prepared and
submitted by CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER, JOICE A. DANGA, and
JANINE P. OLILI who are hereby recommended for Oral Examination.
RYAN C. VILLANUEVA, MAED, RGC,

LPT
Adviser
Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

______
ADRIAN P. MIRANDA, LPT IAN CARLO O. BAREDO

Member Member
KAREN GAIL IBAÑEZ, RPsy, RPm

Chair
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY major in Research
and Measurement.
Engr. ESTRELLA O. CHAN

Dean, College of Science
Date: January 2020

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher wants to extend their gratitude to all the people who have
extended their assistance for the success of this study.
To Prof. Ryan C. Villanueva, psychological research adviser, for the
unending support and for going beyond the role of an adviser. Appreciation
and an earnest gratitude for spending sleepless nights and sacrificing
weekends just to make sure that this study will be a success.
To the panel members, for their comprehensible inputs which
contributed to the quality of this work.
To the President of Holy Trinity College of Camarines Sur, Mr. Roberto
F. Palanca, for allowing us to conduct the survey in their institution to use in
gathering data for the research study. And to the students of HTCCS, who
willingly took part as a respondent and for giving an extra time and effort in
answering the survey questionnaire.
To Prof. Linber Allan C. Eugenio, Prof. Ueseni A. Gunsi-Gabriel, and
Prof. Dorothy Garcia-Nayra, for their guidance and whose expertise and
knowledge were generously shared.
To the researchers’ family, as the source of strength, determination, and
unending financial support until the end of the research.

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And most of all, to God almighty, who is the source of knowledge and
wisdom and for sustaining the strength and blessing to the researchers.
The Researchers
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DEDICATION
The researchers wish to express their deepest gratitude to all the
important people who have played their part for the completion of this work.
This endeavor is dedicated to the researchers’ family, namely: Danga
family, Ballester family, and Olili family, for the love and support and
To all the friends and classmates, who lend a hand and support to the
researchers all throughout the final completion of this study, your time and
efforts are highly appreciated.
The researchers also devoted this study to the students who have
struggles in life, stress and burnouts that may serve as light and answer
towards their better future.
To the respondents, who spared their time to answer the survey,
without you, the researchers will not be able to accomplish the goal of the
study.
Most of all, this research is dedicated to Almighty God, for the guidance
and wisdom to make this research possible.
The Researchers
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ABSTRACT
Title : MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL MENTALITY AMONG

INDIVIDUALS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Researcher :CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER, JOICE A. DANGA,

JANINE P. OLILI
Adviser : PROF. RYAN C. VILLANUEVA, MAEd, RGC, LPT
School : UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
Date : JANUARY 4, 2021
Degree : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Major in Research and Measurement
Philippines is known for its colonial history. And the historical event
became a vital element in the existence of colonial mentality among Filipinos
who are deeply influenced by our colonizers. Which led the researchers to
conduct a study about the extent of manifestation of colonial mentality among
individuals from young adulthood. This study sought to answer the extent of
colonial mentality among these Filipino individuals in terms of language use, food
choice, their clothing style, as well as their preference in music and movies. This
study is quantitative in nature and utilizes a descriptive method to measure the
extent of manifestation of colonial mentality among young adults and what domain
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does colonial mentality is highly manifested. The researchers adapted and
modified a colonial mentality scale and came up with a 50-item survey and the
result showed that, the level of manifestation of colonial mentality among Filipino
individuals in young adulthood as manifested in every domain such as language
used, food choice, fashion, music preference and movie preference are in average
level as presented in the tables; which means that this group of Filipino individuals
proven to have a manifestation of colonial mentality, however the extent of
manifestation is not alarming.
This suggests that although decades have passed since colonization
happened, we are still heavily colonized by western culture and with the
continuous rise of hallyu or Korean wave, Japanese culture for anime and
preferences of food from all over the world, colonial mentality will prevail in the
near future. This study will aid the schools and students who wish to conduct the
same study on the subject matter. This will give a broader perspective regarding
the factors that contribute to the colonial mentality. As well as, this study will be of
help to identify the problems of our society with regards to the promotion of our
culture. If Filipinos continue to patronize the culture and products of other nations,
it will be a problem in the near future because the rich culture that Filipinos have,
will no longer be given attention.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page ..............................................................................
Approval Sheet .............................................................................. i
Acknowledgement .............................................................................. ii
Dedication .............................................................................. iv
Abstract .............................................................................. v
Table of Contents. .............................................................................. vii
List of Tables .............................................................................. viii
List of Figures .............................................................................. ix
List of Appendices .............................................................................. x
Chapter
I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Introduction .............................................................................. 1
Background of the Study ........................................................... 3
Conceptual Framework. ........................................................... 7
Research Paradigm. ............................................................ 12
Statement of the Problem .......................................................... 13
Significance of the Study. ........................................................... 14
Scope and Delimitations of the Study ……………………………. 15
Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 16
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. 18

Related Literature .......................................................................
Related Studies ..........................................................................
Synthesis .................................................................................... 38
III METHODOLOGY 42
Research Design ........................................................................ 42
Population and Sampling ............................................................ 43
Research Locale ......................................................................... 43
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Research Instruments ................................................................. 45

Data Gathering Procedure ........................................................... 46
Data Analysis ............................................................................... 47
IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 49

V SUMMARY, COMCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION. 60
APPENDICES 64
REFERENCES 82
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 Scoring and Interpretation …........................................... 48
2.1 Language Indicator in Early Adulthood ………………….. 49
2.2 Clothing Style Indicator in Early Adulthood ………………. 51
2.3 Food Choice Indicator in Early Adulthood ……………...… 52
2.4 Music Preference Indicator in Early Adulthood …………... 54
2.5 Movie Preference Indicator in Early Adulthood ………...... 56
3 The general weighted mean………………………………… 58
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Research Paradigm ……………………………………… 12

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
A Letters to the Authorities 65
B Instruments 71
C SPSS/Excel Output 76
D Curriculum Vitae 79
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
Philippines is a well-known country in South East Asia for its rich
biodiversity from the beaches and island destinations found in most parts of the
archipelago, to its abundant and unique food delicacies. Furthermore,
Philippines is known for its cultural history shaped by its unforgettable historical
events. Its colonial history is the vital element on the existence of colonial
mentality among its people who are influenced by their colonizers, in particular
the Spain and United States of America. In the same way, it is said that
Philippine culture is a union of the East and the West culture.
In spite of the fact that some Filipinos patronize and continue going
along the path that Dr. Jose Rizal and other noble heroes had led, most of the
Filipinos choose the path of colonial mentality. On the study led by David and
Okazaki (2006, as cited in Gabornes 2013) they conceptualized colonial
mentality among Filipinos as a form of internalized oppression characterized by
a perception of ethnic or cultural inferiority that involves an automatic and
unreasonable rejection of anything Filipino, and an instinctive and uncritical
preference for anything Western or foreign.

The Philippines can be considered as a country that is deep-seated with
their colonial mentality, especially in today’s youth. Colonial mentality can be
easily seen in our country’s pop culture, media, and lifestyle. Rather than a
country that is firmly fixed in their traditions, sense of identity, and their
patriotism, some Filipino seem to be embarrassed of its country’s shortcomings
and inability to keep pace with the growing neighborhoods
Colonial mentality can even be found in our language, the combination
of Tagalog and American language that is known as Tag-lish. According to
Bautista (2009) and Francisco (2012), Tag-lish was associated with the
speaker’s inability to use either Tagalog or English in a complete discourse. It is
considered as a sign of lack of proficiency in one of the two languages, and as
a result, there is a need for a replacement of mediated language vocabulary for
common understanding in the continuous conversation (Lesada, 2017).
Relation to this, due to social media exposure and frequent travels,
Filipinos have become more conscious of brands, convenience, taste and right
price. According to the statement of Happy Ongpauco-Tiu, the owner of Happy
Concept Group as cited in Mananquil & Moran (2018), Filipinos have embraced
food concepts from all over the world. Thus, their palates have become more
sophisticated. More foreign concepts have been sprouting all over, which
challenges local restaurateurs to be more creative and work double time to

