THE TRUSS Axial force members

𝐴𝐸/𝐿
Force-Deformation
𝑋=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 𝑢 Relation x
𝑥_1,𝑢_1 𝑥_2,𝑢_2

in Matrix form
{■8(𝑋_1@𝑋_2 )}=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&−1@−1&1)]{■8(𝑢_1@𝑢_2 )}

For arbitrarily oriented truss element, we need

to transform from local axis to global axis

Y, V
y,v x,u

θ
X,U

Expanded form of the

element matrix equation
■8(𝑥_1@𝑦_1@■8(𝑥_2@𝑦_2 ))}=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(−1&0)@0&0&■8(0&0)@■8(−1@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(1@−𝜇)&■8(0@0)))]{■8(𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■8(𝑢_2@𝑣_2 ))}
in local axis
θ

𝑥=𝑘𝑢

Where
k=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(−1&0)@0&0&■8(0&0)@■8(−1@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(1@0)&■8(0@0)))]

𝑥_2=𝑋_2 cos⁡(𝜃)+𝑌_2 sin⁡(𝜃)

Node 2 𝑦_2= 〖−𝑋〗 _2 si𝑛⁡(𝜃)+𝑌_2 cos⁡(𝜃)

𝑥_1=𝑋_1 cos⁡(𝜃)+𝑌_1 sin⁡(𝜃)

Node 1
𝑦_1= 〖−𝑋〗 _1 si𝑛⁡(𝜃)+𝑌_1 cos⁡(𝜃)

𝜆=cos⁡(𝜃) 𝜇=sin⁡(𝜃)
Let
)}=[■8(𝜆&𝜇&■8(0&0)@−𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@−𝜇)&■8(𝜇@𝜆)))]{■8(𝑋_1@𝑌_1@■8(𝑋_2@𝑌_2 ))}
)}=[■8(𝜆&𝜇&■8(0&0)@−𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@−𝜇)&■8(𝜇@𝜆)))]{■8(𝑋_1@𝑌_1@■8(𝑋_2@𝑌_2 ))}

𝑥=𝑇𝑋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇=[■8(𝜆&𝜇&■8(0&0)@−𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@−𝜇)&■8(𝜇@𝜆)))]

𝑇^(−1) 𝑥=𝑇^(−1) 𝑇𝑋
𝑋=𝑇^(−1) 𝑥

𝑋=𝑇^′
It can be shown that𝑥 T -1 = T'
Since the nodal displacements are vectors, the same
relations will hold as in the nodal forces. That is,

𝑢=𝑇𝑈
𝑥=𝑘𝑢
From 𝑥=𝑘𝑇𝑈 local stiffness equation
𝑇′𝑥=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈 𝑋=𝑇^′ 𝑥

𝑋=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈
𝐾=𝑇′𝑘𝑇
Global Stiffness Matrix

𝑋=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈
&𝜇&■8(0&0)@−𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@−𝜇)&■8(𝜇@𝜆)))]
k=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(−1&0)@0&0&■8(0&0)@■8(−1@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(1@−𝜇)&■8(0@0)))]

&−𝜇&■8(0&0)@𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@𝜇)&■8(−𝜇@𝜆)))]
&−𝜇&■8(0&0)@𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@𝜇)&■8(−𝜇@𝜆)))]

𝐾=[■8(𝜆&−𝜇&■8(0&0)@𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(𝜆@𝜇)&■8(−𝜇@𝜆)))] 𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(−1&0)@0&0&■8(0&0)@■8(−1@0)&■8(0

𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@𝜆
𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖− Global Stiffness Matrix
𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )
&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )
))]

The Stress Matrix Y 5 v5

After the unknown X5
nodal displacements u5
and reactions are
determined, the next
step is to obtain the
internal stresses S1-5
Y'5 X1
v5
X'5 u1
u5
Y1 v1

"S1-5"= 〖𝑋′〗 _5 cos⁡〖𝜃 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 sin⁡〖𝜃 = 〖𝑋′〗 _5 λ 〗 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗

𝐹=𝐾𝑈
𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@𝜆
𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−
𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )
&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )
))]
 𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@𝜆
𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−
𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )
Member Stiffness Matrix
&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )
))]

〗 _5@ 〖𝑌′〗 _5 ))}=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@−𝜆𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )))]{■8( 𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■

〖𝑋′〗 _5=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 ) 𝜆^2+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜆𝜇]

〖𝑌′〗 _5=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆𝜇+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 ) 𝜇^2 ]

"S1-5"= 〖𝑋′〗 _5 cos⁡〖𝜃 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 sin⁡〖𝜃 = 〖𝑋′〗 _5 λ 〗 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 ) 𝜆^2+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜆𝜇]𝜆+𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆𝜇+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 ) 𝜇^2 ]𝜇

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜇]

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]{■8(𝑢_5−𝑢_1@𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )}

𝑆_𝑖𝑗=(𝐴𝐸/𝐿)_𝑖𝑗 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]_𝑖𝑗 {■8(𝑢_𝑗−𝑢_𝑖@𝑣_𝑗−𝑣_𝑖 )} The element Stress

Matrix equation

(𝐴𝐸/𝐿)_𝑖𝑗 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]_𝑖𝑗
 3

5 4

1 2

anded form of the

ment matrix equation
8(𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■8(𝑢_2@𝑣_2 ))}
cal axis

■8(0@0)))]
&■8(■8(1@−𝜇)&■8(0@0)))]
0&0&■8(0&0)@■8(−1@0)&■8(0@0)&■8(■8(1@−𝜇)&■8(0@0)))][■8(𝜆&𝜇&■8(0&0)@−𝜇&𝜆&■8(0&0)@ ■8(0@0)&■8(0@0)& ■8(■8(𝜆@−𝜇)& ■8(𝜇@𝜆)))]
■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )))]{■8( 𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■8(𝑢_5@𝑣_5 ))}
 Member Node1 Node2 θ λ μ A
1-2 1 2 0 1.00000 0.00000 1
1-3 1 3 90 0.00000 1.00000 1
2-3 2 3 135 -0.70711 0.70711 1

Member 1-2 Member 1-3

Local k, 2x2 u1 u2 u1
1 -1 1
-1 1 -1

Local k, 4x4 u1 v1 u2 v2 u1
k= 1 0 -1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
-1 0 1 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0

Transformation Matrix, T
θ λ μ θ

u1 v1 u2 v2 u1
T = 1.00000 0.00000 0 0 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0 0 -1.00000
0 0 1.00000 0.00000 0
0 0 0.00000 1.00000 0

T' = 1.00000 0.00000 0 0 0.00000

0.00000 1.00000 0 0 1.00000
0 0 1.00000 0.00000 0
0 0 0.00000 1.00000 0

Global member k T'kT T'KT

u1 v1 u2 v2 u1
k= 1.00000 0.00000 -1 0 u1 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0 0 v1 0.00000
-1 0 1.00000 0.00000 u2 0.00000
0 0 0.00000 0.00000 v2 0.00000

Total Global K u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3
K= 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
-1.00000 0.00000 1.35355 -0.35355 -0.35355 0.35355
0.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355 0.35355 -0.35355
0.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355 0.35355 -0.35355
 0.00000 -1.00000 0.35355 -0.35355 -0.35355 1.35355

Impose Boundary Conditions

Nodes 1 and 3 pinned, Node 2 with loads X3 and Y3 imposed

X1 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

Y1 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
X2 -1.00000 0.00000 1.35355 -0.35355 -0.35355 0.35355
Y2 0.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355 0.35355 -0.35355
X3 0.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355 0.35355 -0.35355
Y3 0.00000 -1.00000 0.35355 -0.35355 -0.35355 1.35355

