report nr. 3/77 test method for the measurement of noise emitted by furnaces for use in petroleum and petrochemical industries Prepared for the CONCAWE Noise Advisory Group by Special Task Force No. 5: Furnace Noise Members: K.J. Marsh (chairman) D. Audoynaud LA. Bijl H. Mertens H. Miller P.H. Sorensen This report does not necessarily represent the views of any company participating in CONCAWE Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement © CONCAWE Den Haag First printing January 1977 Second printing May 1974 wish Pees ses sagas gs b&b & be bw! BRE b&b Bee Bee CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION ‘SCOPE DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION Notation and Units Definitions MEASUREMENTS General Assumption Operating Conditions Measuring Equipment Noise-Level Measurements Vibration Measurements Accuracy MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES General Correction for Background Noise General Procedures for Making Measurements Upshot (Floor) Burners - Burner Area External Walls with Burners ‘The Wall as a Radiating Surface Burner Rows as Line Sources Burners as Point Sources Furnace Walls without Burners Noise Measurements Vibration Measurements Multiple-Section Furnaces: Areas between Furnace Sections Forced-Draught Fans Exhaust Ducting Convection Section page eoeee 10 43 13 14 14 “4 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 21 226. 6.1 6.2 6.3 Al. la 1.2 a2, 24 2.2 a3. Application to Particular Furnace Types Natural-Draught with both Wall and Floor-Fired Burners External Walls with Burners Areas between Furnace Sections ‘The Perimeter Area around the Floor Burners Forced-Draught Furnaces with Unsilenced Fans Furnaces with Noise Control Downshot Radiant-Cavity Furnaces Boilers for Process Steam EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENTS Calculation of Octave Band Mean Sound-Pressure Level Addition of Octave Band Sound-Power Levels Calculation of Octave Band Sound-Power Levels TEST REPORT REFERENCES APPENDIX A The Use of a Sound-Level Meter for Making Vibration Measurements The Measurement of Vibratory Velocity Calibration Measurements ‘The Measurement of Velocity Level Calibration Measurements The Radiation Efficiency of a Randomly Vibrating Plate APPENDIX B Model Format for Noise Test Report page 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 a7 27 27 27 29 a1 33 33 33 34 35 35 36 36 39CONncé page APPENDIX C Model Noise Specification for a Furnace 45 C1. Model Format 45 1.1. General 45 1.2 Application of Noise Limits 45 1.3 Requirements 45 2, Noise Limits based on General Work-Area Limit a7 3. Noise Limits based on Community Requirements 48 4, Modifications to Limits for Narror-Band Noise 49 5. Operating Conditions 50 C2. Comments on Model Noise Specification 51 FIGURES 1 - 8 53-60 NOTE ‘The discontinuity of the page numbering is due to some blank pages that had been normally numbered in the original hard copy but left out of the scanned file in order to reduce the digital file size.concawe FOREWORD The test method outlined in this paper was prepared at the request of the Noise Advisory Group to provide a standardised procedure for measuring the sound-power levels of noise emitted by furnaces. Furnaces at most oil refineries are among the most significant sources of noise emitted to the neighbourhood. Yet there is no standard method for measuring their noise emission. This is mainly due to their size, the many variations in their construction, and the fact that they cannot be operated at full capacity without the rest of the refinery operating so that there is always a problem background noise. These problems were recognised by the Oil Companies Materials Association. In its Specification NWG-1 (Reference 1) it proposed a large-source method for measuring the sound-power levels of large refinery equipment such as furnaces. This method has been used for a number of years by various oil companies. However, its recommendations are necessarily rather general and there are a number of specific problems relating to furnaces which need to be more closely defined. The first of these (which is common to all large sources) is the problem of inherent errors due to the need to make measurements in the geometric near-field in order to minimise the effect of background noise. A theoretical study of this problem has now been issued as.a CONCAWE report (Reference 2) and its recommendations have been included in this test method. The second problem is the great variation in the design of furnaces and in the components (such as forced-draft fans and ducting) which can be regarded as part of the furnace. A test method which endeavours to standardise the procedure for measuring their noise emission must inevitably be long. Although the special task force aimed at brevity, they were not able to meet this aim. However, the reader who is approaching the subject of furnace noise measurement for the first time in order to deal with a particular furnace, may not find it necessary to read the whole test method in detail. He will probably find that there are a number of paragraphs in Section 5 which deal with aspects that are not relevant to his particular problem; once he has recognised how many components of his furnace must be treated as separate sources, he may not need study the whole of this section. ‘The presentation of the measurements in a standard format can be @ considerable aid in evaluating and comparing data; so a recommended model format for a noise test report is given in Appendix B. Its use should act as an aide-memoize for all the supporting data on operating conditions which are an essential accompaniment to the noise measurements; it should also act as a guide to making the measurement themselves.cOoncawe It is hoped that this method will form the basis for specifying the noise limitation levels of furnaces in contracts between oil companies and furnace suppliers. Here again, there is a need for a standard format which can be used to define the requirements comprehensively and yet with clarity so that they are easily understood by both parties. A model noise specification for a furnace has, therefore, been given in Appendix C. ‘The test method has been written for the user who possesses a precision sound-level meter equipped with a vribration transducer; the use of more sophisticated equipment is not essential to its application. A particular feature of this method is the use of vibratory-velocity measurements in situations where high background noise precludes noise measurements. Such measurements may not be familiar to some users and Appendix A has been included to give guidance on the application of vibration transducers. It is intended to give more details on the use of this technique in a separate CONCAWE report (Reference 3). The special task force recognises that a test method which deals with such a complex subject as furnaces must have shortcomings and it welcomes constructive criticism of this document. Nevertheless, it hopes that this test method will provide a first step towards standardising the procedure for measuring furnace noise so that noise test data presented by different observers can be readily understood and compared.awe INTRODUCTION ‘The test method is based on the measuring procedure for large sources described in OCMA Specification NWG-1, issued by the O11 Companies Materials Association (London), revision 1, dated October 1972. In this procedure the noise source is divided into a number of areas and the noise emission from each area is measured separately. The total noise emission from the source is obtained from the summation of the emissions from its component ‘The large-source method has special reference to the