meet the expectations of their clients. It is sad that sometimes Filipinos forget
how important it is to patronize their own — they prefer the imported concepts.
Fashion is big business in the Philippines, based on Staff (2017), 42% of
millennials had purchased at least half of the clothes that they own in the past
12 months. However, one in five throws away clothes simply because they’re
more than a few seasons old. You Gov’s Head of Omnibus, Jake Gammon,
comments that despite various recycling initiatives by leading labels, their
survey highlights how many clothes go to waste each year in the Philippines.
He also stated that looking ahead to the future, there is a worrying trend among
millennials; their propensity to dispose of clothing at a faster rate than older
generations suggests that there is an uphill battle ahead for those keen to
tackle this issue head on.
Based on the articles and studies previously cited, this had drawn
attention to the researchers which led to conduct a study. The purpose of this
study is to know the level of manifestation of colonial mentality among Filipino
individuals in young adulthood.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Colonial mentality is a conceptual theory around feelings of inferiority
within some societies experiencing post colonialism, relative to the values of
the foreign powers that they became aware of through the contact period of
colonization. Colonial Mentality rejects anything that is Filipino, and it is a form
of internalized oppression (Schirmer & Shalom, 1987 as cited in Morente,
2015).
Spanish colonization began when the Spaniards invaded the Philippines
dated on February 13, 1565 with the establishment of the first permanent
settlement in the island of Cebu. The expedition continued reaching the bay of
Manila on the island of Luzon on June 24, 1571, where the Spaniards
established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that
lasted for more than three centuries (Agoncillo, 1990, as cited in Morente,
2015).
Spanish rule ended in 1898 the Philippines then became a territory of
the United States with establishment of the insular government to rule the
Philippines the Americans were the last country to colonize the Philippines in
1898-1946.There is a relationship between colonial mentality and the extent
that Filipinos reject Filipino values. In other words, individuals with colonial
mentality may view Filipino values, culture, and behaviors negatively and hold
American or Western values in a higher regard (David, 2013).
Filipinos have been forced to see themselves through the lens and eyes
of Spanish, Japanese, and American colonizers. Indigenous values and
cultures are viewed as inferior and the colonizer’s values and culture are
viewed as superior and better (Leonardo & Matias, 2013, as cited in Morente,
2015).
The Philippines can be considered as a country that is deep-seated with
their colonial mentality, especially in today’s youth. Colonial mentality can be
easily seen in our country’s pop culture, media, and lifestyle. Rather than a
country that is firmly fixed in their traditions, sense of identity, and their
patriotism, some Filipino seem to be embarrassed of its country’s shortcomings
and inability to keep pace with the growing neighborhoods
According to (Gravanza, 2016) we are now existing in a modern world –
a world where morals are slowly decaying. I agree that this generation is
somehow proud of being “Pinoy”, however their nationalism has gone. Gone
are the days when Filipinos admire the locals. Gone are the good old days
when the youth cherish their homeland. This historical period is truly affecting
the individuals.
In the study presented by (Doles, et.al, 2015) the values of being Filipino
are no longer promoted. The nationalism of the Filipino youth can slowly fade
away. Instead of sticking with the Filipino culture and instead of being aware of
being a Filipino to choose to stick with Korean culture. Filipino youth nowadays
use Korean language rather than using their native language. (Dela Cruz,
2015)
Korean fashion is a big hit to Filipinos, especially to the youth. They tried
to copy Korean stars by wearing hip hop and chic Korean fashion trends. In
spite the fact that some clothes are not appropriate for our country’s warm
climate, some Filipino youth still wear and match it up with different accessories
from head to toe, from large colorful glasses to huge edgy shoes. K-pop
popularized high heel shoes, sleeveless tops and fashionable accessories,
short shorts and boots (Yrawda, 2013).
Furthermore, Yrawda (2013) added that the new generation today is
different and they are easily captured by the things around them. The youth are
exposed to the different kinds and genres of music, television dramas and also
in their taste of fashion. Now and then, the taste of music, movies and fashion
has been changed, improved and made more exciting in the eyes of the Filipino
youth. From schools, malls, stores, jeepneys and even to recreational places
such as parks and also to tourist places, the effects of Korean Wave in the
Filipino especially to the Filipino Youth are widespread. Students are listening
and singing songs in different languages, that is, the Korean language even
though they don’t know the meaning of it. They talk about their favorite Korean
dramas then admire the actors and actresses in the movie and sometimes
impersonate their looks which greatly affected the fashion statement of the
Filipino youth.
In recent studies, they focused on variables that are generally for
Filipino’s that gave the researchers an idea to conduct a study that focuses on
two variables which are the late childhood and young adulthood. These
respondents will help the researchers to measure the gap and the level of
manifestation in both variables in terms of colonial mentality.
The researcher’s aims to know the level of manifestation in colonial
mentality in terms of language use, food choice, clothes design, and music and
movies preferences. In this study the level of manifestation of colonial mentality
in young adulthood in this generation will also be measure to know which
specific domain shows high manifestation of colonial mentality at present.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Colonial mentality more strictly refers to the attitude that indigenous
people feel that they are inferior in some way to their colonizers. In more
contemporary times, however, it’s taken to mean the mentality that minorities or
citizens from other countries believe their own cultures are inferior to those
found abroad.
For example, Filipinos often romanticize Western culture and prefer to
indulge in American restaurants or consume Western media rather than
supporting local businesses that were created with Filipino culture. McDonald’s
versus Jollibee is one example. Many customers might simply just prefer
McDonald’s due to its association with American culture and life, and therefore,
American superiority.
The attitude of colonial mentality can largely be attributed to the
Philippines’ lengthy history of colonialism. Many Filipinos prefer the lighter,
creamier skin of Americans or Europeans than their own. Spanish colonialism
has imprinted its effects on our language, religion, and cultural values.
American culture has had its own influence on the Filipino people as well
(Chubbyplatypus, 2017).
As mentioned above, David and Okazaki (2006a) defined colonial
mentality essentially as the ethnic and cultural inferiority which takes form in
valuing the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the dominant/colonizing culture
over one’s indigenous culture. It is a form of three (3) internalized racial
oppression, where a person internally incorporates this idea that they are less
than another person or entity (David & Okazaki, 2006).
On the study led by David and Okazaki (2006, as cited in Gabornes,
2013) they conceptualized Colonial Mentality among Filipinos as a form of
internalized oppression characterized by a perception of ethnic or cultural
inferiority that involves an automatic and unreasonable rejection of anything
Filipino, and an instinctive and uncritical preference for anything Western or
foreign.
Overcompensation can lead to the development of an inferiority
complex. This is a lack of self-esteem where the person is unable to rectify his
feelings of inferiority. According to Adler (2013a), the hallmark of an inferiority
complex is that “persons are always striving to find a situation in which they
excel” (p. 74). This drive is due to their overwhelming feelings of inferiority.
There are two components of these feelings of inferiority: primary and
secondary. Primary inferiority is the “original and normal feeling” of inferiority
maintained by an infant (Stein & Edwards, 2002, p. 23). This feeling is
productive, as it provides motivation for the child to develop.
Secondary inferiority, on the other hand, is the inferiority feeling in the
adult results when the child develops an exaggerated feeling of inferiority (p.
23). These feelings in the adult are what is harmful, and they comprise the
inferiority complex (Hoffman, 2020).
Furthermore, Adler suggests that all humans experience feelings of
inferiority as children and spend the rest of their lives trying to compensate for
those feelings. As people replace the dependence of childhood with the
independence of adulthood, the feelings of inferiority persist in varying intensity
in different people. For some people, the sense of inferiority serves as a
positive motivating factor, as they strive to improve themselves in an effort to
neutralize the negative feelings of inferiority. Some, however, become

dominated—and, as a result, crippled—by an overwhelming sense of
inadequacy. These people, whose thoughts are so overtaken by these feelings
that they cannot function normally, are said to have an inferiority complex. The
opposite of inferiority complex, a superiority complex, can also result from the
inevitable early feelings of inferiority, Adler believed. This results when a person
overcompensates and places too much emphasis on striving for perfection.
The researcher focuses in early adulthood individuals to know the level
of manifestation of colonial mentality. According to Erikson, he maintained that
personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of
psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.
During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which
could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development. For
Erikson (1958, 1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they
involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the
needs of society (i.e., social). According to the theory, successful completion of
each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.
Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve
subsequent crises. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a
reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore an unhealthier

personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved
successfully at a later time (Mcleod, 2018).
The researchers particularly used one stage of Erikson’s theory. The
Intimacy versus isolation, it is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood
between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major
conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.
During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We
explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone
other than a family member. Successful completion of this stage can result in
happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a
relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead
to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this stage will
lead to the virtue of love.
In this stage, variables have the ability to understand what is happening
and both are engaging in a social environment.

Input Process Output
Demographic
Profile of
Respondents
Survey
Level of questionnaire The extent level of
manifestation of colonial mentality as
colonial mentality manifested in
among Filipino Analysis of Filipino individuals
individuals in young data among young
adulthood adulthood
Manifestation of
colonial mentality in
a specific domain
Figure 1. The Research Paradigm

To gain a better perspective of the study, the research paradigm is based
on the premise of Input-Process-Output (IPO) or system model will be
employed. The input shall consist of (a) demographic profile of the
respondents, (b) level of manifestation of Colonial Mentality among Filipino
individuals in young adulthood (c) Manifestation of colonial mentality in a
specific domain. Processes are actions/procedures to be taken in gathering the
necessary data on knowing the extent level of the manifestation of Colonial
Mentality among the individuals. Survey and Analysis will be employed in the
collection of responses and information. Output is the outcome of the input and
processes, which should be the level of manifestation of Colonial Mentality
among Filipino individuals in young adulthood and which specific domain
colonial mentality highly manifested.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims at finding the extent level of manifestation of colonial
mentality among individuals in young adulthood. Furthermore, this study
seeks to find answers to the following questions:
1. To what extent do individuals in young adulthood manifest colonial
mentality in terms of:
2.1 language used;

2.2 food choice;
2.3 clothes design;
2.4 music preference; and
2.5 movie preference
2. What domain does colonial mentality highly manifest more?
Significance of the study
The designed construct of this study is to know the extent of
manifestation of colonial mentality among individuals from young adulthood.
Thus, this study is significant to the following groups of individuals:
Researchers. The results of this study will be a great contribution to the vast
knowledge in relation to the researcher's achievement. This study will be
highly significant and beneficial especially to the researchers, because they
aim to know the level of manifestation of colonial mentality among the chosen
respondents.
Young adulthood. Young adults are part and the participants of this
research, ages 18-40 years old. This study will give awareness and serve as a
revelation for them to know the level of colonial mentality as manifested to
them.
Parents. The guardian of the participants in this study who are in late
childhood and young adulthood will help to have awareness on their children
especially when it comes to the things that influence them. Colonial mentality
plays a very big role in influencing individuals within the family socialization.
Filipino Community. This study will give awareness to the Filipino people if
they are already indulging or succumb to this colonial mentality. This will help
them reflect their level of colonialism as manifested in them. This will also
help to change their perception and choices when it comes to colonizing
others instead of embracing and patronizing our own.
Future researchers. This study will help the future researcher identify the
level of colonial mentality as manifested in an individual, and this will serve as
a tool and guide for their research as related with the same study.
Scope and Limitation

This research study aims to know the level of manifestation of colonial
mentality particularly in terms of language used, food choice, clothing design,
music preferences and movie on the respondents. The target participants of
this study are early adulthood, age ranges from nineteen to forty (19-40) years
old. The participants are students within the town of Bato, in the province of
Camarines Sur. The study will be limiting the participant’s age range and their
demographic profile such as name, age, sex, name of school as included in the
data gathering.
This study is not limited to a specific number of participants but not less
than 30 participants with equal numbers on both variables so that the reliability
and validity of the study will not compromise. The researcher will use
descriptive research design to find out the level of manifestation and its
differences to both variables. With regards in selecting the respondents, the
researcher used convenience sampling in limiting the participants due to the
limited access and availability of the respondents. The researcher utilized a set
of questionnaires through an online platform as a survey and reference in
obtaining the data. The survey questionnaires are only applicable in children in
late childhood and young adulthood.
Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined
operationally.
Colonial Mentality. This refers to the behavior acquired by the respondents in
late childhood and young adulthood, which will be measured from the
respondents through the modified “Colonial Mentality Scale”.
Young Adulthood. This refers to the respondents of the study that is classified
as the independent variable, with the age bracket of 18-40 years old.
Age. This refers to the demographic information of respondents, which is
limited to 18-40 years old to be classified as young adults.
Manifestation. In this study, this term is used as a means that colonial
mentality stated as a behavior acquired by the respondents that is clearly
visible and evident.
Inferiority. This term is used in this study as the feeling of being lower in status
compared to foreign individuals resulting in behaviors like conforming to others
to fit in the highly competitive society.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of the related literature and studies in line
with the colonial mentality among Filipino respondents and its manifestation in
terms of language, food choice, clothes and fashion design, type of music,
and movie preferences.
Colonial Mentality
Filipinos have been forced to see themselves through the lens and eyes
of Spanish, Japanese, and American colonizers. Indigenous values and
cultures were viewed as inferior and the colonizer’s values and culture are
viewed as superior and better (David, 2008).

On the study led by David and Okazaki (2006, as cited in Gabornes,
2013) they conceptualized colonial mentality among Filipinos as a form of
internalized oppression characterized by a perception of ethnic or cultural
inferiority that involves an automatic and unreasonable rejection of anything
Filipino, and an instinctive and uncritical preference for anything Western or
foreign.
According to Pamela E. (2016), living in a country with a rich history of
colonialism, it is no surprise that the people of the Philippines have developed a
feeling of inferiority towards their previous Spanish and American colonizers.
While Spanish colonialism has helped to shape the Filipino language, religion,
and cultural values, it is the extreme bias Filipinos have towards American
culture that feeds their colonial mentality. The great desire of the Filipino to
assimilate into the perceived “superior” Western culture has passed through the
Filipino language, media, beauty standards, and various other aspects of
modern life. However, the adverse effects of this mentality also influence the
nation on deeper levels.
For example, in an economic outlook, Filipinos identify foreign countries,
specifically America, as a country with superior working conditions compared to
our country. As a result, the Filipino workers, take the opportunity to leave the
country and lend their expertise to other countries instead of contributing to

their home country’s gross domestic product. Similarly, the Filipino colonial
mentality is inappropriate to the survival of the Filipino culture. A nation’s
culture is built upon the ideas, traditions, customs, and social behavior of a
group of people.
With the Filipino’s colonial mentality enticing people to purge themselves
of “inferior” ideas, traditions, customs, and behaviors — essentially their identity
as Filipinos — the Philippines may experience a gradual cultural decline that
may lead to the extinction of the rich culture that had once been the pride of the
Philippines. (Pamela E., 2016)
Kubo Guest Writers (2018, as cited in Mercado, 2018) stated that people
who possess colonial mentality have a perception of ethnic or cultural inferiority
that is a specific consequence of colonization. For Filipinos, this involves an
automatic and uncritical rejection of anything Filipino and an automatic and
uncritical preference for anything American or white. According to Pico Tan as
cited in Gemskyle (2019), a colonial mentality is the internalized attitude of
ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization, in example
them being colonized by another group. It corresponds with the belief that the
cultural values of the colonizer are inherently superior to one's own. Colonial
Mentality is when a certain society thinks that foreign talents and products are
always better than their local products. The term is colonial because of our
Spanish and American colonizers that caused our country to practice the said
colonizers' culture that causes colonial mentality (Gemskyle, 2019).
Colonial Mentality and Language
English has become localized and this clearly depicts the picture of the
linguistic situation in the Philippines. There is, no doubt, a possibility of decline
of the native language practice in such a setting. According to Hult, (as cited in
Chureson 2012), though the native or local languages are being used
frequently as means of conversation, their popularity has lessened as an
effective tool of communication either in written or spoken form or both. English
is obviously ingenious at incorporating words and phrases of other languages
into its own. The case of the Philippines is unique as the native language is
very much influenced by American English and Spanish. Some perceive
English as “destiny’s greatest gift” (Francisco, 2012, p. 1) to the country.
The case of the Philippines is unique as the native language is
influenced by American English and Spanish. Some perceive English as
“destiny’s greatest gift” to the country (Francisco, 2012, p. 1). With English
being a language that is flexible and adaptive of other languages, it is
observable that its fame has become a rival and a threat to native languages in
the multilingual context due to its integrated transformation (Chureson, 2013).

The Commission on National Language of the Philippines calls for their
preservation and use as “auxiliary languages” in the learning of Filipino and in
the enhancement of its national reach. Such a call implies two things. First, is
that native languages are in danger of disappearing or, at the very least, falling
into obscurity. For this reason, they are in need of protection. Second, that as
the language learned from birth, they should be pressed into serving as
assistants in the apprehension of Filipino. The mother tongues are meant to
nurture the growth of the national language itself (Rafael, 2015).
In the study presented by Doles, et.al, (2015) the values of being Filipino
are no longer promoted. The nationalism of the Filipino youth can slowly fade
away. Instead of sticking with the Filipino culture and instead of being aware of
being a Filipino, some choose to stick with Korean culture. Filipino youth
nowadays use Korean language rather than using their native language (Dela
Cruz, 2015).
According to Thompson (2003, as cited in Lesada, 2017), Tag-lish as a
social phenomenon was first observed in the late 1960s, but became firmly
established following the enactment of the 1973 Bilingual Education Policy; the
greatest increase in the use of the code-switching variety took place over the
fifteen years that followed, through 1988.

Bonifacio Sibayan, a Filipino linguist, predicted in 1985 that the national
language of tomorrow would indeed be Tag-lish (Sibayan, 1985, as cited in
Lesada, 2017). Today, Tagalog-English code switching is most commonly
observed among the educated and middle- and upper-class urbanites of the
Philippines. Furthermore, as a result of mass media, Tag-lish has exceeded the
boundaries of the Tagalog-speaking region, and is now characteristic of
bilinguals outside the Metro Manila urban reach in terms of language attitudes;
Filipinos are also quick to abandon one language to reap the social benefits of
another.
Lesada (2017) stated that during his time in the Philippines, he recalls
visiting a family who has decided to raise their young children exclusively using
English, excluding their native Waray, Cebuano, and Filipino from their home.
When asked about their motivation for such a decision, they claimed it would be
better for their children and family—educationally, socially, and economically.
Not all of the languages spoken in the Philippines are indigenous. This
country is home to a large number of immigrants as well, which is reflected in
its wide variety of foreign languages. These languages include Chinese
(various types), Arabic, Japanese, Spanish, Malay, Tamil, and Korean.
Many regional languages here have borrowed loanwords from several of these
languages, particularly for food and household items (Pariona. A., 2018). Like
many parts of Asia, South Korean culture is very popular in the Philippines.
Hallyu or the Korean Wave is present in the Philippines in various forms
including music, television, food, and beauty. The success of the Korean Wave
is, in part, due to the development of social networking services and online
video sharing platforms; which have allowed the Korean Industry to reach a
sizable overseas audience. Soon enough, “annyeonghaseyo (hello)” will not be
the only Korean word Filipino public students will know how to say.
Ten public schools in the Philippines offer Korean language classes to
its students, The Philippine Daily Inquirer reported. Patricia Santos, the DepEd
official in charge of the program told GMA News that the classes would be
offered to more schools in the country’s Region IV-A. The Korean language
classes are part of an initiative by the DepEd and the Korean embassy in
Manila that was officially made and announced last 2017. It's part of the
Education Department’s Special Program in Foreign Language which includes
classes in Spanish, Nihongo, French, German, and Mandarin, ABS-CBN News
reported.
In an interview with GMA News, DepEd undersecretary
AnnalynSevillastated that only those who have mastered English and Filipino
can take the Korean language elective (Coconuts Manila, 2018). The
Department of Education (DepEd) has drawn ire for the proposal to offer
Korean language classes to public high school students. DepEd Secretary,
Leonor Briones and Korean Ambassador Kim Jae Shin sign the memorandum
of agreement for the Special Program in Foreign Language – Korean last 2017.
(Chua, 2018)
DepEd further clarified that not all students who have shown interest in
learning the language will be allowed to take up the courses. In a report, DepEd
Undersecretary AnnalynSevilla further emphasized that only Grade 7 to 12
students with “mastery” of the English and Filipino languages will be allowed to
take up language electives (Chua, 2018).
Colonial Mentality and Food choices
Philippine cuisine is at a significant cusp when new traditions rooted in
heritage can align with the future. Culinary history is the on-going saga of how
taste able change emerges as an ingredient of cultural identity, the basis for
country branding.
Philippine Homeland Cuisine is ever evolving. Global trends consistently
define gastronomic aspiration today as more than just undeniable
deliciousness. By reinforcing its image as culture-empowering, health-
motivated, eco-kind and tradition-rich, Philippine cookery emboldens its
competitive qualities (Sta. Maria, 2019).

A study conducted by a global market research firm has shown that
Filipinos are so into international cuisine that compared to the other
nationalities surveyed; we are the most appreciative of food from around the
world (Coconuts Manila, 2019).
The study was done by the London-based firm YouGov and was
released in March 2019. Conducted from May to December 2018, the result
showed the food preferences of 25,000 people across 24 countries such as the
Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and Australia. It
showed that an average of 67 percent of Filipinos liked any given cuisine, which
suggests that we’re notably open-minded when it comes to food. YouGov’s
study also showed that among all nationalities, Filipinos are the biggest fans of
American cuisine. Ninety-three (93) percent of Filipinos said they liked it,
slightly higher than the 91 percent of Americans who said they liked their own
cuisine.
Sadly, the survey results also suggest that Filipino cuisine is under-
appreciated by other nationalities. Only Filipinos liked it tremendously, with 97
percent of Filipino respondents saying they liked it. In other places, the
percentage of people who enjoyed eating Filipino food is small: In Japan, only
21 percent of those who have eaten it liked it; in Italy, 25 percent; Spain, 26
percent; Germany, 38 percent; and Great Britain, 29 percent. The highest

numbers of people saying they like Filipino cuisine other than those living in the
Philippines are respondents from Australia, 56 percent of whom said they liked
our food. Overall, Filipino cuisine received a dismal 36 percent in terms of
popularity, making it the fourth least popular cuisine surveyed (Coconuts
Manila, 2019).
More Filipinos are veering away from 'lutong-bahay' (home-cooked
meals) and resort to dining out, the results of a nationwide survey conducted by
Nielsen Company revealed. Dining-out or eating-out has been increasingly
popular among Filipinos. More Filipinos are resorting to dining out than eating
at home as shown from the shopper trends report conducted among 1,783
males and females, aged 16-65 years old, belonging to different socio-
economic classes in urban locations throughout the Philippines.
Results of the survey revealed that 25% of consumers eat-out at fast
food restaurants at least once a week in 2014, a contrast to the 2012 survey
with only 14% (Nielsen, 2014). The shopper trends report also confirmed that
there are now fewer shopping baskets containing food items that need to be
cooked at home, as Filipinos go to fast food restaurants and convenience
stores to grab a meal (Nielsen, 2014, as cited in Philippine Journal of Science,
2017).12 years after the well-known milk tea touched base on our shores, and
love for milk tea is at an unequalled high Philippines has officially embraced the
beverage as an everyday feel-good staple. The sheer number of milk tea fans
continues developing as milk coffee bars keep springing up with their broad
menus that guarantee that anybody can locate their careful, flawless cup.
Despite the fact that we don't have an incredibly rich history with tea like
in China, Filipinos have dependably had a desire for tea. Nestea Iced Tea and
Lipton Iced Tea are family unit and café staples, C2 went amazingly enormous
some time ago, and the vast majority of us mix our own salabat or ginger tea.
Indeed, milk tea has dependably been there even before the fever (Khaleesi,
2019).
Milk tea shops began to compete with coffee shops. Milk tea shops, after
all, carried a similar ambience, a casual space that allowed visitors to stay for
long periods of time-perfect for the student with a paper to finish or friends to
hang out with. The massive number of students getting in on the trend, buying
milk tea as both a caffeinated pick-me-up and a sweet treat, allowed these milk
tea shops to thrive. On top of that, milk tea had the edge of being "novel" and
also being branded as a "healthier" drink (Castro,2019).
According to Ichimura (2019), Filipinos rank second highest bubble tea
drinkers in Southeast Asia, where the favorite flavors among Filipinos include
cheese, milk tea with pearl, and winter melon. In the Philippines alone, orders
increased by 3,500 percent from June to December 2018. Proving bubble tea’s
growing popularity, Grab Food estimated that Southeast Asians drink four cups
of bubble tea per person per month.
Colonial Mentality and Clothes Design
The old times, the legs of women were always hidden behind a long
dress. However, the 21st has brought many changes to the Philippine fashion.
The dresses and skirts have become shorter. The blouses have no more
sleeves and some even have backless designs. There are many variations that
you can find now, depending on the fashion trend of the moment. The fashion
of the Filipinos tends to be influenced by the western people (Magallones,
2011).
When the Americans landed in the Philippines, they introduced
advanced machinery, better tools and accessories that mesmerized the
Filipinos. They were so impressed with foreign products that they soon realized
that their local brands were inferior. This colonial mentality has maintained
western popularity for centuries and has impeded Filipino retail and
manufacturing independence.
Even today, colonial mentality infiltrates social, political and purchasing
decisions. Aside from purchasing foreign goods, Filipinos tend to be picky when
it comes to the brand they purchase. Some Filipino believe that brand seals
one’s economic status. Strangely, more and more Filipinos who don’t enjoy any
elitist status are buying brands that they cannot afford. Filipinos love to buy
foreign brands and mall retail outlets such as the Gap, Uniqlo, Forever 21, Zara
and H&M to name a few, are always packed over locally brands such as
Kamiseta. The choices – especially economically – make no sense other than
to obtain some bizarre desire to appear westernized (Amercin, 2018). In
general, Filipinos prefer imported products over the local ones. Even though it
is more expensive, aside from the price Filipinos believe that when an item is
produced overseas it is better in quality than anything they can buy locally.
According to Yrawda (2013), Korean fashion is a big hit to Filipinos,
especially to the youth. Filipino youths tried to copy Korean stars by wearing hip
hop and chic Korean fashion trends. Although some clothes are not suitable for
our country’s warm climate, they still wear it and match it up with different
accessories from head to toe that is from large colorful glasses to huge edgy
shoes. K-pop popularized high heel shoes, sleeveless tops and fashionable
accessories, short shorts and boots.
In the modern era, the Philippines “hypebeast” culture has been
magnified by celebrities and the so-called social media influencers – the ones
loaded enough to be able to afford these expensive brands and make them
staples of their OOTD posts on Instagram and Facebook. Hypebeasts worship

popular and high-end streetwear brands such as Supreme, Stussy, Gucci, A
Bathing Ape and Billionaire Boys Club. These hypebeasts also spend much of
their time curating their social media image by projecting a certain lifestyle,
counting the likes from every outfit posted (We The Pvblic, 2018).
During the Pre-Spanish colonization, the Filipino people were dressed
up only with collarless shirts called “canga” and wraps known as “bahag” for
their bottoms. However, once the Spaniards came to the country, modifications
were made on the Filipino fashion sense.
There is no distinct Filipino fashion style since Filipinos are mainly
dictated by foreign influences that dominate the fashion world. The pioneers of
Philippine fashion industry are also subjected to the same international
influence (Barber, 2019).
Colonial Mentality and type of Music
“KPopped! Understanding the Filipino Teens’ Consumption of Korean
Popular Music and Videos” by Alanzalon (2011), found out that Filipino teens
are highly exposed to Korean popular music, and consumed these media texts
everyday by utilizing various media, most specifically the Internet.
The new generation today is different and they are easily captured by
the things around them. The youth are exposed to the different kinds and
genres of music, television dramas and also in their taste of fashion. Now and
then, the taste of music, movies and fashion has been changed, improved and
made more exciting in the eyes of the Filipino youth. From schools, malls,
stores, jeepneys and even to recreational places such as parks and also to
tourist places, the effects of Korean Wave in the Filipino especially to the
Filipino Youth are widespread.
You can notice that students are listening and singing songs in different
languages, that is, the Korean language even though they don’t know the
meaning of it. They talk about their favorite Korean dramas then admire the
actors and actresses in the movie and sometimes impersonate their looks
which greatly affected the fashion statement of the Filipino youth (Yrawda,
2013).
According to the Inquirer (as cited in Garcia, 2014), Sunita Kaur, the
Managing Director (Asia) of Spotify said that the digital music service has
managed to snatch 78% Filipino listeners on mobile since its launch last April.
In other words, more than three-fourths of Filipinos are via Spotify, which is
comparatively larger than the 46% of listeners from all other Asian countries
combined. The streaming service characterizes its Filipino user base as mostly
aged 19-24 (56%) and female (54%). Filipinos have been very active on
Spotify, too. According to Kaur, Filipinos were able to create over 1 million
playlists since Spotify’s introduction into the country. This record-breaking
number usually takes a couple of years to reach.
It shows that most teenagers don’t listen more to OPM artists neither in
Spotify nor YouTube. There’s a great probability that the respondents listen
more to foreign artists. When asked if OPM nowadays appeals very much to
them, most of the respondents answered with a “no”. This may mean that
foreign music appeals more to them than OPM or this might also mean that
today’s music does not appeal to them at all. Most teenagers or members of
the Philippine youth subculture surveyed generally are not in favor of today’s
mainstream OPM (Angel, 2016).
The advent of foreign music like hip-hop, Reggae, Rock & Roll, R & B,
rap, jazz etc. has been welcomed in our country. According to Dumlao (2015),
during the recent Pandesal Forum at Kamuning Bakery, Noel Cabangon said
that foreign music continues to dominate the airwaves with foreign catalogue
accounting for as much as 86.39 percent of total monitored music frequency for
public performance. On revenues from live concerts in 2015, Filscap monitoring
data showed that 63 percent was accounted for by foreign acts, again showing
the dominance of foreign acts in the Philippines. Cabangon said the fact that
foreign music rules the airwaves or public performance is cause for grave
concern as music is part of culture, and the extremely high exposure of foreign
music means that Filipinos have become more exposed to foreign culture than
local cultural nuances.
The openness of the Filipinos to foreign media products brought upon
the Korean Wave in the country since 2003 the debut of Korean music videos
(MVs) in MYX Music Channel. Since then, KPop as a media content, has
become a staple in the programming of said channel, and created a fandom
especially among the Filipino teenage fans (Roy &Tripathi, 2018).
KPop fans are in a state of boredom. They are used to the same old
cycle of the Filipino culture so they move to find another brand of culture. KPop
fans blend in into the culture of Koreans and apply it in their own country. They
become happier and feel more appreciated by others, making them continue
their ways in propagating the culture of Korea when it comes to music, fashion
and others (DelaCruz, 2015).
Because of the widespread of Korean pop culture to the Filipino youth in
terms of music it made a huge influence on the Filipino youth and adults as
well.
Colonial Mentality and Movie Preference

Ronald Constantino’s “RP Movie Industry is not dead, just comatose”
retrieve from Formanes, et al., (2011), he mentioned that there are more
Hollywood Films being shown in local cinemas compared to Filipino produced
films. He also mentioned that there are times that local films through Star
Cinema, VIVA, and GMA films edge out Hollywood films, because of massive
television exposure.
From the findings of the study of Formanes, Granada, Perinia &
Villanueva (2011) “Hollywood Films and their Effects on Lifestyle Behavior, and
Values on the Filipino Youth”, the researchers conclude that Hollywood films
significantly influence Filipino Youth’s lifestyle, behavior and values, however
the negative influences outweigh the positive ones such as the influence of
partying, practice of premarital sex and casual sex or known as “one-night-
stand”.
Cable television like Sky Cable and ABS-CBN TV Plus offers unlimited
movie viewing that are mostly Hollywood films, which are considerably
responsible for shaping Youth’s perspective in terms of their dressing and
fashion styles, hairstyles leisure, language and behavior. Moreover, Lanuza
mentioned that the continuous showcase of Hollywood films explains why
Hollywood Celebrities and Disney stars are the predominant idols of Filipino
youth (Lanuza, 2003, as cited in Formanes, et. al, 2011).

