Before pujo

● Keki Narsserwani daruwala was Parsi, he followed - ​Zoroastrianism 

Parsis are an ethnoreligious group who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the 
Muslim conquest of Persia of CE 636–651.​His parsi identity sometime become related to his
work.
● At an early age he has seen migration from lahore to rampur and sometimes it
becomes a theme.- Riots and communal riots.
● He takes an ironic distance from violence, he is trapped in the​ economy of the
recursive act of violence​, where one violence leads to another. Routine is about that-
routine of violence and the disciplined schedule of being a police officer and serving.
● He speaks of a dismal and diseased ridden landscape. He is Modernist in its focus
on the city and disintegration.
● Beginning of the 20th century, where naidu is writing in iambic couplets, there is a
backward looking tendency in apparition in april.
● “Routine”, “Death of a bird”, “Migrations”
● “By depth of feeling, economy of language and originality of insight” - Ezzikle said
about Daruwalla. There is an influence of onomatopoeia, repetition of vowel and
sounds-”hard altered phrashing“

Love across the salt desert

Five ways to kill a man

● Lit experimentation, the key note is to make it new - ezra pound. Mod writing in
general, soc, or Eliot in wasteland, It has elimination alienation - coincide with the
industrial world, an experience or the feeling of mod, by some forces- science,
capitalism, something that carries us away from tradition.It alienation, cand creates
frustration and angst among people.
● Fragmentation and disintegration of the society during and after ww1 , the bottom of
the vessel has fallen out due to the progress in science and technology.
● For India,There is a delay in our experience of modernism - it mostly came with the
trauma and horrors of partition. Giving scope for the creation of indegenous High
modernist- writing.

3.11.20
● Curfew in a riot on city puts up a discourse of the body that necessarily does not
celeb the beauty but ugliness
● Daaruwalla uses animal metaphors in his poems, he thinks about animals.He seems
to wonder the city with animal consciousness
● gloom and decay are the predominant mood of his poems .Depiction of a dark and
dismal world infected with death- disease- a pessimistic reasons of india(bcz he is
writing in the post independence period) Pestilence, epileptic, blackain, Disease,
suffering, crime and corruption.
● The khaki- writing his own exp as a police officer.This service implies an ironic
detachment, he doesn't glorify it, we get a sense of ironic detachment- forced to
observe routine and follow code of conduct.He shows the conflict in the role of a
police officer.His job as a policeman is a compulsion to follow rules while the work of
a poet is completely different.
 ● Someone who feels guilty in following the orders.- compunction
● In his poems,there is a distinct commitment to social causes,a middle class sense of
responsibility because during the decolonization process, it was mainly people from
the middle class who emerged and in them there prevailed a sense of social justice.
We see a confluence of indian culture in his writing- it was too middle class to think
that unity is diversity- he sometimes celebrated it and sometimes criticized it. Eg
Kanthapura-​ there is a distinct sense of collectiveness

Apparition in april-
Routine- 1971
● It is like a Second coming. the centre can not hold the chaos.-colonial and post
partition history as a nightmare- historical trauma
● the poet is aware of the reflection that is Irony and critical .There is irony, cynicism, in
daruwalla's poems.
● There is often a sense of detachment from religion and fanaticism.There is a tone of
secularism.
● In indian poem and novel writers there is Gap in term of worldview of class, there is
an eletism that is the economic, educational, class difference between the gap
between the writer and the subject
● Dark india-​they are diagnosing indian hills -Jeet thayil.
● Routine is a dread of political violence- “CARVAK “ IS A SIMILAR POEM,
● Comment on how the poetry is a poetry of observation and not
commentary ?
❖ Since the last 2 decades of mypic militany movement in the name of Partition,
Daaruwalla and his contemporaries were left with a sense of degeneration and
physical disintegration. Like some of the poest of British literary cannon eliot and
yeats, Daaruwalla was invested mostly in realistic description of the city feuds.
❖ The poem routine is a social comment where daruwallas is communicating and
criticising various aspects related to the of the failure of the hopes of a en emerging
nation.He is pointing towards the chaotic nature of the modern india that persisted
even after year of partition. His career as a law keeper, put him tet a tet with first
hand experience. BUT SOMEHOW HIS POETIC SELF WOULD JUST work
complains about the society yet barely pulls himself out of the gloom. The admittedly
pessimistic Daruwalla has a middle class sense of responsibility because duting the
decolonization process, it was mainky the people of teh middle xlass who energed
and within them prevailed a sense of justice. The sense of commitment of the middle
class towards the betterment of the nation and putting together the imagined
community, made him put together verses that woluld be observations of the reality,
sans judgements.