Re-arrange the equation to group the unknown displacements

Swap row 1 and 2 with row 3 and 4
X2 -1 0 1.3535534 -0.353553 -0.3535533905933 0.35355339059
Y2 0 0 -0.3535534 0.353553 0.35355339059327 -0.3535533906
X1 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
Y1 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
X3 -3.749399E-33 -6.1232E-17 -0.3535534 0.353553 0.35355339059327 -0.3535533906
Y3 -6.123234E-17 -1 0.3535534 -0.353553 -0.3535533905933 1.35355339059
Swap col 1 & 2 with col 3 &4 and Partition
X2 1.35355 -0.35355 -1.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355
Y2 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
X1 -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
Y1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
X3 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
Y3 0.35355 -0.35355 0.00000 -1.00000 -0.35355 1.35355

Xa Kaa Kab ua
Xb Kab Kbb ub

Xa Kaa*ua + Kab*ub (1)

Xb Kab*ua + Kbb*ub (2)
Solution:
ua = Kaa-1[Xa - Kab*ub]
Xb = Kab[Kaa-1[Xa - Kab*ub]]+Kbb*ub

Kaa-1 = 1.000000 1.000000 1 X2 1 1

1.000000 3.828427 1 Y2 1 3.82842712475

Displacment of Node 2
ua = 1.000000 1.000000 1 X2
1.000000 3.828427 1 Y2

u2 = X2 + Y2
 v2 = X2 + 3.828427*Y2

Reactions
Xb = -1.00000 0.00000 1.000000 1.000000 1 X2
0.00000 0.00000 1.000000 3.828427 1 Y2
-0.35355 0.35355
0.35355 -0.35355

X1 -1 -1 X2
Y1 0 0 Y2
X3 -5.551115E-17 1
Y3 0 -1

X1 -X2 - Y2
Y1 0
X3 Y2
Y3 0

Internal Stresses
Stress Matrix
Sij = (AE/L)ij λ μ ij
uj - ui

vj - v i

S12 = 1 1.00000 0.00000 12 (X2 + Y2) - 0

(X2 + 3.8284*Y2)-0

S12 = (X2 + Y2)

S13 = 1 0.00000 1.00000 13 0-0

0 -0

S13 = 0

S23 = 0.7071067812 -0.70711 0.70711 23 0 - (X2 + Y2) X2

0 - (X2 + 3.828427*Y2 Y2

S23 = 0.5 [(X2+Y2) - (X2 + 3.828427*Y2)]

S23 = 1.4142135624 Y2
 E L AE/L
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1.414214 0.707107

Member 2-3
u3 u2 u3
-1 0.707107 -0.70711
1 -0.70711 0.707107

v1 u3 v3 u2 v2 u3 v3
0 -1 0 0.707107 0 -0.70711 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 -0.70711 0 0.707107 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

λ μ θ λ μ

v1 u2 v2 u1 v1 u2 v2
1.00000 0 0 -0.70711 0.70711 0 0
0.00000 0 0 -0.70711 -0.70711 0 0
0 0.00000 1.00000 0 0 -0.70711 0.70711
0 -1.00000 0.00000 0 0 -0.70711 -0.70711

-1.00000 0 0 -0.70711 -0.70711 0 0

0.00000 0 0 0.70711 -0.70711 0 0
0 0.00000 -1.00000 0 0 -0.70711 -0.70711
0 1.00000 0.00000 0 0 0.70711 -0.70711

T'KT

v1 u3 v3 u2 v2 u3 v3
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 u1 0.35355 -0.35355 -0.35355 0.353553 u2
1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 v1 -0.35355 0.35355 0.353553 -0.353553 v2
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 u3 -0.35355 0.353553 0.35355 -0.35355 u3
-1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 v3 0.353553 -0.35355 -0.35355 0.35355 v3

u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3

Permutation Matrix
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
u2 1 0 0 0 0 0
v2 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1

u2 1.35355 -0.35355 -1.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355

v2 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
u1 -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
v1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
u3 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
v3 0.35355 -0.35355 0.00000 -1.00000 -0.35355 1.35355

u2 1.35355 -0.35355 -1.00000 0.00000 -0.35355 0.35355

v2 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
u1 -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
v1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -1.00000
u3 -0.35355 0.35355 0.00000 0.00000 0.35355 -0.35355
v3 0.35355 -0.35355 0.00000 -1.00000 -0.35355 1.35355