measurement of noise from oil or gas-fired furnaces commonly used in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. As these vary considerably in size and basic design, it is necessary to define in more detail how the appropriate emitting areas are to be selected. Some furnaces include forced-draught fans and others have separate convection sections; thus, the method includes peripheral equipment which is effectively a part of the furnace. Basically, the large-source method requires that measurements should be made at about 1-3m from the radiating surfaces, which means that they are invariably within the geometric near-field of large surface areas. Both theoretical considerations and practical experience in using the large-source method indicate that this can lead to an over-estimation of the sound-power level of an area. The test method, therefore, contains a correction for this error when it is appropriate. A particular problem in measuring noise from furnaces is to estimate the emission from the walls; this is difficult to measure with a sound-level meter because it is frequently found to be lower than the background noise. Nevertheless, it may be a significant contributor to the neighbourhood noise because of the large radiating area of the walls. A procedure for estimating the noise emission from measurements of vibratory velocities is included in the test method to obtain an approximate measure of the wall noise. It is intended that this test method should be a standard method for measuring the noise from furnaces so that the noise data from different furnaces can be compared on the same basis. It should also form a standard method for the acceptance testing of furnaces for guarantee purposes.2 SCOPE The test method is for the measurement of noise emitted by gas and oil-fired furnaces and process-steam boilers; it includes the main types of equipment used in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. It defines the procedure for evaluating the total sound-power level of the furnace and any associated peripheral equipment for the purpose of estimating community noise; it is not intended for furnaces operating within buildings. It is based on the use of a portable precision sound-level meter equipped with a microphone and a vibration transducer; equipment which might reasonably be expected to be available in a refinery or works. The use of more specialised noise measuring equipment, such as directional microphones and tape recorders, has been excluded so that the procedure can be applied by persons not specialised in acoustic measurements. ‘The method relates to the categories of furnaces listed below, although the principles involved could be applied to other equipment of a similar nature. They may be of the cabin or cylindrical types. (a) Natural-draught, floor-fired (b) Natural-draught, wall-fired (ce) Natural-draugnt, wall and floor-fired (d) Forced-draught, floor-fired (e) Forced-draught, wall-fired (4) Downshot radiant - cavity (g) Boilers for process steamDEFINITIONS AND NOTATION NOTATION AND UNITS a Distance between burners along row > Diameter or diagonal of suction opening E Geometric near-field correction h Vertical distance between rows of burners K Width of suction opening a Surface-elenent subscript a Length Sound-pressure level Lp Mean sound-pressure level Vibratory-velocity level Ly Sound-power level M Number of burners in a furnace wall N Number of sources a Number of measurement positions per source PB Sound pressure 8 Surface area (measuring surface) 89 ‘Reference area of 1m? v Vibratory velocity Ww Sound power log Logarithm to base 10 «@) ~™) (nm) (m) @ (aB) (aB) (aa) (as) (i/m2y (m2) (m2) (n/s) aconcawe 3.2 DEFINITIONS Acoustic near-field Geometric near-field Measuring surface Octave bands Sound-power level Sound-pressure level Vibratory-velocity level is defined as the region near a noise source where the particle velocity and pressure are not in phase. is defined as the region near a noise source where the measuring distance from the surface is less than the linear dimensions of the source or surface element. is defined as the imaginary surface over which noise measurements are made. refer to the preferred frequency bands of ISO/R 2266. is defined as: Ly = 10 10g19 W/Wo where Wy is the reference sound power of 10-12 watts is defined as Lp = 20 10819 P/Po where po is the reference sound pressure of 2 x 107° N/m? is defined as: Ly = 20 10839 v/v where vo ig the reference velocity of 5 x 10-8 m/s. Note: Other values of reference velocity may be found in the literature, but for convenience in the calculation of radiated sound power the above value should be used.Nncawe MEASUREMENTS GENERAL ASSUMPTION It is assumed that the furnace will be operating in a plant in the open air and will be surrounded by other noisy equipment. Normally, it is not possible for a furnace to be operated at full-load conditions without other equipment in the plant operating at the same time; so an estimate of the background noise without the test furnace operating may be difficult or impossible to obtain. Measurements of the noise from the test furnace will, therefore, have to be made at positions close enough to its surfaces to reduce the influence of the background noise as much as possible (in unfavourable circumstances where the background noise is too high, it will not be possible to make a reasonable estimate of sound-power level from noise measurements). A preliminary exploration of the noise pattern around the furnace with a sound-level meter will normally be necessary in order to determine the most suitable measuring positions. OPERATING CONDITIONS ‘The measurements shall be made when the furnace is operating at full capacity. Furnaces which can be dual fired with gas or oil burners shall be operated with the proportions of gas and oil firing which are typical of normal operations; it may be necessary to make separate measurements for the extreme conditions of all gas or all oil firing. Preferably, all burners shall be operated at the same conditions (fuel supply, fuel/air ratio, air pressure, etc.). For guarantee testing the appropriate firing conditions shall be agreed between the purchaser and contractor. MEASURING EQUIPMENT Noise-Level urements For noise-level measurements the terms "readings" or "measurements" will at all times imply separate sound-pressure level measurements in dB(A), dB(C) and dB for each of the nine octave bands centred on 31, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1k, 2k, 4k and 8k HZ. For the calculation of residential noise the same attenuation should be used for 31Hz as for G3Hz,concawe Measurements shall be made with a precision sound-level meter complying with IEC Publication 179. The instructions in the use of the equipment must be complied with to ensure that the intended degree of precision is maintained. Special attention should be paid to the manufacturer's information on the required orientation of the microphone with respect to the sound field so that it gives the flattest response. Attention should also be paid to the temperature sensitivity of the microphone. The "slow" meter response setting shall be used. ‘An acoustic check of the sound-level measuring equipment shall be made immediately before and after making test measurements, using an external calibrator. This check shall be made at least once every three hours during a lengthy run of test measurements; frequent battery checks should also be made. Site checks shall be supplemented by more detailed laboratory calibrations of the whole measuring equipment at least once every two years. ‘The observer shall be at least 1m behind the microphone to reduce errors due to reflections. Vibration Measurements ‘The