In a study presented by GMA News (2018), Filipino users are paying
28% more for their Netflix subscription than US consumers. The study looked
into the number of TV shows and movies available in 78 countries, added them
to get the total number of titles which are divided into the monthly subscription
price to establish each country’s cost per title per month, from there the
standard cost per month was evaluated in each country.
Filipinos has always been welcoming of foreign trends and culture. As
such, Korean culture and trends as seen in Korean dramas have invaded and
been deeply rooted in Philippine society today. Korean dramas have greatly
influenced the food, fashion, cosmetics, music, and entertainment industries, as
well as people’s views and preferences. The huge viewer demand has
prompted Philippine television stations to import Korean dramas.
A study titled “Beyond the Fad: Understanding Hallyu in the Philippines”
from the International Journal of Social Science and Humanity showed that
Hallyu in the Philippines arrived through Korean dramas or what is now known
as Koreanovelas in the early 2000s.According to the same study, the relatable
stories of K-dramas appeal to Filipinos aside from the good looks of Korean
actors and actresses. “People say that aside from the good-looking actors and
actresses that brought charms of the series, the drama’s story line is quite
different in such a way that the lead characters both died in the end which is
somewhat unusual for Filipinos who got used to happy endings,” the
researchers wrote (Interaksyon, 2019).
In a study “Japanese cultural influence in the anime’s through popularity
and pervasiveness” they defined Anime as a style of animation originating in
Japan and it is sometimes referred to by its old name “Japanimation”.
It is the abbreviated form of the Japanese term for animation or anime-
shon ( アニメーション ) which is a direct transliteration of the English term
“animation”. Anime as a word has entered the common lingo of the Filipino
youth and could also serve as a description of a person’s look and over-all get-
up. Clearly, it has earned a niche in youth lifestyles and Filipino popular
consciousness (Bravo, 2012).
Anime phenomenon or anime boom is defined here as the popularity
and pervasiveness of anime in a particular non-Japanese setting such as the
Philippines. It also denotes the rise of anime from obscurity into the local
mainstream. In the later part of the previous decade, anime has consistently
been shown in most Philippine TV channels and has become a source of
inspiration for local program concepts. The fantaserye or telefantasya—local
drama series with fantasy or magical elements-- trend started in 2005 and
some productions were heavily influenced by anime. While the stories and the
characters are nonetheless Filipino in flavor, some programs copied elements

of anime such as hairstyles, costumes and weapons such as ABS CBN 2’s
Super Inggo and GMA 7’s Super Twins. In 2007, two Filipino live action-drama
series based on popular anime were shown: “Princess Sarah'' by ABS CBN 2
and “Lupin” by GMA 7.284 The former is the second such local adaptation of
the Princess Sarah franchise (Bravo, 2012).
In an article presented by Rodriguez (2012),Rappler interviewed Kyoto-
based professor Bernard Susser of Ritsumeikan University. He defined
Japanese pop culture as the aspects of Japan that have become popular
overseas. This includes sushi and other Japanese food, manga and anime, J-
Pop, Hello Kitty, computer games, Pokemon, and the like. Japanese pop
culture has carved its own space in the lives of many Filipinos. Jpop anime
singing contests as well as a cosplay competition are events that are
immensely popular in the country, Filipino kids and adults are hooked on
modern Japan.
Japanese pop culture gained much popularity in the Philippines in the
1970s due to the abundance of amusement centers featuring video games and
anime shows like Voltes V and Mazinger Z. “Many Filipinos tend to be more
open to change as a result of our postcolonial experiences,” (Capili, 2012). “It is
something so contagious and inescapable due to its diverse forms, from anime
to cosplay, music, contemporary art, food and what-not. It’s not just kawaii
which is Japanese for cute, it’s so much more,” (Castillo, 2012)
Synthesis
This study aims to know the manifestation of colonial mentality among
Filipino respondents in young adulthood and to know which domain does
colonial mentality manifest among the respondents. This study focuses on 5
aspects such as language preferences, food choice, music preference,
clothing’s, and movie preferences.
Previous researchers and concepts have been cited which are found to
be relevant and important to the study. In similar to the concept colonial
mentality, as mentioned above stated that colonial mentality exists in Filipinos,
according to Pamela E. (2016) living in a country with a rich history of
colonialism, it is no surprise that the people of the Philippines have developed a
feeling of inferiority towards their previous Spanish and American colonizers.
Moreover, Pascal (2014) stated that colonial mentality is when a certain society
thinks that foreign talents and products are always better than their local
products.
Related studies also stated that colonial mentality is present in language,
food, music, clothing’s, and movies. The case of the Philippines is unique as
the native language is very much influenced by American English and Spanish.
Some perceive English as “destiny’s greatest gift” (Francisco, 2012, p. 1) to the
country. Filipino youth nowadays use Korean language rather than using their
native language (Dela Cruz, 2015).
The Department of Education (DepEd) has drawn ire for the proposal to
offer Korean language classes to public high school students. DepEd Secretary
Leonor Briones and Korean Ambassador Kim Jae Shin sign the memorandum
of agreement for the Special Program in Foreign Language – Korean (Chua,
2018).
The fashion of the Filipinos tends to be influenced by the western people
(Magallones, 2011). Korean fashion is a big hit to Filipinos, especially to the
youth, they tried to copy Korean stars by wearing hip hop and chic Korean
fashion trend Ywarda (2013). There is no distinct Filipino fashion style since
Filipinos are mainly dictated by foreign influences that dominate the fashion
world, the pioneers of Philippine fashion industry are also subjected to the
same international influence (Barber, 2019).
In the preference when it comes to music “KPopped! Understanding the
Filipino Teens’ Consumption of Korean Popular Music and Videos” by
Alanzalon (2011), found out that Filipino teens are highly exposed to Korean
popular music, and consumed these media texts everyday by utilizing various
media, most specifically the Internet.

According to Dela Cruz (2015), because of the widespread of Korean
pop culture to the Filipino youth in terms of music it made a huge influence on
the Filipino youth and adults as well.
These are some of the related literature included in support to the study
highlighting the language, clothing and the interest of music. This shows
similarities to the concept of the study that help the researchers to obtain the
objective of the study such as knowing the significant difference of
manifestation particularly to late childhood and early adulthood. Other studies
according to David (2017) colonial mentality focus on different factors and
indicators such as 1. Feeling of inferiority for being Filipino. 2. Feelings of
shame and embarrassment or self-hate about being a person of Filipino
heritage; 3. Denigration of the Filipino body (regarding white physical
characteristics as more attractive, advantageous, and desirable than a typical
Filipino physical trait such as brown skin and flat nose) 4. Discriminating
against less Westernized Filipinos (e.g., making fun of people from the
provinces- “promdi’-nor indigenous peoples and regarding them as “backward”;
and 5. Tolerating or minimizing historical and contemporary oppression of
Filipinos. This clearly makes the study different from the cited study.
However, with the said similarities and dissimilarities with all the cited
related studies and the research itself this study remains unique from the
previous study since the main focus of their study are Filipino-American
whereas, the main focus of this study are Filipinos particularly the late
childhood and young adulthood. The participants involved in the study are not
yet involved in any similar study. The study will be conducted in the local
settings, as well as, this study will also show the difference of colonial mentality
between the two groups involved. Moreover, the researchers also found out
that the gap on age difference and the generation between two variables may
have an impact on the level of manifestation of colonial mentality in terms of
language used, food choice, clothes design, and music and movie preferences.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will discuss the research design, research locale, the
population and sampling procedures that the researchers used. In this
chapter, the researchers include the research instrument, the data gathering
procedure, and the data analysis that will be applied in the study.
Research Design
This study is quantitative in nature which objective is to collect numerical
data whose result can be analyzed using numerical and statistical methods
through descriptive research design. This type of design basically answers the
questions of who, what, where and how of a certain topic, it also illustrates
present characteristics, condition, images, and the like based on impressions,
perceptions or reactions of the respondents (DelaCruz,et. al, 2019, p.122).
This type of design is very useful when conducting research whose aim
is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, correlations, and categories
and making use of survey in gathering data, which fit to this study, to measure
the level of manifestation of colonial mentality among Filipino individuals in
young adulthood in terms of their language used, food choice, clothing design,
music, and movie preference as well as what specific domain does colonial
mentality is highly manifested. Researchers use online survey in obtaining the

information and data needed in the study. This design is chosen to meet the
objective of the study.
Research Locale
The study was conducted in the local setting inside the town of Bato in
the province of Camarines Sur; the participants involved were selected
according to the criteria of the study and their availability. Furthermore, the
target participants of this study are in young adulthood, age ranges from
nineteen to forty (19-40) years old from the schools within the said location.
Population and Sampling Technique
The researchers made use of convenience sampling technique in the
selection of participants, due to the fact that there is pandemic and the only way
that the researchers can find respondents for the study is through this sampling
technique. It is a type of non-probability sampling that is used due to the
respondents’ availability and willingness to participate in the study that also
gives easy access to the researchers to accomplish the survey for obtaining the
data gathering purposes but will not compromise the result of study. The target
participants of the study are the students within the institution of Holy Trinity
College of Camarines Sur who are in young adulthood, age ranges from 19-40
years old. The researcher did not limit to a certain number of participants in
selecting respondents but not less than 30 participants on both variables so
that the reliability and validity of the study will be obtained.
Research Instrument
The researcher adapted the Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) as the
instrument in measuring the level of manifestation of colonial mentality of the
respondents, and modified to make sure that it is applicable and it matches
the scale needed in the study. The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) is
developed by E. J. R. David and Sumie Okazaki in 2006; it is a typical
questionnaire that directly asks people if they exhibit some signs of colonial
mentality. The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) was administered through
SurveyMonkey.com where the sample of Filipino-American where participants
rated their level of agreement for each item using a 5-point Likert scale, with
higher scores indicating higher levels of colonial mentality.
The draft of the modified questionnaire is used based on the researcher’s
readings, literature and studies relevant to the study and some of the
questions are based on the Colonial Mentality Scale.
The modified questionnaire has a total number of 50-items divided into 5
sections that has 10 items each consisting of colonial mentality questions
pertaining to language used, food choice, clothes design, music preference
and movie preference.

