AGBE0223-Surveying

Learning Module 1-Course Packet 1

Name: LOCEL T. JAVILLONAR Date Submitted: March 02, 2021

Section: BSABE 1A Score:

Laboratory Exercise 1
Surveying Instruments

INTRODUCTION

The researcher conducted this research work to profoundly define and identify the

different surveying instrument in the field of engineering and its origin and development

throughout the centuries unto the modern era, that has made a significant change for a relatively

small to large-scale and accurate/precise measurements of the Earth’s surfaces.

Furthermore, surveying plays a vital role in the development of human environment

especially in planning of any forms of constructions and surveying instruments is being used in

surveying operations in where surveyors rely on certain equipment to their jobs properly. Thus,

in this research work the principle of operation and basic parts of modern surveying instruments

will be further discussed.

OBJECTIVES

a. To discuss the origin & development of surveying instruments

b. To familiarize with the modern instruments used in surveying

c. To demonstrate the components and principle of operation of modern surveying

instruments

METHODOLOGY

 The Researcher gathered information through reliable online sources that is

related to the study.

 The Researcher followed these two-guide question in the conduct of research

1. Discuss the history and development of surveying instruments

2. What are the instruments used in surveying (at least 10 instruments)?

Define and discuss the basic parts and principle of operation of each

instrument

 Figures/ Photos was acquired on online sources

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Origin and Development of Surveying Instrument

In 14000 BC, the Egyptians first used surveying to accurately divide land into plots for

the purpose of taxation, a cross-staff, a shaft on which a runner slid in order to measure angles

and cord used to measure distances. In 1800, the early days of surveying, the beginning of the

industrial revolution in where the demand for public improvement arise such as rail roads,

canals and roads, that has brought surveying in a prominent position and more accurate

instruments were developed such as the following.

Figure 1. Introduced In the 13th Figure 2. Transit – developed in

Century, use for navigation, 1830 , it is capable of turning both
determining the directions and horizontal and vertical angles and
rudimentary angles directions precisely.

Figure 3. Chain – capable of

measuring precise distances.
 The gradual development of surveying instruments has led to evolved unto this modern
era. Surveying instruments today have become substantially more precise that provides faster
and more accurate surveying than conventional instruments. Ten modern surveying instruments
will be further discussed and illustrated, including its parts and principle of operation.
Instruments Used in Surveying
Surveying Instrument
Theodolite
It is a precision optical
instrument for measuring
angles between designated
visible points in the horizontal
and vertical planes.
Automatic Level- A level an
optical instrument used to
establish or verify points in the
same horizontal plane in a
process known as levelling.
Measuring Wheel-
Also known as surveyor's
wheel, is a construction
measuring tool
Parts Operation Principles
 It is capable of measuring
angles to the nearest whole
second (1’).
It consists of a moveable  In where vertical angles are
telescope mounted so it can rotate required for calculation of
around horizontal and vertical elevation of points, while
axes and provide angular horizontal angles are
readouts. required to obtain the
relative direction to a survey
control station or points of
details.
 It
has a compensator
contains an optical mechanism that uses a
compensator which maintains combination of fixed prisms
line of sight or line of collimation or mirrors and a moving
even though instrument is slightly prism suspended on a
tilted. pendulum to give a
horizontal reference. When
correctly set up the
compensator will ensure that
the ray of light through the
centre of the reticule is
exactly horizontal.
 As you walk, you push or pull
the device alongside. The
wheel rotates and, using
consist of a wheel attached to a basic rotational kinematics
long handle with a grip with (s=rθ), you can determine
mechanical counter the distance between two
points.
 It can only estimate flat
distances

Woven Metallic Tape
GPS-
or Global Positioning System, is
a global navigation satellite
system that provides location,
velocity and time
synchronization.
Total Station-
Combination of an electronic
theodolite and electronic
distance meter, and software
running on an external laptop
computer known as a data
collector.
Laser
Scanner-It can accurately
measure and collect data from
objects, surfaces, buildings, and
landscapes.
Brass or copper made wires are
used as reinforcement for the
linen material
These tapes are available in
different lengths of 2m, 10m, 15m,
20m, 30m, and 50m.
 an antenna, which
receives the signal and, in
some cases, has anti-
jamming capabilities
 a receiver-processor unit,
which converts the radio
signal to a useable
navigation solution; and
 a control/display unit,
which displays the
positioning information
 EDM
 Electronic theodolite
 On-Board Micro-
processor
 Data Collector
 Data Storage
 Prisms
laser beams, advanced sensors,
Global Positioning Systems (GPS),
Inertial Measurement Units
(IMU), receiver electronics, and
photodetectors.
These are used for survey
works such as topographical
survey works where minor
errors are not taken into
consideration.
 The GPS tool works as a type of
triangulation which does not
involve any angles but is
actually a trilateration,
which only means that it is a
method to find the
positioning of some objects
using simple geometry.
 This entire task is orchestrated
by satellites.
 Measuring distances of prism
poles mounted with prisms
with the help of Lase beam
or Infrared rays.
 Signals are emitted by the
Instrument EDM and
reflected back to instruments
by prism mounted on the
prism poles.
 The presence of an obstacle
distorts the light line emitted
by the laser and is seen by
the CCD camera.
 The sensor then calculates how
far away the surface is by
measuring the time taken for
the light beam
  The width and thickness  Levelling Staff is known as the
of the Level staff are 75 staff rod, Levelling rod, and
mm and 18 mm self-reading staff, as the staff
respectively. readings may be taken
directly by the instrument
 The staff is made of well- man from the levelling
Levelling Staff seasoned cypress, blue instrument.
an instrument used to pine or deodar wood
determine the difference in .Also available in
height between two points aluminum
 The top is typically  The tripod is placed in the
threaded with a 5/8" x 11 location where it is needed.
pit screw thread. The surveyor will press
 The mounting screw is down on the legs' platforms
held to the underside of to securely anchor the legs in
the tripod head by a soil or to force the feet to a
Tripod movable arm. low position on uneven,
 The legs are attached to pock-marked pavement..
is a device
the head with adjustable
used to support any one of a
screws
number of surveying
instruments.
 consists of a smooth table  a plane table is set over a point
surface mounted on a and brought to precise
sturdy base. horizontal level. A drawing
 The base, a tripod, is sheet is attached to the
Plane Table
designed to support the surface and an alidade is
is a device used in surveying table over a specific point used to sight objects of
and related disciplines to on land. interest.
provide a solid and level
surface on which to make field
drawings, charts and maps.

CONCLUSION

Surveying started centuries ago, and so surveying instrument, but through the

technological advancement, new methods and new instruments were developed and has given a

significant change in the field of surveying, that performs the experiments more accurately and

taking the readings and data collection more efficiently. Every scientist is striving hard to develop

such instruments which can give more precise and accurate readings than the previous one to

help the society managing in a better way especially in the field of engineering.

The main objective is to give the surveyors instruments and techniques by which they

can give better results with less efforts and minimize errors. Thus, a surveyor must be
knowledgeable enough with the operation principles and its part to execute surveying effectively

and efficiently.

LITERATURE CITED

Lyman,John (1968), Surveying , https://www.britannica.com/technology/surveying

Anzlic Committee on Surveying & Mapping , Evolution of surveying and surveying

Technology, https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-land-ownership-

land-boundaries-and-surveying/surveyors-and-surveying-0

Elementary Surveying (2008) , Development of Surveying Instrument ,

http://surveytypes.blogspot.com/2008/01/surveying-instruments-were-

developed.html#:~:text=Surveying%20instruments%20were%20developed%

20gradually,days%20of%20the%20Roman%20Empire.&text=It%20will%20be%

20noted%20that,were%20earlier%20used%20in%20astronomy.

Wikipedia, List of Surveying Instrument,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surveying_instruments