terms "readings" or "measurements" will at all times imply measurements of the root-mean-square value of vibratory velocity in dB(A), dB(C) and dB for the octave bands centred on 31 Hz, etc. up to the frequency limit of the transducer or to 8 kHz. Measurements shall be made with a precision sound-level meter complying with IEC Publication 179 and fitted with a vibration attachment. Alternatively, specialised instruments conforming to the same standard of precision may be used. The instructions in the use of the equipment must be complied with to ensure that ‘the intended degree of precision is maintained. The vibration transducer shall be attached to the surface under test by a magnetic head or by a suitable adhesive; it shall not be hand held against the surface. The test report shall indicate the method of mounting used and the maker's data on the frequency limitation of the transducer head for this method. Readings above this frequency shall not be reported. ‘The measuring equipment shall be calibrated according to the maker's instructions before and after making test measurements, or at least once every three hours during a lengthy run of measurements. 10concawsé 4.4 ACCURACY At the present time there is insufficient evidence to establish the tolerances required to cover errors inherent in the procedure, but it is anticipated that the overall accuracy in the determination of the sound-power level of each source would be about 3dB in each octave band. A tolerance of this magnitude should, therefore, be allowed in guarantee testing. 1MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE GENERAL, ‘The following sections describe the positions at which measurements should be made for various types of furnaces. Tt may, however, be necessary to vary some positions or even to eliminate them, if they are influenced by the noise from another source, or even by another component of the furnace itself; for example, a forced draught fan. Before selecting the measuring positions it is, therefore, advisable to carry out a quick preliminary survey of the furnace with the sound- level meter on the dB(A) setting. A subjective impression of the sources of noise should be made by ear and should also be used in the selection of measuring positions Measuring positions should be selected where the sound level from the furnace source under investigation is estimated to be at least 34B(A)'s in excess of the background noise levels from all other sources. To survey between furnace sections or to investigate background noise it may be necessary to mount the microphone on a pole, using an extensive cable (making corrections for its attenuation, if necessary). If, for example, there is another furnace near to the test furnace, it may be possible to determine the noise pattern around the neighbouring furnace by noting the dB(A) levels at increasing distances from its remote side. If the symmetry of the furnace and the absence of other sources permits, it may be possible to assume the same pattern on the side of the test furnace (see Fig. 1). The background level at the measuring position on the test furnace may then be estimated by extrapolation and the test readings may be corrected. All corrections to test readings shall be included in the test report and shall be supported by suitable evidence to justify them; they shall be made in each octave band. In the procedure for large sources the total surface of the furnace is divided into separate noise emitting areas and the sound-power level is determined for each area individually The choice of areas depends on the type of furnace; some may be actual surfaces such as furnace walls or ducting walls, others may be imaginary surfaces such as the vertical perimeter area around the pillars of a floor-fired furnace. If it is not possible to measure the noise emission from a particular surface because of high background noise, it must be estimated by reference to a similar surface; alternatively, it may be estimated by measurements of vibratory velocity. 13concawe In calculating the noise levels in neighbouring areas using ‘the procedure of OCMA Specification NWG-1 it is necessary to take into account the height of the source to allow for ground attentuation. It may often be necessary, therefore, to treat a furnace as two or more individual sources with different heights each source being made up of several component emitting areas. All estimated sound-power levels which have not been derived from direct measurements on the surfaces concerned shall be clearly indicated in the test report. 5.1.1 Correction for Background Noise When the difference between a measured noise level and the background level at the same position (whether measured or estimated) is less than 10dB, the measured noise level shall be corrected according to the following table: Difference between {dB to be subtracted noise level and from the measured background noise level 3 3 4105 2 6109 1 When corrections of 3dB are applied, the corrected levels shall be reported in brackets. When the difference between the noise level and the background is less than 3B, the measurements cease to have any significance. 5.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR MAKING MEASUREMENTS 5.2.1 Upshot (Floor) Burners - Burner Area Measurements shall be made around the perimeter of the furnace between the walls and the ground. For cabin-type furnaces at least one position shall be selected under each wall at the mid point (see Fig. 2), For cylindrical surfaces four equally-spaced positions shall be selected, preferably midway between pillars. If the preliminary noise survey with the noise meter set on dB(A) indicates that the noise level differs by more than 64B(A) around the perimeter, intermediate positions shall be selected such that the measuring positions are equally spaced. Normally, the measuring positions should be midway between the furnace 14concawe floor and the ground, but for small furnaces it may be necessary to select positions at different heights if there is a vertical variation of noise level. Where a difference greater than 6dB(A) is observed, it is advisable to investigate this further in order to determine the cause (it may be due to variable operation of the burners or background noise from another source). If it is due to background noise, an appropriate correction should be made or another measuring position should be chosen. All readings in each octave band shall be averaged, using equation (1) of paragraph 6.1. The total sound-power level for each octave band shall be derived from the following equation which includes a reduction of 34B to correct for the geometrical near-field effect Ly = Ly + log 8/8, -3(aB) ‘The appropriate surface area S; shall be the vertical area of the perimeter between the walls and the ground and the pillars. For the purpose of neighbourhood noise calculations the burner area shall be considered as an individual source whose height is equal to one half the distance between the burner floor and the ground. A preliminary noise survey should be made over the wall surface with the sound-level meter set to dB(A) to determine whether the burners are to be treated as individual point sources, line sources or incoherent radiating areas. If a vertical scan at im from the walls indicates noise level differences less than or equal to 3dB(A) opposite and between burner rows, the wall may be treated as a single radiating surface; otherwise the rows must be treated separately. If a horizontal scan along a row of burners indicates that the noise level differences are less than or equal to 3dB(A) opposite and between burners, the row may be treated as a line source; otherwise the burners nust be treated as point sources. ‘The total sound-power levels of the walls shall be obtained from the sum of the sound-power levels of individual walls using equation 3 of paragraph 6.2 or the graph of Fig. 8. For neighbourhood calculations the height of the wall shall be taken as the height of its mid point. 1s5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 The Wall as a Radiating Surface Measurements shall be made at four positions 1m distant from the wall. Two of these positions shall be opposite a row of burners and two between rows of burners (see Fig. 3a). The readings in each octave band shall be averaged and the sound- power level of the wall shall be derived from the following equation which includes a reduction of 3dB to correct for the geometrical near-field effect: i T,4 ¢ 10 tog 8,/s, - 3 caB) The area S, shall be taken as 8, =N.dh where N is the number of burners in the wall Burner Rows as Line Sources Measurements shall be made at two positions on each of two rows at a distance of 1m from the walls; at roughly one third and two thirds along the line of burners (see Fig. 2). If the wall has more than three rows of burners, measurements shall be made at two positions on every second row. The sound-pressure levels in each octave band shall be averaged and the sound-power level of each row shall be derived from the following equation which includes a reduction of 2dB for the geometrical near-field effect ‘pi + 20 log (m 1/s,)-2 (a) where 1 is the length of the burner row (note that the measuring surface is a semi-cylinder of radius 1m and length 1). The noise from the remaining area of wall outside the burner zone shall be measured according to paragraph 5.2.3, The sound-power levels of each burner row shall be summed to derive the total noise emission of the wall. 16conca 5.2.2.3 Burners as Point Sources Measurements shall be made at positions im distant from four burners randomly situated in the wall. The sound-pressure levels in each octave band shall be averaged and the sound-power level for the wall shall be derived from:- L, EL, + 10 log 2. 1/8, + 10 tog N (aB) where N is the number of burners in the wall (note that the measuring surface is a hemisphere of radius 1m). The noise from the remaining area of wall outside the burner zone shall be measured according to paragraph 5.2.3 Furnace Walls Without Burners The noise emission from the walls should be determined by noise measurements whenever possible; otherwise, if the background noise is too high, it should be determined by vibration measure- ments. A preliminary noise survey should, therefore, be made to establish how the noise emission is to be determined. When the smallest dimension of the wall (height or width) is less than 6m, the noise level should be observed at distances of 1m and 3m from the walls. If the differences in noise level is greater than 34B(A), valid noise measurements may be made at Am from the wall according to paragraph 5.2.3.1. When the smallest dimension of the wall D (height or width) is greater than 6m, the survey measurements should be made at distances of Im and D/2 from the wall. If the difference in noise level is greater than 3dB(A), valid noise measurements may be made at 1m from the wall according to paragraph 5.2.3.1. If the difference is less than 3dB(A), the noise emission from the walls shall be determined from vibration measurements according to paragraph 5.2.3.2. The total sound-power levels of the walls shall be obtained from the sum of the sound-power levels of the individual walls using equation 3 of paragraph 6.2 or Fig. 8. For neighbourhood noise calculations the height of the wall shall be taken as the height of its mid point. 7conca 5.2.3.1 Noise Measurements The measuring positions shall be at the mid points of each of the walls of cabin type furnaces; for cylindrical furnaces they shall be at four equally-spaced positions around the perimeter half way up the walls. Where the arrangement of walkways makes these positions inaccessible, the nearest possible positions shall be chosen. A further reading may be taken on the roof in a position which is not influenced by ducting noise. All the measuring positions shall be at a distance of im from the surfaces. For cabin-type furnaces the sound-power level of each wall shall be assessed separately and then summed to give the total sound- power level of the walls. The sound-power level for each octave band shall be derived from the following equation which includes a reduction of 3dB to correct for the geometrical near-field effect. L, = Ey, + 10 log S,/s, -3 (4B) The area S, shall be taken as the area of the appropriate wall. For cylindrical furnaces the mean sound-pressure level L, shall be calculated for the four measuring positions andthe area S, shall be taken as the total cylindrical wall area. 5.2.3.2 Vibration Measurements Measurements shall be made at four random positions on the wall, including one near the centre (see Fig. 4). The vibration transducer shall be mounted on a wall plate in the centre of an area bounded by pillars and cross pieces, and shall measure vibratory velocity. To determine the sound-power level of the wall on which the vibration transducer is mounted, the following equation shall be used: L, = Ey, +10 log S,/s, (aD) Wnere §, 1s the total area of the appropriate wall and Ly; is the mead velocity level of the four positions calculated trom the arithmetic average of the values of vibratory velocity. If the velocity level is measured directly, the mean velocity level shall ve calculated from equations (1) or (2) of paragraph 6.1. 18concawe 5.2.4 This estimate of sound-power level should be checked by making noise measurements as in paragraph 5.2.3.1. If the noise measurements give a lower sound-power level, this should be used in preference to that derived from vibration measurements. Multiple-Section Furnaces: Areas between Furnace Sections If the preliminary noise survey indicates that the noise level varies by more than 6dB(A) in horizontal scans between furnace sections, the sections shall be treated as separate furnaces; but if the variation is less than 6dB(A), the noise field in the intervening zone may be regarded as diffuse (see Fig. 5). The noise emitted from this zone shall be determined from noise measurements made at the annular area between the end walls and roofs of the sections. This area is made up of vertical areas at each end of the enclosed zone and a horizontal area (if there is no common roof to the furnace sections). For the vertical areas measuring two positions shall be selected at points roughly one third and two thirds of the distance between the sections on a horizontal line at roughly half the height of the sections. For the horizontal area the measuring positions shall be at similar distances between the sections on a line at roof level half way along the sections. The readings in each octave band shall be averaged and the Sound-power level of the annular area shall be determined from the following equation which includes a reduction of 3dB to correct for the geometrical near-field effect: ‘pi + 10 1oe 8, /8, - 3 (4B) The appropriate surface area S; shall be the total area of the two vertical and one horizontal surfaces (if there is no common roof). For neighbourhood noise calculations the height of the source shall be taken as the height of the mid point of the furnace walls. Forced-Draught Measurements of the fan noise shall be made at a single position at a distance of 1m from the centre of the suction opening or at a distance of 1 diameter, or diagonal of the opening if this is less than 1m. If the fan has a circumferential suction opening, measurements shall be made at two diagonally opposite positions at a distance of 1m from the opening (see Fig. 6). The sound-power level of the fan shall be derived from: 19concawe L = 1, + 10 log S/s wp S/S, and S$ = (22 + D2/4) (m2) for a planar opening, or S = 7(D + 22)? H/D (my for a circumferential opening. Where D is the diameter or diagonal of the opening, z is the measuring distance and H is the width of the circumferential opening. Measurements of the driver noise should preferably be made when it is uncoupled from the fan, Where possible, the measurement points should be selected to conform with the small-source Procedure of OCMA Specification NWG-1. If it is not practical to uncouple the driver, it may be necessary to make measurements at a distance of 0.5m from the driver to ensure that the driver noise is higher than the background. A preliminary survey should be made with the sound-level meter set to dB(A) to find suitable measuring positions where this condition is met.In many cases it may not be possible to make significant noise measurements of the driver noise because of the background noise, and as a first approximation it may be ignored as a noise source. ‘The sound-power level of the ducting associated with the fan shall be estimated from vibratory-velocity measurements. These shall be made at positions roughly every 5m along the ducting and, at each position, one measurement shall be made at the centre of a plate area and one near the edge. A minimum of six measurements shall be made on any ducting. To determine the sound-power level the following equation shall be used: L, = L +10 log s/s, Where S is the total area of the walls of the ducting and Ly is the mean velocity level of the measuring positions calculated from the arithmetic average of vibratory velocity. If the velocity level is measured directly, the mean velocity level shall be calculated from equations (1) or (2) of paragraph 6.1. Only those parts of the ducting outside the furnace shall be regarded as part of the fan; ducting underneath the furnace will be included in the measurement of noise from the burner area. 20Exhaust Ducting A preliminary survey of the noise from the ducting should be made with the sound-level meter set to dB(A). If the ducting noise is significantly higher than the background, a set of measurements shall be made at two positions on either side of the ducting at a distance of 1m from the surface. Where there are multiple ducts, the noise measurements shall be made at four positions around the entire ducting section (see Fig. 7). The readings of sound-pressure level shall be averaged and the sound-power level of the ducting shall be calculated from the following equation which includes a reduction 3dB to correct for the geometrical near-field effect: pi * 10 10g 8,/s, - 3 (4B) The area Sy shall be taken as the area of all the walls of the ducting from the furnace to the stack, or to the convection section if this is a separate section. For the purpose of neighbourhood noise calculations the height of the mid point of the ducting between the furnace and the stack shall be taken as the effective height. If the background noise is too high for significant noise measurements to be made, the sound-power level of the ducting shall be determined from measurements of vibratory velocity. These shall be made at positions roughly every 5m along the ducting (where it is accessible) and, at each position, measurements shall be made at the centre of a plate area and one near the edge. A minimum of six measurements shall be made on any ducting. To determine the sound-power level of the ducting the following equation shall be used L, = Ly, + 10 10g s/s, Where $ is the total area of all the walls of the ducting - from the furnace to the stack or to the convection section and Ly, is the mean velocity level of the measuring positions, calculated from the arithmetic average of the values of vibratory velocity. If the velocity level is measured directly, the mean velocity level shall be calculated from equations (1) or (2) of paragraph 6.1. 21concawe 5.3 8.3.1.1 Convection Section If the furnace has a separate convection section, the external facing walls shall be treated in the same way as furnace walls without burners as in paragraph 5.2.3, The area between the convection section and the burner section should be tested with a preliminary noise survey and treated according to the procedure in paragraph 5.2.4. APPLICATION TO PARTICULAR FURNACE TYPES In general, the following components of furnaces may be considered as separate sources and the total noise emission for each shall be obtained from the summation of the individual contributions of their component areas. (a) The area between the furnace floor and the ground (for floor-fired furnaces). (>) External wails without burners. (©) External walls with burners. (4) Exhaust ducting to stack. (e) The annular area between sections of multiple-section furnaces. (£) The forced-draught fans and ducting external to furnace. (g) The convection section. Natural-Draught with both Wall and Floor-Fired Burn External Walls with Burners A preliminary noise survey should be made over the wall surface with the noise-level meter set to dB(A). The first aim of this is to determine the influence of the noise from the floor-fired burner zone, and a vertical scan should be made up the middle of the wall from the ground, If the vertical variation of noise level is less than 6d4B(A), the wall and the floor-fired burner zone may be treated as a single radiating area; otherwise the wall and floor burners must be treated as separate sources. The survey should then continue to determine whether the wall burners are to be treated as line sources or point sources as in paragraph 5.2.2. 22concaw 5.3.1.2 5.3.1.3 If the wall is to be treated as a single radiating surface, the procedure of paragraph 5.2.2.1 shall be followed except that an additional measuring position shall be included. This shall be under the wall at the mid point of the open area between the floor and the ground. If the wall burners are to be treated as line sources or as point sources, the procedures of paragraphs 5.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.3, respectively, shall be followed except that measurements shall only be made on the top line of burner: Areas between Furnace Sections The procedure of paragraph 5.2.4 shall be followed except that the measuring positions for the vertical areas shall be at a height roughly two thirds the height of the walls. ‘The Perimeter Area around the Floor Burners Measurements shall be made around the perimeter of the furnace between the walls and the ground. At least one measuring Position shall be selected under each of the outward-facing walls at the mid point; intermediate positions shall be selected if the noise level differs by more than 64B(A) around the perimeter. The sound-pressure levels measured under a row of wall burners shall be corrected for the wall-burner noise Ly which shall be calculated from the following equation L, - 10 log tr/s. pT Lyp 7 20 Log tr/s, (dB) where Lyb is the sound-power level of the line of burners (calculated according to paragraph 5.2.2.2) and r is the Perpendicular distance from the line to the measuring position. The corrected values of sound-pressure level in each octave band shall be averaged and the total sound-power level of the floor burner zone shall be calculated according to paragraph 5.2.1, Forced-Draught Furnaces with Unsilenced Fans If the forced-draught fans are not silenced, they may be the dominant source of noise in the furnace and give rise to high background levels all round the furnace. A preliminary survey of the noise field around the furnace is, therefore, essential and it should preferably be done when the fans are operating on their own. 23concawe If this indicates high background noise from the fans, detailed measurements in octave bands should be made at the measurement positions to be used for the other sources. Subsequent noise measurements when the furnace is operating should be corrected or eliminated according to their level with respect to the background. When it is not possible to measure the fan noise on its own, the preliminary noise survey should be used to indicate the extent of the influence of the fan noise. This may be done by observing the fall in fan noise with distance or by listening for any narrow-band characteristic of the fan as an indicator. It may be necessary to eliminate measurement positions where the fan noise is significant. Alternatively, measurements of the burner area noise may be made when the furnace is operating at low load on fuel oi1 and at high load on gas firing. If there is no significant difference, it may be assumed that the fan noise is dominant. A possible technique to minimise the influence of the fans would be to construct temporary acoustic screens around them in order to reduce the background level at the measurement positions. If none of these techniques is feasible, it may not be possible to make valid noise measurements of the other sources and their noise emission should then be estimated by vibration measurements, where practicable. The noise from the burner area must then be ignored. The noise from the fan shall be measured according to paragraph 5.2.5, Only those parts of the ducting outside the furnace shall be regarded as part of the fan; ducting underneath the furnace will be included in the measurement of noise from the burner 5.3.3, Furnaces with Noise Control For most types of noise control, such as plenum chambers around the burners or individual muffies on burners, the noise field at the periphery of the burner area will still be diffuse; the noise emission from the burner area may then be measured by the procedure of paragraph 5.2.1. But if the noise control is done by means of a wall surrounding the entire burner area, it may be necessary to modify this procedure, particularly for natural- draught burners where there are air inlets spaced around the wall. ‘These will probably be fitted with splitter silencers which, even so, may be the main sources of noise emission if the wall is very effective; there may also be doors which are relatively transparent to noise 24cor A preliminary noise survey is, therefore, especially important in order to ensure that the range of noise levels around the perimeter is less than 6dB(A). If it is, four equally-spaced measuring positions may be used, but one of these should be opposite an air inlet and one opposite a door. If the range of levels is greater than 6dB(A) and intermediate positions have to be selected, some of these should be opposite doors and air inlets in the same proportion as with four positions. 5.3.4 Downshot Radiant-Cavity Furnaces When the burners are on a furnace roof without any weather protection, the roof shall be treated as an external wall with burners according to paragraph 5.2.2. When the burners are under a roof for weather protection, the noise emitted by the open or louvred areas at the perimeter of the roof shall be measured according to the procedure for upshot burners in paragraph 5.2.1. 5.3.5 Boilers for Process Sti This section refers to package boilers standing in the open and does not apply to equipment inside boiler houses. Steam piping from the boilers to process plant and fuel and water pumps shall not be regarded as part of the boiler with regard to noise emission. The firing front should be treated as a furnace wall with burners (see paragraph 5.2.2); otherwise the boiler may be treated as a furnace using the appropriate procedures in paragraph 5.2 256.2 EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENTS CALCULATION OF OCTAVE BAND MEAN SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL ‘The mean sound-pressure level of each octave band shall be calculated from the results of the measurements at all the test positions by means of the equation: = m (antilog LP), a: Lp2 ‘Lpn, L,= 10 log (1/m (antilog Th*+antilog tb" + ..... antitog42"y (1 If the range of sound-pressure levels is less than 6dB, the arithmetic mean may be used: Yn thy tee b 7a Uy, + Ly ‘pn? ADDITION OF OCTAVE BAND SOUND-POWER LEVELS ‘The total sound-power level for each octave band for a source shall be calculated from the sound-power levels of its components by means of the equatiol ys 30 10g cantiiog HD + anttiog 2+... @ When the summation is to be carried out by hand calculation, it may be preferred to use the graph of Fig. 8. CALCULATION OF OCTAVE BAND SOUND-POWER LEVELS The sound-power level for each octave band shall be calculated from the mean sound-pressure level by means of the equation: L)= L, + 10 log $/s, - E wo S/s, Where E is the geometric near-field correction defined in the relevant paragraphs of this test method, where applicable. 27CcoOncawe TEST REPORT The noise test report shall incorporate the following informatio! @) ) «e «ay ce) w @) «ny w o >) 29 Reference to this test method. A description of the furnace, the burners and associated equipment, including any noise reduction measures. A dimensioned sketch of the furnace and any neighbouring equipment which may influence its sound field. The sketch shall indicate all measuring positions. Details of the measuring equipment used. Details of the components of the furnace assumed to be separate sources and the effective height of each component. All noise and vibration measurements taken, including background measurements. Any corrections made to the measurements and the reasons for making these corrections. The sound-power levels of the components of the furnace listed under (e) in dB(A), 4B(C) and dB in the octave bands from 31Hz to 8kHz. The presence of audible narrow-band noise components (tones). The operating conditions of the furnace, including the number of burners firing oil and gas. For each burner the following information is to be reported: ~ gas supply and gas density fuel-oil supply and fuel viscosity air supply excess air air pressure setting of air registers (swirl control) atomiser conditions Weather conditions.REFERENCES «@ (2 @ «@ 5) 6) 31 OCMA NWG-1 : Procedural specification for limitation of noise in plant and equipment for use in the petroleum industry. Issued by the 0il Companies Materials Association (London). CONCAWE Report No. 2/76 Determination of sound-power levels of industrial equipment, particularly oil industry plant CONCAWE Report No. XX/77 Measurement of vibration complementary to sound measurements (in preparation). IEC Publication No. 179 Precision sound-level meters. ISO/R 131-1959 Expression of the physical and subjective magnitudes of sound and noise. 