Researchers made use of web-based application and online platforms
such as Google form for data collection purposes to administer the survey.
The survey questionnaire is posted and shared on social media platforms
such as Facebook and emails in order for the researchers to reach
the respondents conveniently and the respondents have an easy access to
the survey form. The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale. There are 5
scales used to measure the level of manifestation of the respondents; 5 for
strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for neutral, 2 for disagree and 1 for strongly
disagree.
Validation of the Instrument
The adapted modified questionnaire went through validation process
were 3 experts in the field of social studies has gone through process such as;
a. Checking of each item for reliability
b. Grammar and errors and subject for revisions.
After the revision process the items underwent pilot testing for the
validity and reliability test to make sure that every item is valid and ready to
use for the data gathering procedure.

Data Gathering Procedures
In collecting data needed in this study, the researcher has gone through
the following procedures:
1. The researchers prepared a letter requesting permission to conduct the
survey through an online platform, which will be addressed to the dean of
College of Science, as well as the research adviser.
2. Participants of this study were recruited via postings on school-based
groups online and each online post or email provided a brief description of
current research along with the URL of the study’s online homepage at
Google Form. The website includes the brief description of the study, an
informed consent addressed to the participants followed by the testing
instrument.
3. Participants were required to read and endorse an informed consent
statement, where participants was asked to confirm that they should read and
understand the information provided, agreed to participate in the study, and
researcher’s information is provided if participants have questions regarding
the study.
4. After endorsing the informed content, participants were forwarded to
the research instrument, which is the survey. Participants was told that
participating in this study will take approximately 30-40 minutes. On the last
part of the survey, participants were prompted to agree to submit their
answers, at which point the data will be electronically sent directly to the
researchers.
5. Lastly, the answered survey would serve as the data for computation,
analysis and interpretation. It will serve as a guide to the researchers to know
the level of difference of colonial mentality among individuals of late childhood
and young adulthood.
Data Analysis
The researchers used the following statistical measurement in this study
in the interpretation of data and the testing of null hypothesis of the proposed
study.
a. Frequency and Percentage (%) is used in gathering the data of the
profile and responses of the selected students.
b. Weighted mean is used in order to calculate the level of manifestation
of colonial mentality in terms of language, food, clothing, music and
movies.
TABLE 1: Scoring and Interpretation
Scoring Score Range Verbal Interpretation
5 4.21-5.00 Very Low level of Colonial Mentality
4 3.41-4.20 Low level of Colonial Mentality
3 2.61-3.40 Average level of Colonial Mentality
2 1.81-2.60 High level of Colonial Mentality
1 1.00-1.80 Very High level of colonial mentality
Table 1 shows the following scoring and interpretation that is used in
analysis and interpretation of the difference in level of manifestation of colonial
mentality of the respondent’s ages 19 to 40 years old. The basis of score
range is based on a standardized interval of a 5-point likert rating scale.

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the gathered data, the result of the statistical
analysis and interpretation of findings. The sequence of the specific research
problem is presented in tables regarding the level of manifestation of colonial
mentality among young adulthood students of Holy Trinity College of
Camarines Sur.
Table 2.1 The result of Manifestation of Colonial Mentality in the Young

Adulthood in terms of Language used (n=39)
INDICATOR 1 MEAN VI
1. I think Filipino accent is” baduy” unlike any
other accent especially Western like American, 2.62 AL
British, French, etc.
2. I want to learn Western accent because it
sounds pleasing to the ears, than the accent of 3.56 HL
native Filipino languages.
3. I feel proud every time I speak foreign
3.44 HL
language.
4. I prefer speaking in English than speaking in
2.82 AL
Tagalog.
5. I feel embarrassed when I cannot speak
3.41 HL
English at all.
6. I am more interested in enhancing my English
3.03 AL
skills than my native Filipino Language.
7. I am afraid to speaking using my own language
(native dialect) because people might laugh at my 2.52 LL
accent.
8. There were situations that made me feel
2.9 AL
inferior because of my Filipino accent.
9. I prefer speaking other language (Korean, 2.31 LL
Japanese, English, etc.) rather than Learning Filipino

languages/dialects.
10. I prefer speaking in English because it makes
2.9 AL
me feel like I am superior to other people.
Average
General Weighted Mean 2.95
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.80= Very Low Level (VLL), 1.81-2.60= Low Level (LL), 2.61-3.40= Average Level (AL), 3.41-4.20=
High Level (HL), 4.21-5.00= Very High Level (VHL)
Table 2.1 shows the result of manifestation of colonial mentality in young
adulthood in terms of language used. Majority of the responses are in the
average level of manifestation of colonial mentality in terms of language
preference, with the overall general weighted score of 2.95 interpreted as
average level of manifestation of colonial mentality. The responses in
preference of language use as manifested in indicator number 2 with a
weighted mean score of 3.56 as the highest score is interpreted with a high
level of colonial mentality. Indicator number 9 with weighted mean score of 2.31
as the lowest score interpreted with low level colonial mentality as manifested
in language use.
According to Filipino psychologist Virgilio Enriquez, language carries the
morals, practices, and goals of the society it represents. Through English,
Filipino students were conditioned to equate the United States with civilization,
righteousness, and opportunity. Filipino culture, on the other hand, was given
little value. The historian Renato Constantino called it miseducation, as
Filipinos “learned no longer as Filipinos, but as colonials.” The public school

system primed a new generation of Filipinos to conform to American interests
(Barrameda, 2018).
Adulthood in terms of Clothes design (n=39)
INDICATOR 2 MEAN VI
Average
1. I only consider western fashion as trendy. 3.23
Level
2. I prefer Western way of dressing like wearing short
Average
shorts and fitted dress because it is the fashion trend 2.95
Level
and makes me feel liberated.
3. Wearing branded clothes makes me feel superior. 2.56 Low Level
4.I don't like using locally made Filipino bags because
other people might laugh at me using locally cheap 2.05 Low Level
bags than branded bags.
Average
5. I like wearing Korean style fashion. 3
Level
6. I like to copy the fashion trend on internet like
Average
Asian (Korea, Japan, China etc.) and Western 2.95
Level
(America, Italy, France etc.) fashion.
7. I prefer buying International products than buying
2.56 Low Level
Filipino made products like shoes, bags, and clothes.
8. I like to try wearing Kimono (Japanese traditional
clothing) or Hanbok (Korean traditional clothing) than 2.39 Low Level
Filipiñiana or Barong Tagalog.
9. It makes me feel confident wearing trendy clothes I Average
3.03
saw in internet. Level
10. I feel embarrassed when my fellow Filipinos wear Average
2.64
old fashion style clothing’s. Level
Average
General Weighted Mean 2.74
Level
Table 2.2 shows the result of manifestation of colonial mentality in
young adulthood in terms of clothes design. Majority of the respondents
answered are in average level of colonial mentality as manifested in terms of
clothes design with an overall general weighted mean score of 2.74. The
responses in preference of clothes design as manifested in indicator 1 with
weighted mean score of 3.23 as the highest score is interpreted with the
average level of manifestation of colonial mentality as shown in the table.
Indicator 4 with the weighted mean score of 2.05 as the lowest score
interpreted with the low level of colonial mentality as manifested in preference
of clothes design.
According to Perlas (2013), it is very obvious that hallyu had brought
great changes to Filipinos’ fashion. Filipino youth became more concerned on
how they look and they want to be “in trend”. And to match the trend that
Korean fashion had started, Filipino fashion designers also became more
creative in designing clothes. Most Filipino youth who are fashion-conscious
that lack the budget for buying new clothes, make use of their creativity skills
just to go with the trend.

Adulthood in terms of Food choice (n=39)
INDICATOR 3 MEAN VI
1. I prefer imported food products like chocolates Average
2.64
than local food products. Level
2. I prefer eating in fast food like McDonalds, Average
2.74
Jollibee or KFC than eating in karinderya. Level
3. I prefer pizzas, burgers and french fries than
Average
eating suman, sapin-sapin and other Filipino 2.85
Level
delicacies.
4. I prefer eating snacks like chips, cookies, and Average
2.9
breads than eating balut, biko and puto. Level
5. I would always choose milk tea and milk shakes
2.46 Low Level
than taho and sago’tgulaman.
6. I like buying coffee in Starbucks because it makes
2.31 Low Level
me feel superior.
7. I like Korean cuisine more, like ‘samgeopsal’than
1.95 Low Level
Filipino food.
8. I prefer foreign cuisine like (Japanese, Korean,
1.95 Low Level
Italian, American etc.) than Filipino cuisine.
9. I like buying foreign food products (Korean,
Japanese, Chinese, Western, etc.) because it is the 2.23 Low Level
new trend.
10. I prefer eating in restaurant serving foreign food
than because I feel superior and class than other 2.26 Low Level
people.
General Weighted Mean 2.43 Low Level
Table 2.3 shows the result of manifestation of colonial mentality in young
adulthood in terms of food choice. Majority of the respondents answered are in
low level of colonial mentality as manifested in terms of food choice with an
overall general weighted mean score of 2.43. The responses in preference of
food as manifested in indicator 4 with weighted mean score 2.9 as the highest
score interpreted with average level of manifestation of colonial mentality as
shown in the table. Indicator number 7 and 8 with weighted mean score of 1.95
as the lowest score interpreted with low level colonial mentality as manifested
in preference of food.

Adulthood in terms of Music preference (n=39)
INDICATOR 4
MEAN VI
1. I don’t like listening to Filipino music or OPM. 1.69 VHL
2. Tagalog songs are so outdated. 2.05 LL
3. I find it boring listening to Filipino folk songs. 1.92 LL
4. I like International Music because it is trendy and
2.87 AL
unique.
5. I prefer listening to American/English songs. 3.05 AL
6. American music has more soul than Filipino
2.23 LL
music.
7. I prefer listening to International singers like BTS, LL
Lady Gaga, Ariana Grande, DuaLipa, Lewis Cpaldi, 2.26
Bruno Mars etc. than pinoy singers.
8. I don’t like listening to songs like “Otso-otso", LL
"Totoybibo" and Spaghetti song because it sounds 2.23
“baduy”.
9. I don’t find Filipino local songs appealing like LL
2.1
kundiman because it is not satisfying.
10. I like listening to BTS, EXO, Ikon, and Got 7 LL
because their songs are better to listen to than
2.18
listening to Local bands like December Avenue and
Eraserheads.
Table 2.4 shows the result of manifestation of colonial mentality in
young adulthood in terms of music preference. Majority of the responses are
in low level of colonial mentality as manifested in terms of music preference
with overall general weighted mean score of 2.26. The respondents answered
in preference of music as manifested in indicator 1 with weighted mean score
1.69 interpreted with very high level of colonial manifestation, indicator 5 with
weighted mean score of 3.05, indicator 4 with weighted mean score of 2.87
interpreted as average level of manifestation of colonial mentality as shown in
the table. Indicator 3 with weighted mean score of 1.92 as the lowest score
interpreted as low level of colonial mentality as manifested in preference of
music. The youth are exposed to the different kinds and genres of music. You
can notice that students are listening and singing songs in different languages,
that is, the Korean language even though they don’t know the meaning of it
(Yrawda, 2013). It shows that most teenagers don’t listen more to OPM artists
neither in Spotify nor YouTube. There’s a great probability that the
respondents listen more to foreign artists. When asked if OPM nowadays
appeals very much to them, most of the respondents answered with a “no”.
This may mean that foreign music appeals more to them than OPM or this
might also mean that today’s music does not appeal to them at all. Most
teenagers or members of the Philippine youth subculture surveyed generally

are not in favor of today’s mainstream OPM and also because of the
widespread of Korean pop culture to the Filipino youth in terms of music, it
made a huge influence on the Filipino youth and adults as well (Angel, 2016).

Adulthood in terms of Movie preference (n=39)
INDICATOR 5 MEAN VI
1. I like watching foreign movies and series like
2.85 AL
Korean Novela.
2. I don’t like watching Filipino movies because
1.95 LL
they are predictable.
3. I like watching foreign movies because most
2.13 LL
Filipino movies are “OA” or over acting.
4. I like watching foreign action movies because AL
3.08
it is more thrilling.
5. I feel “kilig” in Korean dramas than Filipino AL
dramas.
2.9
6. I like watching Hollywood series and movies. 2.9 AL
7. I don't like watching Filipino movie. 2.18 LL
8. I enjoy watching foreign movies because of
2.74 AL
Hollywood Stars.
9. Foreign movies are more interesting than LL
2.18
Filipino movies.
10. I like watching foreign movies and series like LL
2.1
Korean Novela.
Table 2.5 shows the overall result of manifestation of colonial mentality
in young adulthood in terms of movie preference with general weighted mean
score of 2.50 which means the level of manifestation in colonial mentality is in

low level as interpreted. Half of the respondents answered are average level
and the other half resulted in a low level of manifestation of colonial mentality.
The responses in preference of movie as manifested in indicator 4 with
weighted mean score of 3.08 as the highest score is interpreted with the
average level of colonial mentality. Indicator 2 with a weighted mean score of
1.95 as the lowest score is interpreted with a low level of colonial mentality as
manifested in movie preference.
According to Lyn, R. (2020), many of the Filipino viewer’s especially
teenagers, are more engaged in watching Korean dramas than any other
teleseryes. Many slowly become addicted and get crazy over watching it. Lot of
teenagers are being addicted to it and with the continuous practice, they began
to absorb the culture of Korea. As a result, many among the Filipino teenagers
nowadays tends to sacrifice their time for sleep, for communication, family
bonding and school stuff just to watch Korean dramas.
Over all, result showed that the level of manifestation of colonial
mentality among Filipino individuals in young adulthood as manifested in every
domain such as language used, food choice, fashion, music preference and
movie preference are in average level as presented in the above tables which
means that this group of Filipino individuals proven to have a manifestation of

colonial mentality and heavily colonized by western culture, however the extent
of manifestation is not alarming.
Table 3 The general weighted mean of Manifestation of Colonial Mentality in
late childhood and young adult in terms of language, fashion, food, music and
movie preference
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN VERBAL

INTERPRETATION
INDICATORS YOUNG ADULT
LANGUAGE 2.95 Average Level
FASHION 2.74 Average Level
FOOD 2.43 Low Level
MUSIC 2.26 Low Level
MOVIE 2.50 Low Level
TOTAL 2.72 Average Level

Table 3 shows the result of general weighted mean of the manifestation
of colonial mentality in young adulthood in terms of language used, fashion,
food preferences, and music and movie preferences. Majority of the young
adulthood responded are in average in every domain with the total weighted
mean of 2.74 which resulted to have an average extent level of manifestation of
colonial mentality. However, as it shown in the table the highest manifestation

of colonial mentality are in the domains such as language use, followed by
fashion, you can see a slight difference among this 2 domain however
language used has the highest manifestation of colonial mentality at present
among Filipino individuals in young adulthood.
English has become localized and this clearly depicts the picture of the
linguistic situation in the Philippines. There is, no doubt, a possibility of decline
of the native language practice in such a setting. According to Hult, (as cited in
Chureson 2012), though the native or local languages are being used
frequently as means of conversation, their popularity has lessened as an
effective tool of communication either in written or spoken form or both.
In the study presented by Doles, et.al, (2015) the values of being
Filipino are no longer promoted. The nationalism of the Filipino youth can
slowly fade away. Instead of sticking with the Filipino culture and instead of
being aware of being a Filipino, some choose to stick with Korean culture.
Filipino youth nowadays use Korean language rather than using their native
language (Dela Cruz, 2015).

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This Chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived in the
conduct of the study.
The study aims to determine the level of manifestation of colonial
mentality among late Filipino individual’s in young adulthood. The study was
conducted within the town of Bato, province of Camarines Sur. Respondents
were selected through convenience sampling whose age ranges from
nineteen to forty (19-40) years old. The gathering of data was obtained with
the use of researchers’ adaptive-modified tool and through the use of a web-
based application called Google Form. The data gathered from the
questionnaire were analyzed and thoroughly interpreted.
Summary of Findings
The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement
of the problems stated in Chapter 1.
The general weighted mean reveals that the level of manifestation of
colonial mentality in Filipino individuals among young adulthood in terms of
language used, fashion, music and movie is average level, while in terms of
food preference, the difference is in low level.

The overall manifestation of colonial mentality among Filipino
individuals in young adulthood as manifested in every domain such as
language used, food choice, fashion, music preference and movie preference
are in average level as presented in the above tables which means that this
group of Filipino individuals proven to have a manifestation of colonial
mentality and heavily colonized by western culture, however the extent of
manifestation is not alarming.
The result of general weighted mean of the manifestation of colonial
mentality in young adulthood in terms of language used, fashion, food
preferences, and music and movie preferences are in average level. Majority
of the young adulthood responded in every domain with the total weighted
mean of 2.74 which resulted to have a manifestation of colonial mentality.
However, as it shown in the table that the highest manifestation of colonial
mentality are in the domains such as language use, followed by fashion, you
can see a slight difference among this 2 domain however language used has
the highest manifestation of colonial mentality at present among Filipino
individuals in young adulthood.
Conclusion
Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

The respondents on Filipino individuals in young adulthood has the
same average level of manifestation of colonial mentality in terms of language
used, and fashion preferences, however in some domains such as clothing
design, music and movie preference showed a low level of manifestation of
colonial mentality as manifested.
The findings revealed that the overall result of the data gathered shows
Filipino individuals in young adulthood has different preferences in terms of
colonial mentality regardless of the age bracket. The extent level of
manifestation of the respondents showed an average level of manifestation
which indicates that this group of Filipino individuals proven to have a colonial
mentality as manifested and heavily colonized by western culture, however the
extent of manifestation is not alarming.
The setting could be a factor since the study is conducted in the province
the respondents were possibly not exposed and not highly influenced.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following
recommendations are suggested:
The researchers recommend that schools can make use of this study
as a reliable reference for their future studies. Also, this can also be a basis
for broader and deeper researches about colonial mentality among Filipinos.
The researchers recommend that the Department of Tourism can use
this study as a basis to help Filipino people get familiarized and patronize the
products made in the country. This study will be of help to identify the problems
of our society with regards to the promotion of our culture
For the future researchers, the researchers of this study have several
recommendations:
a. Use more comprehensive and reliable tools for colonial mentality
questionnaires.
b. If there are still no available comprehensive and reliable tools, the
future researchers may adapt and modify or develop their own questionnaire,
but they have to at least look for at least three (3) professionals as subject
matter experts for the content and construct validation of the tools.
c. The administration of the tools must be face-to-face to make sure that
the participants are answering the tools properly.