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
 Truss1 Member 1-2 Member 1-3
θ 0.0 90
λ 1.0 0.0
μ 0.0 1.0
A 1.0 1.0
E 1.0 1.0
L 1.0 1.0
AE/L 1.0 1.0

Local k, 4x4 u1 v1 u2 v2 u1 v1 u3
k= 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 -1.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 1.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Transformation Matrix, T
T = 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000

T' = 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000

Global member k u1 v1 u2 v2 u1 v1 u3
k=T'kT = 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 u1 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v1 0.000 1.000 0.000
-1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 u2 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v2 0.000 -1.000 0.000

Global Total K u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3
X1 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 u1
Y1 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 v1
X2 -1.000 0.000 1.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354 u2
Y2 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 v2
X3 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 u3
Y3 0.000 -1.000 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 1.354 v3

Impose Boundary Conditions

Nodes 1 and 3 are pinned, Node 2 with loads X3 and Y3
Permutation Matrix
X1 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
Y1 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 0
 X2 -1.000 0.000 1.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354 u2 1
Y2 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 v2 0
X3 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 0.000 0
Y3 0.000 -1.000 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 1.354 0.000 0

Re-arrange the equation to group the unknown displacements

Swap ENTIRE row 1 and 2 with ENTIRE row 3 and 4
X2 -1.000 0.000 1.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354 u2 -1.000
Y2 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 v2 0.000
X1 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 u1 1.000
Y1 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 v1 0.000
X3 0.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 u3 0.000
Y3 0.000 -1.000 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 1.354 v3 0.000
Swap col 1 & 2 with col 3 &4 and Partition
X2 1.354 -0.354 -1.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354 u2 1.354
Y2 -0.354 0.354 0.000 0.000 0.354 -0.354 v2 -0.354
X1 -1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 u1 -1.000
Y1 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 -1.000 v1 0.000
X3 -0.354 0.354 0.000 0.000 0.354 -0.354 u3 -0.354
Y3 0.354 -0.354 0.000 -1.000 -0.354 1.354 v3 0.354

Xa Kaa Kab ua
Xb Kab Kbb ub

Xa Kaa*ua + Kab*ub (1)

Xb Kab*ua + Kbb*ub (2)
Solution:
ua = Kaa-1[Xa - Kab*ub] 0.000
Xb = Kab[Kaa-1[Xa - Kab*ub]]+Kbb*ub 0.000
0.000
Kaa-1 = 1.000 1.000 1.000 X2 1.000 1.000 0.000
1.000 3.828 1.000 Y2 1.000 3.828 0.000
0.000
Displacment of Node 2
ua = 1.000 1.000 1.000 X2
1.000 3.828 1.000 Y2

u2 = X2 + Y2
v2 = X2 + 3.828427*Y2

Reactions
Xb = -1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 X2
0.000 0.000 1.000 3.828 1.000 Y2
-0.354 0.354
0.354 -0.354
 X1 -1.000 -1.000 X2
Y1 0.000 0.000 Y2
X3 0.000 1.000
Y3 0.000 -1.000

X1 -X2 - Y2
Y1 0
X3 Y2
Y3 -Y2

Internal Stresses
Member Stress Matrix
Sij = (AE/L)ij λ μ ij
uj - ui
vj - vi

S12 = 1.000 1.000 0.000 12 (X2 + Y2) - 0

(X2 + 3.8284*Y2)-0

S12 = (X2 + Y2)

S13 = 1.000 0.000 1.000 13.000 0-0

0 -0

S13 = 0.000

S23 = 0.707 -0.707 0.707 23.000 0 - (X2 + Y2)

0 - (X2 + 3.828427*Y2

S23 = 0.500 [(X2+Y2) - (X2 + 3.828427*Y2)]

S23 = 1.414 Y2
 Member 2-3 Y3
v3
135 X3
3 u3
-0.707
0.707
1.000
1.000
1.414
Truss 1
0.707

v3 u2 v2 u3 v3 X1 θ X2
u1 1 2 u2
0.000 0.707 0.000 -0.707 0.000 L
Y1 Y2
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v1 v2