their sense of commitment towards the middle class towards nation making and
betterment.Putting together the “imagined community “- the sense of responsibility towards
shaping the nation- he ranges across class and deal with theme as diverse as death and life
and sex and vilages.
● MK Naik- failed to create a total impression of Daruwalla and his poems. there is a
sense of fragmentedness in his poems- there are shifting pov and images.
 He mentions his friend Karan Singh -in his poem.
- The last two decades there has been a miopic militant movement - partition (?)
- There is a sense of disenchantment and degradation, it foregrounds its corruption,
decadence and disease- there is an implicit ideal that he is suggestion- baudelaire-
yeats- eliot- particularly when describing the city, it expresses a yearning of a
prelapsarian state of ----? Like wrote joseph conrad- dream ,madness,

Routine – Keki N. Daruwalla

The putties were left behind by the Raj
a strip of fire round the legs in June.-​ ​Putties - as a metaphor of colonialism, a myth 
of protecting and supporting but is now constricting , vestigial and remnant of the empire and 
is left behind. It is Unnecessary in the tropical environment. Heat . it's the burden of the 
confining legacies of the raj and the confinement in the structural position and power, a type 
of Colonial hangover. Police violence is also a reminiscence of the colonial hangover. We do 
not “-_ post colonial.. It's marked by continuity and breakages. The legacies haunt us in many 
ways. The poem is about a communal riot , and the partition is also a communal legacy.

Within the burning crash-helmet

the brain is a ​fire-pulp.​ ​- ​The crash helmet is burning - it is a reflection of the rage and 
fury the crowd is inflicting. Self inflicting self flagellation. The clash between the protester and 
the subsequent crash .It may seem to indicate that the nation's trajectory is crashing.The 
poem is a critic of the trajectory of the post colonial nation. 
 
Fire-pulp ​- soft wet shapeless mass of material, pulp meaning to crush something. The 
violence and the heat is pulping the brain into a fiery eroded mass, the brain is fire pulp. 

The asphalt gives way beneath our boots and ​sticks.​ -​ ​ Asphalt - mixture of pitch with 
sand and gravel. It's a critic in the paradigm of progress. There is no point in going forward.( 
the failure of modernity in india, how in various levels the promises are melting beneath the 
feet- infirmity of the emerging country - booths and sticks.Iambic tetrameter of the line , it 
allegorises the movement of marching, but the content is saying the futility of violence.

The edges of the crowd​ give way;​ -​ edges of the crowd, suggest how large the
crowd is ..

​ ring of abuse re-forms behind us.​ - ​reminds us of shooting an elephant - orwell

a
the crowd as a faceless collective, both the sound and the formation of the narrator
The actual lived experience- realistic description- but because he is not actually there.He is 
retrospectively looking back at it . translating it in english.. Keeping in mind the readership. 
There Is an ordering cojito , resapig it to be readable.

