Abstract

6 Each individual on earth has an environmental impact, and on the matter of finite water
resources, each of us have a water footprint defined by our lifestyles. Multiply this per capita
water demand with a continuously growing population and you will have at one point severe
water stress if not a full blown water crisis
crisis. Environmental degradation will be reversed if the
population (and its corresponding demand for resources) decreases – technology and
people’s behaviors can only delay the onset of a bleak future, but it is worth trying.

Water conservation
conservation’s goal is sustainability.
conservation’s sustainability Whatever water we use today should be
regenerated at the same rate so that our descendants will enjoy the same quantity and
quality of water for their own use. Water efficiency,
efficiency, however, is not the same as water
conservation. Water efficiency is merely a tool of water conservation, focusing more on
reducing the wastage of water instead of restricting the use of water,
water through changes in
water use behavior and adoption of water efficient technologies, while still accomplishing the
necessary tasks in our daily lives.
WaterEfficiencyy There are many water efficiency ideas out there
there, but it is worth noting that most of the water
wasted or lost are not necessarily associated with profligate behavior, but failure to detect
and address small systems losses (leaks mainly) early on. This applies to both the household
level and community level. Manila Water, the east zone concessionaire of Metro Manila, has
Mark Mulingbayan
MarkMulingbayan maintained a stable rate of raw water withdrawal from the Angat source in the last 13 years, years
EnvironmentalPlanningandSustainabilityDept despite fact its billed volume nearly tripled since 1997 and its customers doubled from 3.1 to 6
million, because it tackled distribution losses seriously. Of course in the future the increasing
ManilaWaterCompany
demand will necessitate the development of new water sources, and water efficiency
y
01July2010 measures can delay that eventuality.
eventuality

1
Securing the Future Today 2

Outline

6 Water
W t Footprint
F t i t Every single person on earth has an
6 Sustainability
6 Water Conservation vs Water Efficiencyy
environmental impact.
6 Best Practices: Behavior
6 Best Practices: Hardware
6 Water Reuse and other water-related
water related initiatives
6 Losses Management in the Home What is your ecological footprint?
6 Losses Management in the Water Utility
What is your water footprint?

3 4
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RESOURCE EXTRACTION

6 Humans and their activities on earth have great 6 Metals from MINING
environmental impact, individually and as a group.
6 Water from GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER SOURCES

6 Environmental Impacts from: 6 Plastics and Petroleum from FOSSIL FUEL DEPOSITS

6 Wood and Paper from FORESTS

• EXTRACTION OF RESOURCES
• WASTES AFTER USING UP THE RESOURCES 6 Living Space from NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

6 Food from the SEA & LAND

5 6

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM

WASTES GENERATED Examine your lifestyle…

6 How many liters of water do you use per day?

6 WASTEWATER derived from almost all uses of water

6 H
How many liters
lit off wastewater
t t d do you
generate per day?
6 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS from burning fuels

6 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTES after product consumption

6 How much stuff do you buy in a year?

6 How much stuff do you throw away in a year?

7 8
 Sustainability
“There are three key factors…

[The first two are] the level of consumption…[and]

the technology needed to satisfy that consumption, and
Sustainable development is development that meets
dispose of the waste generated. These two factors decide
the needs of the present without compromising the
how much environmental damage is done per person.
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Multiply by the third factor,
factor population,
population and you arrive at
the total level of damage.”

(Brundtland Commission, 1987)

Paul Harrison
N
New S
Scientist
i ti t
19 May 1990

9 10

UN Millennium Development Goal No. 7

Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Cut in half the number of people who lack clean water,
improve the lives of people who live in slums, and promote
policies that respect
p p the g
goods of creation

6 In 2000, more than 1.1 billion people lacked access to clean and safe
water.
water

6 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation.

6 People suffering from water-borne diseases occupy half of all hospital

beds in the world.

11 12
 Principles in Water Management WATER CRISIS?

6 Water scarcity: < 1,000 m3 of freshwater available per person per

6 Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource essential to sustain life, year.
development and the environment.
6 Water stress: 1,000 to 1,700 m3 freshwater available per person per
6 Water development and management should be based on a year
participatory approach involving users, planners and policy-makers
att allll levels.
l l
6 Philippine average: 1,907 m3 per capita
6 Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be
3 670 m3 per capita
6 Asian average: 3,670
recognized
i d as an economic
i goal.l
6 World average 7,045 m3 per capita

International Conference on Water and Environment

(Dublin, 1992)

13 14

Climate Change and Water Supply

6 Vegetation change in watershed and
aquifer recharge areas

6 Loss of reservoir storage (evaporation,

Water Conservation
sedimentation)

6 Changes in runoff quantity and quality and

d
6 Increased water demand from
competing sectors
Water Efficiency
6 More frequent and intense rainfall
events,
t but
b t drought
d ht in
i some places
l

6 Potential conflicts with flood control

objectives

6 Facility inundation due to flood damage

and sea level rise

15 16
 WATER CONSERVATION Why?

6 The protection, development, and efficient

management off water resources for
f 6 Sustainability
S t i bilit
• Is the extraction rate less than the regeneration rate?
beneficial purposes

6 Energy conservation
• How much energy is used to convey the water from the source to
6 Main Goal: reduce water extracted from nature your tap?

6 Habitat conservation
• If we develop new water sources, we could be ‘stealing’ the water
from the other creatures of nature, and alter their habitat

17 18

Water Conservation, Water Efficiency…

WATER EFFICIENCY what’s the difference?