0.000 -0.707 0.000 0.707 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 -0.707 0.707 0.000 0.000

0.000 -0.707 -0.707 0.000 0.000
1.000 0.000 0.000 -0.707 0.707
0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.707 -0.707

0.000 -0.707 -0.707 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.707 -0.707 0.000 0.000
-1.000 0.000 0.000 -0.707 -0.707
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.707 -0.707

v3 u2 v2 u3 v3
0.000 u1 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354 u2
-1.000 v1 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 v2
0.000 u3 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354 u3
1.000 v3 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354 v3

Permutation Matrix
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

0.000 1.354 -0.354 -0.354 0.354

0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354
0.000 -1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000
0.000 -0.354 0.354 0.354 -0.354
-1.000 0.354 -0.354 -0.354 1.354

-0.354 -1.000 0.000 -0.354 0.354

0.354 0.000 0.000 0.354 -0.354
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 -1.000
0.354 0.000 0.000 0.354 -0.354
-0.354 0.000 -1.000 -0.354 1.354

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 X2
u2
Y2
v2
 THE SPACE TRUSS Axial force members

Force-Deformation Relation 𝐴𝐸/𝐿

𝑋=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 𝑢 x
𝑥_1,𝑢_1 𝑥_2,𝑢_2
in Matrix form

{■8(𝑋_1@𝑋_2 )}=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&−1@−1&1)]{■8(𝑢_1@𝑢_2 )} y,v

For arbitrarily oriented truss element, we need to

transform from local axis to global axis.
θ

Expanded form of the

&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0@−1@■8(0@0))&■8(0@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(0&0&■element
8(0&0))@matrix equation
■8(0&1& ■8(0&0))@■8(■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@
in local axis

Z,W

𝑥=𝑘𝑢
0&■8(0&−1&■8(0&0))@0&0&■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@■8(0@−1@
Where ■8(0@0))&■8(0@0@ ■8(0@0))& ■8(■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@ ■8(0&1& ■8(0&0)

Geometric relations between the two

systems of orthogonal axes

𝑥=𝑋 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑥𝑋 〗 +𝑌 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑥𝑌 〗 +𝑍 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑥𝑍 〗 =𝑋𝜆_𝑥+𝑌𝜇_𝑥+𝑍𝑣_𝑥

{■8(𝑥@𝑦@𝑧)}=[■8(𝜆_𝑥&𝜇_𝑥&

𝑦=𝑋 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑦𝑋 〗 +𝑌 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑦𝑌 〗 +𝑍 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑦𝑍=𝑋𝜆_𝑦+𝑌𝜇_𝑦+𝑍𝑣_𝑦 〗

𝑧=𝑋 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑧𝑋 〗 +𝑌 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑧𝑌 〗 +𝑍 cos⁡〖𝜃 _𝑧𝑍 〗 =𝑋𝜆_𝑧+𝑌𝜇_𝑧+𝑍𝑣_𝑧

8(𝑣_𝑥&𝑜&■8(0&0))@𝜆_𝑦&𝜇_𝑦&■8(𝑣_𝑦&0&■8(0&0))@■8(𝜆_𝑧@0@
0&0))@■8(𝜆_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝜇_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8( ■8(0@0))&
■8(𝑣_𝑧& 0&■■ 0&0))@■8(■0&𝜆_𝑥&
8(8(𝜇_𝑧@0@ 8(0@0))& ■8(■8(𝑣_𝑧&0&
■8(𝜇_𝑥&𝑣_𝑥 ■8(0&0))@
))@■8( ■8(0&𝜆_
■8(0&𝜆_𝑦& ■8(𝜇

𝒙=𝑇𝑿

𝑇^(−1) 𝑥=𝑇^(−1) 𝑇𝑋
𝑋=𝑇^(−1) 𝑥
It can be shown that T -1 = T'
 𝑋=𝑇^′ 𝑥
Since the nodal displacements are vectors, the same
relations will hold as in the nodal forces. That is,

𝑢=𝑇𝑈
From 𝑥=𝑘𝑢 local stiffness equation
𝑥=𝑘𝑇𝑈
𝑇′𝑥=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈 𝑋=𝑇^′ 𝑥