We hardly hear them for we ​are used to it.​ -​routine

Their gamut ranges from ‘mother-’ to ‘sister-seducer’. ​- ​a double positioning -
translation making it awkward- the effects of translation.. Minority readership of the
educated people in inbe removed from india. Problem of translation.
 Karam Singh marching in the same rank as​ ​I​ -​ as an extra syllable,​ ​(FORM
CONTENT) Through the name Karam Singh, Daaruwalla is trying to prove that India
is a diverse country,but he points towards the unfortunate nature of the communal
riot.,nursing, allusive to recursive - the verbal violence is answered by the police
itself. Violence tends to multiply . exacerbate

curses under his breath, ‘I have children older than them

these kids whose pubes have hardly sprouted!’​ -​

Also the banality of evil. There is a young population, something we are not
comfortable with. The author is highlighting the police that are marching against the
crowd, it is such a pity that they have to lead violence on the young. The police are
empathizing or even regretting it DH LAWRENCE “ SNAKE” - where Lawrence
empathized the killing of a snake.

We march to the street-crossing

where young blood ​fulfils​ itself by burning tramcars. ​- a prophecy is fulfilled, a vow
can be fulfilled, daruwala is suggesting the universality of the nature of violence of
the youth.this violence is directed out words but the violence is coming from inside. It
is a prior state before something can be fulfilled, and the fulfilment is the delivery of
promise. The violence is symbolic. This implicit issue of promise or prophecy is also
a commentary on the undelivered promises of the nation state. And this is soon to be
epitomized in an emergency. Tamcar is something that is ordered , has a sense of
pseudo -order
Beneath our khaki we are a roasted brown but ​unconvinced​, -​ who? We the police
officers or the rioter, unconvinced that the police are punished enough.because in an
act of violence the violence is often blurred to agency is turned form the recipient for
the perpetrator.
they wish to burn our khaki skins.- ​ there is some self degradation in the nature of the
violence. Khaki- originates in mid 1800 when the soldiers used ro colour it muddy
colour for better camouflage, by this poet may be reminding us of the history of the
discolouration of the original uniform
The job becomes who you are , it becomes equivalent to who you are , so the khaki
sinus the police , the khaki uniform- their intention is camoglodged in the brown skin.
We are a ​platoon​ against a thousand. - ​etymology: from the French peloton ‘platoon’, 
literally ‘small ball’
It’s all well rehearsed; a few words of warning— a ​chill formality​ ​- inevitable
formality , chilled formality because it will be ignored. thE recurrent images of fire.the
poet is zorastrian, an dfire fri then is a symbol of purification. Sacred fires are
maintained by them in the fire temples, they rep the illuminated mind that is never
extinguished.
lost in fiery slogans! ‘Load’! -​ fire ?​ ​as a sacrifice, fire for purification- the youth has
sacrificed themselves .
I put a piece of death up the spout.​(​teapot has a spout tube or lip projecting from a
container)​- load- burden- violence is harm to the self. Ahimsa- in hindu spirituality,
violence harms the self. Political thorising of violence is confusing.- one hand gandhi
, fanault - revolutionary violence creates new person.riots and mob violence
everywhere around the world. Manti-vietnam war movement. The problem in 1970s?
Arguably the discourse around the ethics of violence is uncertain.Does the police
officer actually doing it ?
It is well rehearsed:​enacting at the level of the line that the author must follow the
routine.
I alone point my barrel ​into​ them as I squeeze the trigger.​- a syringe, something that
is intrusive, it suggests that the perpetrator anf inflictor and not physically far apart. It
is almost a phallic image. Sexualized violence ?
The rest aim into the sun! They have done. - ​it is not in fact rehearsed, probably the
author has decided not to shoot. Narrator feels alienated
The Salvage Squad comes
and takes the body to the autopsy​-​roots in "an eye-witnessing, a seeing for oneself," from 
Modern Latin autopsia, from Greek autopsia "a seeing with one's own eyes,​ room and - to
discover the cause of death- the poet is anatomizing and dissecting his own feelings
of violence.
tows the tramcar away. -​ tramcar and the body , both are useless , burnt and
destroyed .
Tension oozes out as armpits run with sweat. - ​the rasa of disgust- bibhatsa
rasa.oozing- as if wound is oozing- blood is oozing - a kind of purgation.sweating
about the consequence of the action. The repercussion of violence reverberate
Depressed and weary we march back to the Lines.- ​the circularity of the violence,
marching backward. A kind of moral retreat. Marching backwards.
A leader says over the evening wireless ‘We are marching forward.’- ​wireless- the
leader is not in touch with the masses, he is generalizing, that any leader is acting
this way. Strange meeting- unmasking the lie of the glorious death of war. “Miss the
march of the retreating world.. citadels”