• the accomplishment of a function, task, process

or result with the minimal amount of water
feasible

• indicator of the relationships between the

amount of water needed for a specific purpose WATER EFFICIENCY IS A TOOL
and the amount of water used, occupied or
delivered OF WATER CONSERVATION
• Main Goal: reduce water wasted, NOT restrict its
use

19 20
BEST PRACTICES IN WATER EFFICIENCY

6 SOFTWARE(Behavior)
• Personal practices
• Regulated practices Best Practices in SOFTWARE
6 HARDWARE (Infrastructure)
• Water
Water-related
related appliances
appliances, amenities
amenities, fittings in
the home, workplace, etc.

21 22

Brushing teeth Timba-at-tabo vs shower vs bath?

23 24
Manual vs automated dishwashing? Manual laundry vs washing machine?

25 26

Hose & Walis Tingting vs Pressure Washer? Manual car wash or water hose?

27 28
 Displacement method Are you a washer or a wiper?

29 30

Changing People’s Behavior

Best Practices in HARDWARE

31 32
 HARDWARE Automatic shutoff valves
6 Water Supply
• Automatic shutoff valves
• Faucet aerators
• Pressure car wash

6 Sanitation
• Low volume water closet
• No flush systems (‘ecosan’)
• Reuse water

33 34

Aerators for faucets, shower heads Sprinklers vs drip irrigation

35 36
 Waterless urinal Urine diversion toilets

37 38

Probably a better system for Southeast Asians Dual Flush / Low Flush Toilet

Main toilet bowl for urination

For anal cleansing
and defecation

39 40
Low flow Toilet

41 42

Crazy ideas? Reuse water

6 Do we really need to use potable water for:

• Flushing?
• Landscape irrigation?
• Car wash?

6 Reuse water from treated sewage

(black or greywater)

43 44
Reuse Water Applications Reuse Water in the home
Category Application

Crop lands, nurseries, fisheries

Agriculture

Parks, highway medians,

cemeteries, golf courses,
Landscape Irrigation residential lots, commercial
areas

Cooling towers, boiler feed,

Industrial recycling and reuse process water,
water construction

Lakes & ponds, streamflow

Recreation augmentation

Toilet flushing, air conditioning,

Non-potable urban uses firefighting

Direct to water treatment,

directt to
di t water
t supply l reservoir,
i
Potable Water Supply (direct & groundwater recharge
indirect)

45 46

Wastewater garden Wastewater garden examples

in the Philippines
pp

47 48
 Community-based treatment wetlands with reuse
Reuse for agriculture Bayawan City, Negros Oriental

Elevated reuse storage for

agriculture, construction &
firefighting

49 50

SUSTAINABILITY CHECK!

We may save on water, but what is it like on the

energy aspect? Other water saving initiatives,
not necessarily
•A
Are di
dishwashers
h h environment
i t ffriendly
i dl if th
the water
t needs
d to
t be
b
pre-heated? WATER EFFICIENCY measures

• Will the concentrated sewage from no-flush

no flush systems require
less energy to treat?

• Is water reuse environment friendly if you need to pump the

water afterwards?

51 52
Rainwater harvesting Did you know?
Rainwater harvesting is required in every barangay.
barangay
(RA 6716)

53 54

Swales

55 56
Enhancing water retention Shift from one water source to another

Surface Water Sources

Which is the more renewable water source?

Groundwater Sources
© AECOM

57 58

Water losses in the home

6 Typical losses in the home

• D
Dripping
i i tap
t
• Leaking toilet
• Underground pipe leak

Where do we waste water the most?…

59 60
Dripping tap Garden hose leaks

61 62

Leaks What’s wrong with this picture?

63 64
 Check for toilet bowl leaks Home Leak Management

Put some dye in the water closet.

Observe if the water in the bowl
gets colored when you don’t flush.

Turn off all water devices, then observe your water meter.
Is the flow indicator moving?
g

65 66

Review your water bill

6 C
Compare with
ith your own average
monthly consumption

6 Compare with average

consumption per household
(~30 m3 per HH per month)

67 68
 Water Efficiency
on a bigger scale

69 70

MWSS before 1997 Manila vs. Asian Cities

Non--
Non
Water Water Staff/1000
City Population Revenue
Leaks Availability Coverage Connections
Water

(million) (hrs/day) (% of pop) (% of prod)

Manila East (1996) 3.1 16 58 63 9.8

“Spaghetti” & Illegal
Connections Manila East (2009) 6.0 24 99 16 1.5
Poor
service Singapore 3.0 24 100 7 2.0

Hong Kong 6.3 24 100 36 2.8

Seoul 10.6 24 100 35 2.3

K. Lumpur 1.4 24 100 36 1.4

Lower water pressure Bangkok 7.3 24 82 38 4.6
to no water
Source : Asian Development Bank 1996 Data

71 72
 24/7 Water Availability Water Supply, Billed Volume and Non-
Non-Revenue Water

1800 70%
1997 2009
1600

s per Day (MLD)

60%
3.1 MILLION CUSTOMERS 6.0 MILLION CUSTOMERS 1400
50%
1200

% NRW
1000 40%
26% 99% 800

Million Liters
30%
600
20%
400
200 10%

0 0%
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20083Q
20083Q'09
09
24 hours 13-23 hours 0-12 hours
Supply BV NRW%

73 74

Summary
6 WaterEfficiencyfocusesmoreonreducingwastedwater,not
restricting use
restrictinguse

6 Better
Betterwaterefficiencyisachievedbychangesinbehaviorand
water efficiency is achieved by changes in behavior and
infrastructure

6 Systemleakscanbefarbiggerthanwastageinwateruse

Salamatpo!
75 mark.mulingbayan@manilawater.com, mark.mulingbayan@yahoo.com 76