180/R 266-1962 Preferred frequencies for acoustical measurements .APPENDIX A THE USE OF A SOUND-LEVEL METER FOR MAKING VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS Some commercial sound-level meters can be fitted with accelero- meters and be used for making vibration measurements. The transducer normally measures vibratory acceleration, but by using an integrator in the input to the sound-level meter, it is possible to measure vibratory velocity or displacement, For the purpose of this test method the vibratory velocity is the parameter of interest and this appendix summarises the method of measuring this with a sound-level meter, It assumes throughout that an integrator set to velocity is used in conjunction with the accelerometer. ‘The meter may be provided with a separate scale for measuring the vibratory velocity directly and it can be calibrated using a vibration exciter table or, if this is not available, with reference to an internal voltage. Alternatively, a decibel scale may be used in the meter and the velocity level may be measured. ‘The meter can then calibrate acoustically with a pistonphone or similar device, but a correction to the meter reading must be made to allow for the sensitivity of the accelerometer. These two methods are described below. THE MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATORY VELOCITY Calibration Most sound-level meters have an internal reference voltage against which the meter can be calibrated and, for measurements in the field, this is often the only means of calibration. The method for doing this will depend on the design of the meter and the manufacturers instructions must be followed; in principle it involves adjusting the sensitivity correction of the meter to match the voltage sensitivity of the accelerometer (normally quoted in mV/g) It is good practice, however, to check the calibration of the meter by means of a vibration exciter table and, where possible, this should be done before and after a series of measurenents. Such a table provides a quoted value of peak acceleration at a particular frequency and this must, therefore, be converted to the equivalent velocity level. 33con APPENDIX A 1. 2 Example Frequency of table, f= 79.6 He w= ant 500 rad/s Peak acceleration lg (=9.81 m/s?) RMS acceleration a= 9.81/ /2 RUS velocity = a/w 9.81/(500 /B) v = 0.014 m/s Velocity level 20 Tog v/v, 109 4B Measurements ‘The method of mounting the accelerometer on the surface to be measured influences the frequency response of the accelerometer and gives an upper limit to the frequency range over which it can be used. Ideally, the accelerometer should be mounted on a steel stud to give the widest frequency range, but these are rarely available. The next best method is to attach it to the surface with an adhesive or wax, or with a magnet; but this may limit the region of flat response to below 5kHz, so it is important to ascertain the frequency characteristic for the particular mounting method. Readings should not be made above the upper limit of flat response. ‘The use of an integrator to convert acceleration to velocity introduces a frequency dependent characteristic into the response of the system, arising from the effect of integration, namely: v= afa ‘This means that readings of acceleration must be adjusted for frequency in order to be used for velocity. However, this can usually be done by using the appropriate velocity scale in the meter and the above equation need only be used with meters which do not have alternative scales. 34concawe APPENDIX A A2. THE MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY LEVEL Calibration If the sound-level meter is only provided with a dB scale, or it is preferred to use this to measure velocity level, the meter may be calibrated acoustically using the microphone and a pistonphone or similar device. However, this sets the sensitivity correction to match the sensitivity of the microphone and the readings must be adjusted to match the sensitivity of the accelerometer. The following correction must be used: oP, Ly #20 tog —P™Po > * Fa where 1, = velocity tevel (aay microphone sensitivity (nvm? /N) 2x 107 (N/m?) ant, (rad) accelerometer sensitivity (mV*s?/m) 5x 1078 (m/s) and £, is the virtual frequency of the integrator, where the résponse curve for velocity intersects the response curve for acceleration. Exampl¢ The following characteristics can be typical for a sound level meter and acceleromete: 5, = 50 (aVem? /N) t,2 4 (zy a, = 25 (ray 5, = 60 (av/@) = 6.12 (avs? /m) 50.2 * 10-5410% L, + 20 log i 25 *6.12%5 L=k Ea] +42 35concawe APPENDIX A 2.2 a3. Measurements ‘The advantage of using the sound-level meter in this mode is that it can be changed conveniently from noise to vibration measurements by substituting the accelerometer and integrator for the microphone. No change of scale or adjustment of sensitivity correction is necessary. The same restrictions apply for frequency range according to the method of accelerometer mounting as discussed in paragraph 1.2. THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF A RANDOMLY VIBRATING PLATE The sound power radiated from a randomly vibrating plate is related to the surface average of the root-mean-square vibratory velocity through the radiation efficiency (or radiation ratio), 0. The value of o depends on the mechanism causing the vibrations and three conditions may be distinguished. (a) Excitation by Airborne Sound Waves In this case the radiation efficiency is always equal to unity (even below the critical frequency of the plate) and in the equation for determining sound-power level, ly =, + 10 log S/so + 10 loge the final term 10 logo equals zero. This equation is, therefore, applicable to the case of furnace walls and ducting where the vibrations are excited by an internal sound field. (b) Excitation by a Distant Vibrator In this case the vibrations in the plate will be due to free bending waves and the radiation depends upon frequency - below the critical frequency of the plate, the radiation efficiency will be considerably less than unity; above the critical frequency, it will tend towards unity as the frequency increases. ‘This case could arise with forced-draught ducting in the neighbourhood of the fan where the vibrations are excited by mechanical vibration of the fan or its driver. It is not within the scope of this specification to prescribe rules for determining the radiation efficiency in this situatio1 thus, sound-power levels derived from such vibration measurements should be recorded with a note that they may be higher than the true sound-power level. 36concawe APPENDIX A (c) Excitation by a Point or Line Source in the Plate Here again, the radiation efficiency depends on frequency ~ whether it is above or below the critical frequency of the plate. It also depends on the distance from the source. This case will rarely arise in vibrations associated with furnace noise and is also outside the scope of this specification. 37concawe APPENDIX B Model Format for Noise Test Report NOISE TEST REPORT | Summary For the measurement and calculation procedures underlying this report reference is made to CONCAWE’s “Test method for the measurement of noise emitted by furnaces in the petroleum and petrochemical industries”. Author(s): Department: Date of measurements: Date of report: Furnace identification: Type of furnace: Design heat absorption Operating conditions 5% of design load Fuels burnt: on burners ( % of total load) burners ( % of total load) CALCULATED SOUND-POWER LEVELS (dB re 10°12) Octave Band Centre | 31 | @3 | 125 | 250 | 500 | 1K | aK | 4x | ax | Heit Frequencies (He): (en) Peripheral area, | furnace-ground External walls with | burners | External walls ‘without burners Exhaust duct to | convection section Exhaust duct to stack Peripheral area | between sections | Fans and ducting Conveetion section State if not applicable or not evaluated 39concan @ APPENDIX B M1 DESCRIPTION OF FURNACE AND OPERATING CONDITIONS 1 Sketch of furnace” Indicate positions of burners and measurement positions 2 Burners Number of burners: Type of burners: Burner adjustments (swirl control, atomiser, etc.) Non-standard items on burners: 3 Fan(s) Design flow: Design pressure: Type of drive: rom: Power of drive Power consumption: 4 Burner operating conditions* Burner Fuel 1 ( | Fuet 2( vo Air pressure/flow pressure/tlow pressure/tiow Total * Use separate sheet if necessary 405 Fuels Fuel 1 ( ’ Density: Viscosity Temperature: Heating value: Fuel 2 ( ) Density: Viscosity: ‘Temperature Heating value: Ai ‘Temperature: {after preheater) APPENDIX B 6 Flue gas Temperature: 0, hy (dry/wed): Cp, ev (dry/wet) excess air from Op/CO,: ‘Measurement point: 7 Silencing measures already installed: anconcawe APPENDIX R Ill MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND CHOICE OF MEASUREMENT POSITIONS 1 Measuring equipment Sound tevel meta: Microphone: Vibrations measured with: 2 Division of furnace into separate sources Fan + air duets Furnace bottom (with/without burners) Walls with burners: Walls without burners: For multiplesection furnaces: area between sections: Flue-gas ducts to convection section: Convection section Flue gas duets to stack: 3 Choice of measurement positions Describe chosen positions per source, how background noise was measured or estimated, and ‘where vibration measurements were done. IV MEASUREMENTS Weather conditions: Wind speed Wind direction: Presence of narrow-band note (tones); See attached data sheets for noise measurements. 