Hannah arrent- the ( banality ) analogy of Evil ​- the natzi killing of the jew- the
trials of the Natzi officers happening - they are not evil- but just human beings
following orders- the atrocities in history caused by following order
Disciplined normalizing of the violence- the ubiquity of the meaningless violence- its
own sense of being trapped in the-- being
IN WHAT WAY IS DARUWALLA A MODERNIST WRITER?
Wilfred Owen tHE Promises of modernity-science etc etc- exacerbate the human
suffering- the terrible things that we have done in “Doulchare Decorometh “- he is
exposing the truth behind the meaningless loss of life- he is daru is
“Unconvinced”- of the moral probity of the act .. but the rioteers are unconvinced too
The khaki is an inheritance of the brit heritage… khaki and brown skin.
Monotony - recursive nature of violence, that violence leads to violence,

Routine can mean two things- ​“Routine” 1. Noun: a sequence of actions regularly followed. 
2. Adjective: performed as part of a regular procedure rather than for a special reason. 
The poet is trying to articulate the everyday violence, it includes the venality of violence, the 
everydayness and the ordinaryness. 
It also suggests a discipline, it indicates how members of the enforcers of the law are trapped 
behind the role they take. 
● The banality of evil- stanford prison experiment - effects of perceived power . group 
of volunteers are divided into two, when people are in position of power they act as if 
they are under some compulsion 
● “while acts of evil can mushroom into monumental tragedies, the individual human 
perpetrators of those acts are often marked not with the grandiosity of the demonic 
but with absolute mundanity” (Maria Popova, “The Banality of Evil”) 

● READ ON VIOLENCE AND BANALITY OF 

EVIL. 
● at the time controversial point that Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906–December 4, 
1975) made in 1962, when The New Yorker commissioned her, a Jew of who had 
narrowly escaped from Nazi Germany herself, to travel to Jerusalem and report on 
the trial of Adolf Eichmann — one of the chief architects of the Holocaust. In 1963, 
her writings about the trial were published as Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the 
Banality of Evil— a sobering reflection on “the lesson that this long course in human 
wicked a sobering reflection on “the lesson that this long course in human 
wickedness had taught us — the lesson of the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying 
banality of evil.”-EVIL IN NOT SOME TERRIFYING TRANSCENDENTAL DEED. HUMAN 
BEINGS OFTEN DO DEED BY FOLLOWING ORDER. THIS WOMAN INTERVIEWS 
OFFICERS. THESE MEN accounted for the actions by saying that we were just 
following orders.​This is a sustained reflection on the same thing.There is a routine 
that we have to follow. The Poem Is steeped in the metaphors of entrapment.There 
is a sense of confinement like the gothic novels. 
● The putties- unnecessary clothes, its entapping it is entangled, it is rather a 
metaphor of the broader theme of confinement- the cause of an existing structure. 
● The brain - confined by the positionality of the brain 
● Stuck in the asphalt. 
● The second sense of routine comes in when the metaphor comes in for the structure 
- that is the everyday  
● Within the rank, marching presents order and synchronization- the lack of ability to 
deviate from the structure. He is aware as an individual as the problems of what 
they are doing but they are just following orders. 
● The khaki becomes a sac in which they are tied, confined and roasted alive. It is the 
opposite of choice, it is the disciplined structure in which one is compelled to act 
out as routine violence. 
● We the police officers are unconvinced of our action 
● Platoon- is a military term - referring to a particular organization- it is well 
rehearsed- irony - it is a riot which seemingly sugets an eruption that suggests an 
unplanned . this is a recursive violence. 
● The recursive nature of the violence, the neverending chain of violence. 
● The Police offiers know what it is.chaos has a simultaneity of chas and order.the 
history of our nation is a history of protest, we have won our independence that way. 
● There is refrain- this reflects the content- the form and the content 
● Police line- the line the orderly - 
● “We are marching forward”- back to the line , back to where we began- and the 
leader trying to capitalise. 
● The settin is a hindu muslim riot leading to curfew- keki wasprobably drawing from 
a particular riot. 
 ● It is a free verse with no consistent rhyme or meter - this reflects the chaotic nature 
of the riot. 
● Th uneven stanza length  
● The hypermetric endings can be counted as a lingering of guilt- the feminine ending. 
● Individuated -  
● The lines are not always end stopped.-the end endstop or enjambment . 
● Enjambment is also indicative of motion- as if the lines are rhymed in one go, it also 
suggests the speed of the actions. 
● The content of the poem is talking about a perfect mirroring of the form and content 
, form suggests chaos and speed. 
●  
 