𝑋=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈
𝐾=𝑇′𝑘𝑇 Global Stiffness Matrix

𝑋=𝑇′𝑘𝑇𝑈

k=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(0&−1&■8(0&0))@0&0&■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0@−1@ ■8(0@0))&■8(0@0@■8(0@0))& ■8( ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@

)@■8(𝜆_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝜇_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(𝑣_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑥&■8(𝜇_𝑥&𝑣_𝑥 ))@■8(■8(0&𝜆_𝑦&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦 ))@■

))@■8(𝑣_𝑥@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝑣_𝑦@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(𝑣_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑥&■8(𝜆_𝑦&𝜆_𝑧 ))@■8(■8(0&𝜇_𝑥&■ 8(𝜇_𝑦&𝜇_𝑧 ))@■

𝐾=[■8(𝜆_𝑥&𝜇_𝑥&■8(𝑣_𝑥&0&■8(0&0))@𝜆_𝑦&𝜇_𝑦&■8(𝑣_𝑦&0&■8(0&0))@■8(𝜆_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝜇_𝑧@0@■

𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(𝜆𝑣&−𝜆^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜆𝑣))@𝜆𝜇&𝜇
^2&■8(𝜇𝑣&−𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜇^2&−𝜇𝑣))@■8(𝜆𝑣@−𝜆^2
@■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜆𝑣))&■8(𝜇𝑣@−𝜆𝜇@■8(−𝜇^2@−𝜇𝑣
))&■8(■8(𝑣^2&−𝜆𝑣&■8(−𝜇𝑣& 〖−𝑣〗 ^2 ))@■8(
−𝜆𝑣&𝜆^2&■8(𝜆𝜇&𝜆𝑣))@■8(■8(−𝜇𝑣&𝜆𝜇&■8(𝜇^2
&𝜇𝑣))@■8( 〖−𝑣〗 ^2&𝜆𝑣&■8(𝜇𝑣&𝑣^2 )))))]
 The Stress Matrix
After the unknown
nodal displacements
and reactions are
determined, the next
step is to obtain the "S1-5"= 〖𝑋′〗 _5 cos⁡〖𝜃 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 sin⁡〖𝜃 = 〖𝑋′〗 _5 λ 〗 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗
internal stresses

𝐹=𝐾𝑈
𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@𝜆
𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−
𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )
&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )
))]

( 〖𝑋′〗 _5@ 〖𝑌′〗 _5 ))}=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@−𝜆𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )&■8(

〖𝑋′〗 _5=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 ) 𝜆^2+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜆𝜇]

 〖𝑌′〗 _5=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆𝜇+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 ) 𝜇^2 ]

"S1-5"= 〖𝑋′〗 _5 cos⁡〖𝜃 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 sin⁡〖𝜃 = 〖𝑋′〗 _5 λ 〗 + 〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 ) 𝜆^2+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜆𝜇]𝜆+𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆𝜇+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 ) 𝜇^

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )𝜇]

"S1-5"=𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]{■8(𝑢_5−𝑢_1@𝑣_5−𝑣_1 )}

𝑆_𝑖𝑗=(𝐴𝐸/𝐿)_𝑖𝑗 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]_𝑖𝑗 {■8(𝑢_𝑗−𝑢_𝑖@𝑣_𝑗−𝑣_𝑖 )}

The element Stress
Matrix equation

(𝐴𝐸/𝐿)_𝑖𝑗 [■8(𝜆&𝜇)]_𝑖𝑗
= Stress Matrix
 Y,V
x,u

1 X,U

&0))@■8(■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&0&■8(0&0)))))]{■8(𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■8(𝑤_1@■8(𝑢_2@■8(𝑣_2@𝑤_2 ))))}

Z,W

z,w ■8( ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@ ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0)))))]

& ■8(0&0))@ ■8(0&1& ■8(0&0))@

■8(𝑥@𝑦@𝑧)}=[■8(𝜆_𝑥&𝜇_𝑥&𝑣_𝑥@𝜆_𝑦&𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦@𝜆_𝑧&𝜇_𝑧&𝑣_𝑧 )]{■8(𝑋@𝑌@𝑍)}