42concawe APPENDIX B Noise and Vibration Date Sheet Page of nr Description | ¢ | 31 | 63| 125] 260] 500) 1 | 2k | at | 8k 43APPENDIX:B paDaHOD punoiByoe@ paInseay oe punoiyoeg oo mi! == | \ punoIBySeg paunseoW paIDSHIOD PUROIESES painseon ye punoi693eg aim im i ell painseon payDaIIOD UnORITeS | pamnseon paise1i05 | punoiBs3eg Pane =e lll oe oe oe ee ee ee 6 mim] | ol a! PaBBTIOD UnOTSSeS 2 To | | painseoW Er oy % a 005 | set { Q i uondusseg | “ON a sured yo abeg ~ 133HS V.LVG GNNOS¥OWE GNV 3SION 44concawe APPENDIX € ci. 1a MODEL NOISE SPECIFICATION FOR A FURNACE MODEL FORMAT Project: Equipment Item No. and Title: NOISE LIMITS GENERAL Application of Noise Limits The noise limits for the furnace which are listed in Sections 2 and 3 have been selected so that the total plant noise shall not exceed the Company's requirements. These limits are specific to the items listed in this order. They shall apply to the following components of the furnace (a) Burners and walls in radiant section. (b) Convection section. (©) Forced-draught fans and their drivers, including air ducting. (a) Exhaust ducting. Requirements ‘The furnace shall be regarded as consisting of a number of individual noise sources for which different noise limits are defined. These noise limits are listed in Section 2 and 3, and are to be modified where necessary by the reductions for noise character listed in Section 4. The limits in Section 2 have been selected to meet the general work-area noise limit for the plant; those in Section 3 have been selected to meet the conmunity-area limit for the plant as a whole. The components of the furnace must comply with the most restrictive of these two criteria. Measurements shall be made in accordance with the CONCAWE Report No. 3/77. The vendor shall provide information on the expected noise emitted by the furnace referred to in this order and this information shall be obtained from measurements on a similar furnace or by extrapolation of the measurements on a furnace of nearly similar design. Full details shall be provided of the way in which this extrapolation is made. The vendor shall provide information in the form of the Noise Test Report given in Appendix B of CONCAVE Report No. 3/77 and shall include details of the operating conditions of the furnace tested. 45COnGé APPENDIX C ‘The vendor shall describe all modifications to standard equipment necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. Such modifications shall not conflict with the requirements of other specifications for the equipment. 46APPENDIX ¢ NOISE LIMITS BASED ON GENERAL WORK-AREA LIMIT The following limits of sound-pressure level shall not be exceeded at the quoted measurement locations and shall be modified as necessary by the reductions listed in Section 4. ‘Octave-Band Centre Frequencies (H2) Limit [es | 125 | 250 | 500 | 1K | 2K | 4K | 8K Sound-pressure level | 1 Limits 2 (dB re 2x10 N/m?) 47 Measurement locations: Limit 1 Limit 2:NOISE LIMITS BASED ON COMMUNITY REQUIREMENTS APPENDIX C The following limits of sound-power level shall not be exceeded for the items listed and shall be modified as necessary by the reductions listed in Section 4. Octave-Band Centre Frequencies (Hz): 31 | 63 | 125 | 250 |s00 | 1K } ak | aK 8K | Notes Component Sound-Power Level Limits (dB re 10°12w) Peripheral area, furnace-ground External walls ‘with burners External walls without burners Exhaust duct to stack Peripheral area between sections Fans and ducting Convection section Notes 48,oOncaw APPENDIX ¢ MODIFICATIONS TO LIMITS FOR NARROW-BAND NOISE When the noise from a furnace component contains an annoying characteristic such as narrow-band (tonal) noise, the limits in Sections 2 and 3 shall be reduced in the octave bands containing the characteristic. The required reductions are given in the table below Reduction code ARI shall be applied to noise affecting the work-area limits in Section 2, and code AR2 shall be applied to noise limits related to community in Section 3. Octave-Band Centre Frequencies (Hz) | 31] 63 | 125] 250] 500 | 1k| 2k | 4k |@x | code Condition Reduction (dB) Narrow-band noi 00 0 0 4 6 7 7 3{aR1 oo 1 6 9 112 12 8/AR2 49con: 5. caw OPERATING CONDITIONS ‘The furnace shall comply with the requirements of this APPENDIX C specification when operating under the following conditions: Fuel Fuel pressure Fuel flow Air pressure Air flow ‘Swirl control ‘Atomiser conditions Total heat liberation: Excess air Other comments: 50Conca’ APPENDIX C C2. COMMENTS ON MODEL NOISE SPECIFICATION SL ‘Two noise limits may be quoted in Section 2 corresponding to different exposure times. For example, Limit 1 could refer to the work-area limit for 8-hour exposure, and could be applied to platforms and the periphery of the furnace at ground level. Limit 2 could refer to a limit for reduced exposure time, say two hours, and could be applied to the area underneath a floor-fired furnace or to platforms on wall-fired furnaces. The notes in the table of Section 3 should be used for defining more closely the areas described in column 1 of the table. For example, they could define the burner area of floor-fired furnaces or the peripheral area to be measured in multi-section furnaces; they could also define the extent of exhaust ducting to be regarded as part of the furnace in question. The notes could also refer to the relevant sections of NWG-X to be used for measurements. Entries in the Siz column of Section 3 may be omitted if not required, and also any irrelevant components of the furnace. The reductions in Section 4 are those recommended in OCMA Publication NWG-3 and are based on the assumption that the reduction for narrow-band noise is not so critical for plant personnel as for neighbours.concawe co) Sor © @ ® ®@ Other source Tet furnace Fig. 1 Imaging method for estimating background noise due to a neighbouring source Ly, ~ Liy, 33concawe @ _ surner woo A eB <6 Burner sree A a8 > 6 Wale: measuring surtces $1 $5 @® wa posstons Fig. 2 Measurement positions and measuring surfaces for burner areas and walls without burners 54concawe 8) =Nan. (a) Wall treated as radiating surface (0) Burners treated as line sources Fig. 3 Typical measurement positions — walls with burners 55concawe Frame work © wearing posivon Fig. 4 ‘Typical positions for measuring vibratory velocity. Walls without burners 56‘Annular measuring surface 1, Survey along tine AA 2. If Lp < 648 use positions M Fig,5 Measurement positions and measuring surface for annular area between furnace sections @) 87concawe ~ \- , im ! | am or hin —-@ | a 7 ~~ \ | bo—__2__.| Fig.6 Masurement poston for suction openings of FD fans 58concawe Fig.7 ‘Typical measurement positions for exhaust ductingDifference between total and lerger component sound levels T T 40 2 4 6 e 1 2 14 Difference between component sound levels, 8 Addition and subtraction of sound levels 60 16