23.11.20. 
1. Relationship between form and content. 
2. Poem with a sense of compulsion, a reflection on a sense of  
3. The recursive nature of violence- it is a sustained reflection on the self perpetuation nature 
of violence, one violence leading to another in a vicious cycle. 
4. Daruwala's dual perspective , “Madhusudan Prasad “- ​ there is a simultaneou mode of reality 
and a cynical reflection of it. 
Both are related to his job as a policeman. 
Policemen are involved in the macabre acts., it's unfortunate that it is a reflection on failure of law 
and order .  
““Daruwalla elevated personal experience into poetry by bringing to life the world of khaki: of riots, 
curfew, sirens, warrants, blood, lathi charge on flinching bodies, acid bulbs and soda bottles lingering 
on rooftops waiting to be thrown, of ruffians nabbed at night and press releases” (A. N. Prasad, Indian 
Poetry in English).  
Dual perspective of being involved and being outside, 
“Daruwalla’s depiction of Indian reality grounded in the concrete experiences he has gained as a 
police officer is highly incisive and empathic but never sentimental or lachrymose, revealing his 
double perspective of involvement as well as non-involvement…. The minutiae of social reality 
Daruwalla presents denote his involvement, and the clinical way he depicts them denotes his 
non-involvement." Madhusudan Prasad, “Keki N. Daruwalla: Poet as Critic of His Age”). 
 
Putties - as a metaphor of colonialism, a myth of protecting and supporting but is now constricting , 
vestigial and remnant of the empire and is left behind. It is Unnecessary in the tropical environment. 
Heat . it's the burden of the confining legacies of the raj and the confinement in the structural position 
and power, a type of Colonial hangover. Police violence is also a reminiscence of the colonial 
hangover. We do not “-_ post colonial.. It's marked by continuity and breakages. The legacies haunt us 
in many ways. The poem is about a communal riot , and the partition is also a communal legacy. 
 
Asphalt - mixture of pitch with sand and gravel. It's a critic in the paradigm of progress. There is no 
point in going forward.( the failure of modernity in india, how in various levels the promises are 
melting beneath the feet- infirmity of the emerging country - booths and sticks. 
Iambic tetrameter of the line , it allegorises the movement of marching, but the content is saying the 
futility of violence. 
 
Margaret atwood- mind trying to make order in the unknown. 
We hardly hear them for we are used to it.- at one the experiencing subject who is
reporting sub with a vivid sense of realism.- but there is also an ordering
consciousness- a retrospective voice. 
 
The actual lived experience- realistic description- but because he is not actually there.He is 
retrospectively looking back at it . translating it in english.. Keeping in mind the readership. There Is an 
ordering cojito , resapig it to be readable. 
 