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letters to the Authorities

Appendix B
The Research Instrument
COLONIAL MENTALITY SCALE
Name: Sex:
Age: Name of school:
Instruction: Read the following statements and rate each item’s sincerely
according to your preferences. Mark only one check (/) in every item using the
scale below.
Strongly Agree(5) – If you can totally relate from the questions provided.
Agree (4) – If you can relate to the questions provided
Neutral (3) – If you neither can nor cannot relate to the questions provided
Disagree (2) – If you cannot relate to the questions provided
Strongly Disagree (1) – If you cannot totally relate to the questions provided
5 4 3 2 1
Language
1. I think Filipino accent is” baduy”
unlike any other accent especially
Western like American, British, French,
etc.
2. I want to learn Western accent
because it sounds pleasing to the ears,
than the accent of native Filipino
languages.
3. I feel proud every time I speak
foreign language.
4. I prefer speaking in English than

speaking in Tagalog.
5. I feel embarrassed when I cannot
speak English at all.
6. I am more interested in enhancing
my English skills than my native Filipino
Language.
7. I am afraid to speaking using my
own language (native dialect) because
people might laugh at my accent.
8. There were situations that made
me feel inferior because of my Filipino
accent.
9. I prefer speaking other language
(Korean, Japanese, English, etc.) rather
than Learning Filipino
languages/dialects.
10. I prefer speaking in English
because it makes me feel like I am
superior to other people.
Clothing
1. I only consider western fashion as
trendy.
2. I prefer Western way of dressing
like wearing short shorts and fitted
dress because it is the fashion trend
and makes me feel liberated.
3. Wearing branded clothes makes
me feel superior.
4. I don't like using locally made
Filipino bags because other people
might laugh at me using locally cheap
bags than branded bags.
5. I like wearing Korean style
fashion.
6. I like to copy the fashion trend on

internet like Asian (Korea, Japan, China
etc.) and Western (America, Italy,
France etc.) fashion.
7. I prefer buying International
products than buying Filipino made
products like shoes, bags, and clothes.
8. I like to try wearing Kimono
(Japanese traditional clothing) or
Hanbok (Korean traditional clothing)
than Filipiñiana or Barong Tagalog.
9. It makes me feel confident
wearing trendy clothes I saw in internet.
10. I feel embarrassed when my fellow
Filipinos wear old fashion style
clothing’s.
FOOD
11. I prefer imported food products like
chocolates than local food products.
12. I prefer eating in fast food like
McDonalds, Jollibee or KFC than eating
in karinderya.
13. I prefer pizzas, burgers and french
fries than eating suman, sapin-sapin
and other Filipino delicacies.
14. I prefer eating snacks like chips,
cookies, and breads than eating balut,
biko and puto.
15. I would always choose milk tea and
milk shakes than taho and
sago’tgulaman.
16. I like buying coffee in Starbucks
because it makes me feel superior.
17. I like Korean cuisine more, like
‘samgeopsal’than Filipino food.
18. I prefer foreign cuisine like

(Japanese, Korean, Italian, American
etc.) than Filipino cuisine.
19. I like buying foreign food products
(Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Western,
etc.) because it is the new trend.
20. I prefer eating in restaurant serving
foreign food than because I feel
superior and class than other people.
Music
21. I don’t like listening to Filipino
music or OPM.
22. Tagalog songs are so outdated.
23. I find it boring listening to Filipino
folk songs.
24. I like International Music because it
is trendy and unique.
25. I prefer listening to
American/English songs.
26. American music has more soul
than Filipino music.
27. I prefer listening to International
singers like BTS, Lady Gaga, Ariana
Grande, DuaLipa, Lewis Cpaldi, Bruno
Mars etc. than pinoy singers.
28. I don’t like listening to songs like
“Otso-otso", "Totoybibo" and Spaghetti
song because it sounds “baduy”.
29. I don’t find Filipino local songs
appealing like kundiman because it is
not satisfying.
30. I like listening to BTS, EXO, Ikon,

and Got 7 because their songs are
better to listen to than listening to Local
bands like December Avenue and
Eraserheads.
Movie
31. I like watching foreign movies and
series like Korean Novela.
32. I don’t like watching Filipino
movies because they are predictable.
33. I like watching foreign movies
because most Filipino movies are “OA”
or over acting.
34. I like watching foreign action
movies because it is more thrilling.
35. I feel “kilig” in Korean dramas than
Filipino dramas.
36. I like watching Hollywood series
and movies.
37. I don't like watching Filipino
movie.
38. I enjoy watching foreign movies
because of Hollywood Stars.
39. Foreign movies are more
interesting than Filipino movies.
40. Foreign comedy movie is more fun
than Philippine comedies.
Appendix C
SPSS/Excel Outputs
Gender
FREQUENC VALID CUMULATIVE

Y PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
FEMAL
E 32 32 0.820512821
MALE 7 39 1
Age
VALID CUMULATIVE
AGE FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
18 3 3 0.07
19 14 17 0.44
20 7 24 0.62
21 3 27 0.70
22 1 28 0.72
24 6 34 0.87
29 1 35 0.90
30 1 36 0.92
31 2 38 0.97
32 1 39 1
INDICATOR 1 MEAN
LANGUAGE YOUNG ADULT
1 2.615
2 3.564
3 3.436
4 2.821
5 3.410
chaer 3.026
7 2.513
8 2.897
9 2.308
10 2.897
GWM 2.949
VARIANCE 0.174
SD 0.417
INDICATOR 3 MEAN
CLOTHING YOUNG ADULT
1 2.641
2 2.744
3 2.846
4 2.897
5 2.462
6 2.308
7 1.949
8 1.949
9 2.231
10 2.256
GWM 2.428
VARIANCE 0.120
SD 0.347
INDICATOR 2 MEAN
FOOD YOUNG ADULT
1 3.231
2 2.949
3 2.564
4 2.051
5 3.000
6 2.949
7 2.564
8 2.385
9 3.026
10 2.641
GWM 2.736
VARIANCE 0.128
SD 0.357
INDICATOR 4 MEAN
MUSIC YOUNG ADULT
1 1.692
2 2.051
3 1.923
4 2.872
5 3.051
6 2.231
7 2.256
8 2.231
9 2.103
10 2.179
GWM 2.259
VARIANCE 0.168
SD 0.410
INDICATOR 5 MEAN
MOVIE YOUNG ADULT
1 2.846
2 1.949
3 2.128
4 3.077
5 2.897
6 2.897
7 2.179
8 2.744
9 2.179
10 2.103
GWM 2.500
VARIANCE 0.181
SD 0.426
Appendix D
Curriculum Vitae
CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER
Education
Bachelor of Science in Psychology: Major in

Research and Measurement – 2017 – Present,
University of Makati
Experience
Contact
JOICE A.HARTE
DANGA
Technical Support (2019-2020),
HANKS Ph
On-the-job Training: 300 Hours
Address: (2016), HARTE HANKS Ph
Blk 62 Lot 3, Mabolo St., Assistant Secretary (Aug.-Sept.
Brgy. Rizal, Makati City 2020), EYC Office, Municipality of
Bato
Phone:
09260997180 Education
Email:
chrstnbllstr@gmail.com
JANINE P. OLILI
Personal Data
Age: 21
Experience
Marital Status: Single 300 hours OJT (2016)
Education
-TELUSHouse McKinley Exchange
Date of Birth: 12/10/1998 Corporate Center EDSA corner McKinley Road
Contact Makati City, Metro Manila
Address: Youth Training on Peer Counseling
89-B Zamora St. West (February 22, 2018)
Rembo, Makati City
Phone:
09053071692
Contact
Email:joice.danga.14@gma
Address:
il.com
27M Lapu-lapu St. Brgy.
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UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL MENTALITY AMONG

CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

RYAN C. VILLANUEVA, MAED, RGC,

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

ADRIAN P. MIRANDA, LPT IAN CARLO O. BAREDO

KAREN GAIL IBAÑEZ, RPsy, RPm

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Engr. ESTRELLA O. CHAN

Date: January 2020

extended their assistance for the success of this study.

To Prof. Ryan C. Villanueva, psychological research adviser, for the

and an earnest gratitude for spending sleepless nights and sacrificing

weekends just to make sure that this study will be a success.

To the panel members, for their comprehensible inputs which

contributed to the quality of this work.

To the President of Holy Trinity College of Camarines Sur, Mr. Roberto

F. Palanca, for allowing us to conduct the survey in their institution to use in

answering the survey questionnaire.

To Prof. Linber Allan C. Eugenio, Prof. Ueseni A. Gunsi-Gabriel, and

knowledge were generously shared.

To the researchers’ family, as the source of strength, determination, and

unending financial support until the end of the research.

The researchers wish to express their deepest gratitude to all the

This endeavor is dedicated to the researchers’ family, namely: Danga

efforts are highly appreciated.

towards their better future.

To the respondents, who spared their time to answer the survey,

and wisdom to make this research possible.

Title : MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL MENTALITY AMONG

Researcher :CHRISTINE JOY M. BALLESTER, JOICE A. DANGA,

Adviser : PROF. RYAN C. VILLANUEVA, MAEd, RGC, LPT

School : UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

Date : JANUARY 4, 2021

Degree : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY

Major in Research and Measurement

became a vital element in the existence of colonial mentality among Filipinos

conduct a study about the extent of manifestation of colonial mentality among

study is quantitative in nature and utilizes a descriptive method to measure the

does colonial mentality is highly manifested. The researchers adapted and

individuals in young adulthood as manifested in every domain such as language

proven to have a manifestation of colonial mentality, however the extent of

manifestation is not alarming.

This suggests that although decades have passed since colonization

will no longer be given attention.

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. 18

Research Instruments ................................................................. 45

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 49

1 Research Paradigm ……………………………………… 12

Appendix Title Page

A Letters to the Authorities 65

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Philippines is a well-known country in South East Asia for its rich

archipelago, to its abundant and unique food delicacies. Furthermore,

Philippine culture is a union of the East and the West culture.

Okazaki (2006, as cited in Gabornes 2013) they conceptualized colonial

mentality among Filipinos as a form of internalized oppression characterized by

a perception of ethnic or cultural inferiority that involves an automatic and

unreasonable rejection of anything Filipino, and an instinctive and uncritical

preference for anything Western or foreign.

The Philippines can be considered as a country that is deep-seated with