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Question
A thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 min is placed in a temperature bath at 100°F.
After the thermometer reaches steady state, it is suddenly placed in a bath at 110°F at t = 0 and left there for 1
min, after which it is immediately returned to the bath at 100°F.

(a) Draw a sketch showing the variation of the thermometer reading with time.

(b) Calculate the thermometer reading at t = 0.5 min and at t = 2.0 min.

Answer
Step 1
The mercury thermometer is a first order transfer function with unsteady state behavior of an ordinary mercury-in-
glass thermometer

Cross sectional view of the mercury thermometer

Step 2
The standard transfer function for the first order system is,
Here, is the time constant and is the steady state gain.

For first order system, .

Then,

For a step change of A, the transfer function of is,

Step 3
Then, the first order function for a step change of A will be,

Apply transfer function for the above function,

Solve for the constants in the above expression and get the values as,

Then,
Now apply the inverse Laplace transforms to the above expression.

. …… (1)

The transfer function for the system for is,

…… (2)

Step 4
(a)

The maximum values that the first order system can reach will at .

At, , the responds reach 63.2 % of the step value.

The step change for the given system is,

Then, maximum value will be,

Step 5
The, the plot for the temperature reading with change in time will be,
,

Step 6
(b)

For the given system the time constant is given as, .

And step change for the system is,

Now calculate the temperature change values at time, by substituting the step change and
tome constant values in equation in (1) as shown below:

Now calculate the temperature after the thermometer immersed in bath at time as shown below:

Step 7
Now calculate the temperature change values at time, by substituting the step change and tome constant values
in equation (2) as shown below:

Now calculate the temperature after the thermometer immersed in bath at time as shown below:

Therefore, the temperature readings at time and are and respectively.