Bibhatsa rasa  
 
● Entrapment 
● Nature of violence- violence is characterized by the recurrence of violence 
● Double reality- experience and commenting 
● The trajectory of the nation, the ways in which the legacies are left behind.  
● Banality of evil 
● Theme of fire. Carvak or curfew in a riot torn city. 
 
 
8-12-2020 
 
The death of a bird 
.

Under an overhang of crags ​- ​indicates poets threatening menances, perhaps

the poets guilt, the mountain setting is made clear, a cliff, the harsh landscape
resonates with the violent theme
fierce bird-love: ​love as dominance and subversion​ (savage love)
the monals(​himalayan bird​) mated, clawed and screamed;​ - he is suggesting
that it is “nature read in tooth and claw” violence in a sexual act. , he is
suggesting our illusions of love making, spiritual connection, some elaborate
dance of domination.
the female brown and nondescript
the male was king, a fire-dream. ​Dream like any fiery,
My barrel spoke one word of lead: ​the author is a proclamation of a king, a
death sentence in power, a harsh sparse and sparce
the bird came down, the king was dead,
Does he have a sex loathing?

or almost dying;
his eyes were glazed, the breast still throbbed.
We tucked him pulsing as he was in our
rucksack. - ​first mention of the female companion of the poem, just like the
monal and his partner, the phallic image - scene of love making later. Animal
sex and death.
The female rose in terror crying!
With bird-blood(​line between human and animal world) but the two world are
the same , it becomes clear that these realms are intricate.blood that u can not
wash off , like macbeth.​ on our hands we walked and as the skies broke into
rags of mist, why did our footsteps drag?
Seeped in romantic sublime, this delay is enacted by a mimatic stanza break,
the breaking of the stanza
Why do they take the male away?
They can not flee the scene without guilt, the bird is a metaphor

The cumulus (​clouds , puffy clouds) ​piled on the crags.

We smote the pony on its shanks ​- it's indicative of the narrator's often violent
attitude towards nature.
to hurry him; around a bend
he swivelled and went down the flank
of rock a thousand feet below to where the roaring river flowed. -​ the narrator
projects his anguish mental state and it begins the nature to take an ominous
quality.
No escape from the sense of violence, like aristotelian tragedy, tragedy must
be guided by necessity,

His scream climbed up the gorge, a nightmare fang which ploughed my

blistered dreams and sowed begging children(​daruwala's oeuvre.dealing with
indian economic condition)​. Depressed a bit we took the road; walking like
ciphers disinterred from some forgotten code.
Giving the experience the natural , the narrator is feeling persecuted by the
actions of his own actions.

Dusk caught up with us, and bears;

my terror-gun spat at the shades
but missed each time.
When jackals howled, sniffing my ribs
trembling she asked if they were wolves?
I simply held her hand in mine
and walked on further to a cave
hemmed in by pine we would have missed
but for a growling Bhotia dog the resin-tappers left behind to guard their cans
and beaded ichor pimpling like a spray of cysts.
Just yards off an escarpment wrote hieroglyphs on a scroll of mist.
The edge of a cliff puncturing the cliff- a phallic image of penetration .
Violence having an aelliating effect that he feels detached from the partner.
Coding or cryptorg is very imp

And as she crumpled with a chill ​psychological trauma .

 I lit a fire of turf and peat
and rubbed her clotted sides and feet
and found her waking in my hands
like embers in a firebed. ​(Paradoxical image ​)
In the wet lanes of her body
we, apprehensive, met.

Residue of violence in the ghostly return of the bruise to mark the violence.
Out of tiredness something flared up.
Specializing of the female body, a description of the female body in terms of
spaces ,urban spaces...her body is a site for movement. Act of vaginal sex.
Cesura ...a halt… a sense of separation...we and met by apprehensive.. the
fearful circumstances in which they are in.guilt?

