Bataan Heroes College

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Second Semester
(1st Segment)

BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

LEARNING MODULE 5
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY

Prepared by:
JULIE ANN DC. ALARCIO
Module 5: SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Teacher 1|Page
Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

Prepared by:
JULIE ANN DC. ALARCIO
Teacher

This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any
manner or whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher
except for educational purposes but with a citation to this course.

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

For permission: contact Bataan Heroes College, Roman Super Hi-way,

Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines
Course Information
Course Title : Statistics and Probability
Program : Senior High School-Grade 11
Course Code : STEM_SP11
Credit Units : 4 units
Pre-requisite/s :
Instructor Information
Name : Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
Contact Information
a. Number : 09482758412
b. Fb Name : Julie Ann Alarcio
c. Email : julieannalarcio.bhc@heroes1979.edu.ph
Course Purpose and Description
Statistics and Probability is a course that lies between Mathematics in Junior
High School and Practical Research 1 and 2 in Senior High School. This course
prepares the students for lessons to be discussed in Practical Research Subjects
with the theoretical understanding, operational skills, and logical and critical
thinking required.
This course includes the following content areas:
 Elementary Logic
 Statistics and Probability
The first content area focuses on lessons about logical statements, and
forming truth tables. While the introduction of the second area will serve as a

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 Bataan Heroes College

review of the terms and lessons you learned in Junior High School, followed it
with the new lessons about probability, normal and sampling distribution.

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Define and recognize proposition;

2. Define and Illustrate conditional statements;

3. Illustrate logical connectives used in compound statements;

4. Express English statements into notation of mathematical logic and vice

versa;

5. Construct the truth tables of a given statement; and

6. Determine the truth values of a given statement.

7. Identify the terminologies use in Statistics.

8. