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Procidia Control Solutions SAMA Diagrams For Boiler Controls
Procidia Control Solutions SAMA Diagrams For Boiler Controls
Procidia Control Solutions SAMA Diagrams For Boiler Controls
AD353-131
Rev 2
April 2012
STANDARD SYMBOLS
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Function
Function Symbol
Symbol Function Symbol
A
Measuring
Measuring oror Readout
Readout Logical AND N
D
Manual
Manual Signal Processing Logical OR OR
Signal Processing
Automatic
Auto Signal Processing Qualified Logical OR __n
Signal Processing
Final
Final Controlling
Controlling Logical NOT NOT
S
Final Controlling
Final Controlling
with Positioner
with Positioner
R
SO
Maintained Memory
R
t
Time
Time
Delay
Delay
oror
Pulse
Pulse
Duration
Duration S
RO
Optional Reset
Signal Symbol
Continuously
Variable Signal
Incremental Change
or Rate of Change
of a Continuously
Variable Signal
On-Off Signal *
* The on-off signal symbol may be a solid line if on a separate digital logic diagram
or if on an inset detail on a functional diagram.
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AD353-131
..
Multiplying X Logical NOT NOT algorithm. In this form, the
Dividing Set Memory S, SO derivative mode is a function of a
Root Extraction
n
Reset Memory R, RO change in the process variable
Exponential Xn Pulse Duration PD instead of a change in the control
Non-Linear Function f(x) Pulse Dur. Lesser Time LT error. This avoids a derivative
Tri-State Signal Time Delay “kick” on changes in setpoint. In
(Raise, Hold, Lower) on Initiation DI or GT most cases, however, it is not
Integrate or Totalize Q necessary to make this distinction
Time Delay
High Selecting > on Termination DT
when drawing a SAMA diagram.
Low Selecting < Analog A
Input/ Single Loop Control
High Limiting > Output Digital D
Low Limiting < Voltage E The fundamental single loop
Reverse Proportional -K or -P Signal Frequency F control diagram includes a
Velocity Limiting V > Converter Hydraulic H process measurement, a PID
Bias +/- Current I controller with adjustable setpoint
Examples:
Time Function f(t) D/A Electromag and auto/manual transfer, and a
Variable Sig. Gen. A I/P or Sonic O final control element such as a
Transfer T Pneumatic P control valve or drive mechanism.
Signal Monitor H/, H/L, /L Resistance R Figure 3 shows three variations of
the collection of symbols used to
SYMBOL VARIATIONS describe single loop control on SAMA diagrams.
PID Controller 2A 2B
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AD353-131
P I P I P I
Figure 4A shows one of the single loop variations
with the addition of three separate indicators for
monitoring and manipulating the loop. The indicators
A T A T A T are shown as circular enclosure symbols with the ISA
A A
indicator symbol (I). They display the three key
f(x)
variables of the control loop (process, setpoint, and
FCV-53 FCV-53
valve). The operator needs to see these variables to
determine the state of the control loop. In addition,
Figure 3 Single Loop Control Variations the operator must be able to see the value of the
setpoint and the valve loading to adjust these
Figure 3A shows a classic SAMA diagram for single variables in auto and manual modes, respectively.
loop control using the PI controller. The three Since it is standard practice to provide these
diamonds ganged together represent the adjustable readouts on every control loop, it is generally not
setpoint (left A), the adjustable manual output (right necessary to show them explicitly on the SAMA
A), and the auto/manual transfer switch (T). The diagram.
diamond shaped enclosures indicate that these are
all manual functions performed by the operator. The
location of these functions on the diagram is probably FT-53 FT-53
symbolic of the equipment designs in use when the 4A 4B
standard was originally developed. These
adjustments were typically provided by separate
components mounted within the control station. A T
P I P I
Figure 3B simply relocates the setpoint adjustment
T
directly on the symbol for the PI controller. It also
shows the FCV equipped with a valve positioner. It T
I A A I I
should be noted, however, that many diagrams omit T A
the positioner symbol for simplicity, and the drawing
should not be considered as the final authority
regarding the presence or absence of a valve FCV-53 FCV-53
positioner.
Figure 3C shows another variation of the classic Figure 4 Equipment Detail Variations
arrangement of the three diamonds. Note the non-
linear function symbol [f(x)] instead of FCV. This may Figure 4B shows additional automatic signal
be used to represent an inherently non-linear valve processing functions to describe equipment details.
characteristic (e.g. equal percentage), or it may The transfer blocks on the setpoint signal and
represent the use of a positioner that includes a controller output are used to describe setpoint and
characterizer function (even though the positioner controller tracking. The rectangular transfer symbols
symbol is not shown). Also be aware that some switch automatically based on the state of the
SAMA diagrams routinely show the f(x) symbol on all discrete input signal represented by the dotted line.
final control elements without regard for the actual This discrete signal indicates the position of the
characteristics of the valve or positioner. manually operated auto/manual transfer switch. In
the manual mode, the setpoint tracks the process
Equipment Detail variable, and the controller tracks the manually
adjusted valve loading signal. This prepares the
SAMA diagrams are used to describe the functional controller for bumpless transfer back to auto and
elements of a control strategy. The symbols are aligns the setpoint with the present value of the PV.
generic and are not specific to the control hardware
manufactured by any particular vendor. There are Another equipment detail shows reset feedback from
instances, however, when it may be necessary to the valve signal to drive the integral action of the PI
show equipment details to fully document the control controller. These are control hardware
strategy. Figure 4 shows two variations of the single implementation details that are not usually needed to
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AD353-131
convey the overall control strategy. They should be The three transmitters (FT-10, 12, and 13) are the
shown only as necessary in the judgment of the three elements referred to in the name of the control
designer or end user. strategy. Each produces an output signal known as a
“process variable.” The feedwater flow setpoint is set
EXAMPLES automatically by the steam flow signal to keep the
feedwater supply in balance with the steam demand;
Three-Element Drum Level Control this is the feedwater component of the control
strategy. The drum level controller trims the
A common application in boiler control is three- feedwater flow setpoint to compensate for errors in
element drum level control. Boiler drum level is a the flow measurements or any other unmeasured
critical variable in the safe operation of a boiler. Low load disturbances (e.g. blowdown) that may affect the
drum level risks uncovering the boiler tubes and drum level; this is the cascade component of the
exposing them to heat stress and damage. High control strategy. The summing function is used to
drum level risks water carryover into the steam combine these two components.
header and exposing steam turbines to corrosion and
damage. The level control problem is complicated by The square root functions on the flow transmitters
inverse response transients known as shrink and linearize the relationship between flow and differential
swell. pressure in head-type flowmeters.
Σ P I
Time delay functions on the drum level switch signals
prevent nuisance trips due to brief violations of the
level limits that may be caused by noise or transient
behavior. As indicated in Table 1, these symbols
require a time setting “t” and a two-letter designator
T A
for the function type (e.g. PD, DI, DT, etc.). DI stands
for “Delay On Initiation”; in this example, the delay
time is set for 20 seconds. The input signal must
FCV-10 stay ON for at least 20 seconds before the output
signal will turn ON.
Feedwater
Valve
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AD353-131
One OR function provides a common alarm and trip actual configuration of the process controller. The
signal for high and low drum level conditions. The Siemens i|config™ Graphical Configuration Utility
other OR function provides a common boiler trip fully documents the actual configuration of the 353
signal for a level trip, a CCS power failure, or a BMS controller. A large library of standard function blocks
power failure. This example uses dotted lines to are used for both continuous variable and “On-Off”
designate discrete logic signals. However, it is also variable designs. Logic blocks are similar to those
acceptable to use solid lines when the logic diagram shown in Figure 6. Logic circuits can also be
is separate from the continuous control diagram. designed with i|config using the conventional “ladder
logic” approach.
APPLICATIONS
Application Support
SAMA diagrams are generally used to describe boiler
control systems for the power industry. Although User manuals for controllers and transmitters,
there is no reason they cannot be used to describe addresses of Siemens sales representatives, and
control systems in other industries, convention more application data sheets can be found at
dictates that ISA diagrams are used in those www.usa.siemens.com/ia. To reach the process
industries. A control engineer should be conversant controller page, click Process Instrumentation and
with both methods of diagramming control systems. then Process Controllers and Recorders. To select
the type of assistance desired, click Support (in the
Although SAMA and ISA diagrams document a right-hand column). See AD353-138 for a list of
control strategy, they cannot fully document the Application Data sheets.
i|pac, i|config, Procidia, and 352Plus are trademarks of Siemens Industry, Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
All product designations may be trademarks or product names of Siemens Industry, Inc. or other supplier companies whose use by third
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Siemens Industry, Inc. assumes no liability for errors or omissions in this document or for the application and use of information in this
document. The information herein is subject to change without notice.
Siemens Industry, Inc. is not responsible for changes to product functionality after the publication of this document. Customers are urged to
consult with a Siemens Industry, Inc. sales representative to confirm the applicability of the information in this document to the product they
purchased.
Control circuits are provided only to assist customers in developing individual applications. Before implementing any control circuit, it should
be thoroughly tested under all process conditions.