And as we rose to the final kill—

two electric saws meeting on a hill in the marrowing bones of a fractured
tree— each of us thought the other was free of the pony’s scream and the
monal’s wings and the prowling bears in the firelight-rim​ one escape from the
self- love making, this act is occurring under compromised circumstances,
both the narrator seems haunted by the violence. Violence and trauma repeat

Vigian dentartar -

Her head on my heartbeat, hair locked in my fingers

she purred into sleep; the night seemed to flower
late with our dreams
for the moon came out just for an hour or two
and the monal-wings came feathering down
in a passion of dusky gold and blue

And the wolves, with the mist, went over the cliff—
but for the wind we both would have dreamt the very same dream of
quiescence and love; but the wind was a thorn in the flesh of the night and
moaned aloud like a witch in the flue
I broke my gun in two across the back
of an ash-grey dawn. A brown bird left the crags
flying strongly, and as its shadow crossed us
it shrieked with fear and turned to stone,
dropping at our feet.
‘It’s the queen-monal! We are accursed!’ she said.
‘Just watch its eyes! For though the bird was near dead its eyes flared terror
like bits of dripping meat!
The recursive nature of violence.
The dramatis personae - lover and the poet and the birds ., love making that is
haunted by the guilt that has carried over by the earlier act of killing a bird.
There is an analogy between the bird and the narrator.
“You will find no rest for the long years of Eternity. For you killed a bird in love “ 
Romanticism as a main crux of the poem- the rhyme of the ancient mariner - similar incident of killing 
a bird . 
“To thee, thou Wedding-Guest! 
He prayeth well, who loveth well 
Both man and bird and beast. 
 
He prayeth best, who loveth best 
All things both great and small; 
For the dear God who loveth us, 
He made and loveth all.”rhyme of the ancient mariner. 
Romanticism was invested in examining the relationship between man and nature.  
The violence and transgression leads to haunting . we are reminded of valmiki. 
Violence to mediate guilt. 
Curse of kindama in pandu.- He places a curse on Pandu that you will die making love. 
Violence is dehumanizing. It's gandhian in a sense that it encourages ahimsa. 
Violence and the subsequent guilt is individuating and aelianting.   
 
● Oeuvre of daaruwalla - there is a recurrent trope of death , sex and animal 
imagery . 
● Realism  
● There is an imbrication of animal and human lanes. 
● Closeness to nature. 
● “Collective conscious”- man and his symbols, humans share a collective 
repository of animal and history, animals like god and wolves have a recurring  
● Human effects of the acts of violence. Dh lawrence “Snake”- how paultry how 
vulgar what a mean act 
● Connection between wind and animality.- daruwalla sees animal and natural 
world as cloely interlinked.  
 