8(𝑣_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@
&𝑣_𝑥 ))@■8( ■8(0&𝜆_𝑥&
■8(0&𝜆_𝑦& ■8(𝜇_𝑥&𝑣_𝑥
■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦 ))@■8(■■8(0&𝜆_𝑦&
))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑧& ■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦
8(𝜇_𝑧&𝑣_𝑧 ))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑧&■8(𝜇_𝑧&𝑣_𝑧 )))))]=[■8(ᴧ&0@0&ᴧ)]
)))))]{■8(𝑋_1@𝑌_1@■8(𝑍_1@■8(𝑋_2@■8(𝑌_2@𝑍_2 ))))}
@0))& ■8( ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@ ■8(0&1& ■8(0&0))@ ■8( ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0))@ ■8(0&0& ■8(0&0)))))]
(■8(0&𝜆_𝑦&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦 ))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑧&■8(𝜇_𝑧&𝑣_𝑧 )))))]

(■8(0&𝜇_𝑥&■ 8(𝜇_𝑦&𝜇_𝑧 ))@■8(0&𝑣_𝑥&■8(𝑣_𝑦&𝑣_𝑧 )))))]

Global Stiffness Matrix

@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝜇_𝑧@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(𝑣_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑥&■8(𝜇_𝑥&𝑣_𝑥 ))@■8(■8(0&𝜆_𝑦&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦 ))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑧&
 𝐾=𝐴𝐸/𝐿
[■8(𝜆^2&𝜆𝜇&■8(−𝜆^2&−𝜆𝜇)@𝜆
𝜇&𝜇^2&■8(−𝜆𝜇&−𝜇^2 )@■8( 〖−
𝜆〗 ^2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )
&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )
))]

〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗

2@−𝜆𝜇)&■8(−𝜆𝜇@−𝜇^2 )&■8(■8(𝜆^2@𝜆𝜇)&■8(𝜆𝜇@𝜇^2 )))]{■8( 𝑢_1@𝑣_1@■8(𝑢_5@𝑣_5 ))}

+ 〖𝑌′〗 _5 𝜇 〗

𝐿 [(𝑢_5−𝑢_1 )𝜆𝜇+(𝑣_5−𝑣_1 ) 𝜇^2 ]𝜇

 3

)]=[■8(ᴧ&0@0&ᴧ)]
@■8(𝑌_2@𝑍_2 ))))}
&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝑣_𝑦 ))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑧&■8(𝜇_𝑧&𝑣_𝑧 )))))] 𝐴𝐸/𝐿 [■8(1&0&■8(0&−1&■8(0&0))@0&0&■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0@−1@■8(0@0))&■8
))@■8(0@−1@■8(0@0))&■8(0@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&1&■8(0&0))@■8(■8(0&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&0&■8(0&0))))
8(0&0))@■8(0&0&■8(0&0)))))][■8(𝜆_𝑥&𝜆_𝑦&■ 8(𝜆_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@𝜇_𝑥&𝜇_𝑦&■8(𝜇_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@■8(𝑣_𝑥@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝑣_𝑦@0@
𝑥@0@■8(0@0))&■8(𝑣_𝑦@0@■8(0@0))&■8(■8(𝑣_𝑧&0&■8(0&0))@■8(0&𝜆_𝑥&■8(𝜆_𝑦&𝜆_𝑧 ))@■8(■8(0&𝜇_𝑥&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝜇_𝑧 ))@■8(0&𝑣_𝑥
_𝑥&■8(𝜇_𝑦&𝜇_𝑧 ))@■8(0&𝑣_𝑥&■ 8(𝑣_𝑦&𝑣_𝑧 )))))]
Schwedler Dome
3

8'

Y 6

8'

4 5

4'
1 2

7.5' 5' 5' 7.5'

4 6 5

20'

1 3 2
 Member dx dy dz L λ μ
12 25 0 0 25 1 0
13 12.5 20 0
14 7.5 4 20
16 12.5 20 20
23 12.5 20 0
24
25
35
36
45
46
X
56

20'

X
v
0