15-12-2020 
In what way is death of a brd a romantic poem- its a poem about nature- a 
poem saying the consequences of the violence against nature. Recounts 
having stealing a boat. 
It's solipsistic like keats poems- it senses a regret to transcend the trap of the 
self. A pathologically self reflective- narcissism in romantic poetry. 
Precludes- wordsworth 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
● The narrator wants a purgatory effect by calling the it a “bird” love and 
“bird blood “ thus creating a hierarchical distinction between the 
 human world and animal world, as if the nuances of violence against 
the animal world is less sinful.   
● “The sky broke into a rag of mist” as if trying to conceal the heinous act 
of violence under cover of the mist.But rag also signifies the tattered 
frail and poor nature of existence, something beneath human 
existence, perhaps the animal world.  
● Missing eac time - there is a reversal of hierarchy- saying that the 
animal world is at an advantageous position over the speck of 
civilization that intruded in their territory . 
● Feeling of guilt, threatened by larger animals, just the way they 
dominated over weaker animals, now the speaker and his beloved is 
threatened by stronger animals where they are the weaker one. There 
is again a reversal of hierarchy.  
● The larger predatory animals can also be a projection of his guilty 
unconscious which has now come back to the conscious. 
● Channelising the guilt through sexual interaction, maybe a way of 
distraction, or another way of asserting dominance over his partner- it 
portrays a tendency to dominate , first over the natural world, its failure, 
and then over the private world of lovers. The culmination of 
dominance in a   
● Th act on making love is a scary night is odd, so in such an intense 
environment , love making can be seen as a means to channelise the 
anxiety and the gu 
● = the unfamiliar description of the familiar nature, give the poem a 
super-natural fervour. 
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● Daruwalla’s poem, Death of a bird talks about the chilly and ominous 
experience of the narrator and his partner in a very secluded natural 
surrounding. In the poem, Romanticism is explored to examine the 
relationship between man and nature. The minutely detailed 
description of the natural surroundings are seeped in romantic sublime 
which reminds us of romantic poets like Coleridge and Keats. Like 
Coleridge's rime of the ancient mariner, the poet journeys trying to 
exorcise the guilt of shooting a male monal, while he was engaged in 
the act of procreation.” ​My barrel spoke one word of lead: the bird
came down, the king was dead, ” .With the killing of the bird, the
natural order of the poem was disrupted. With the seream of the
pony that “​ “​swivelled and went down the flank” ,the guilty
conscience comes back to accompany the poet and his beloved
throughout their journey . The following synesthetic experience
like the wolves, with the mist, went over the cliff- , “monal’s
wings and the prowling bears” make a shadowy projection of his
 guilty conscience. Like some romantic poems, there is a passive
lingering of superstitious thoughts that find its voice in the end
when the Queen monal “shrieked with fear and turned to stone,”
and the beloved says , “We are accursed!”

Therefore, Although the poem is seeped in a modern economy,

yet there is a keen Romantic sensibility in the verse and the
treatment of the subject matter.

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●
● Writing in the mid 20th century, The poems of Daruwalla are far
away from the sensibility of his predecessors like Toru Dutt ,
Sarojini Naidu .​Through his poem he poem routine, daaruwalla gives us a
glimpse of the horror and terrors of partition that acted as an echoing
influance in the creation of a high modernist writing.
● Daruwalla are marked with a sense of realism. He sees and paints life with
all its wit and ugliness.Like a modernist, He speaks of a dismal and diseased
ridden cityscape that is disintegrating. The key feature of modernism as
propounded by Ezra Pound is “to make it new”. Therefore the routine
captures the unfamiliarity of the changing times like the industrial world,
science, capitalism, and the alienation, frustration and angst that people faced
due to a shift from their traditions. Like Eliot's “Preludes” the city captured in
the routine is dull, dark and dismal infected with death, disease Pestilence,
epileptic, blackain, Disease, suffering, crime and corruption.
● .​With the recursive nature of the violence, there is a sense of
monoty that is also seen in the post war british and american
literature. The absence of religious forces are​ felt in the poem where
neither the police officer nor the narrator has any religious assurance that
would redeem them from their guilt.Thus, like like a moden poem, it is
secular. The secular world of the poem
● The poem is not only modern in its content, but also in the form .It is written in
blank verse with no fixed meter, which echoes the disrupted times in which
daruwalla lived
●
● Added to this was the The trauma and horrors of partition this
delayed experience of the With respect to world literary trends,
Modernism ​For India,There is a delay in our experience of modernism - it
mostly came with the trauma and horrors of partition. Giving scope for the
creation of indegenous High modernist- writing.

The theme in The routione are modern, the city l

●
● Secular - the world Daaruwalla uses animal metaphors in his poems, he
thinks about animals.He seems to wonder the city with animal consciousness
● gloom and decay are the predominant mood of his poems .Depiction of a
● With the recursive nature of the violence, there is a monotony that
is also seen in the post war british and american literature.
● As far as the features of the poems are concerned they -there is a
hint of irony when we are moving forward- it is a disillusionment.
● Realism
● Humanitarian and democratic ideas.
● The form is modern with no fixed meter.
● Representation of nature in a very un-familiar way. - like
modernist writers , nature is not praised, but
●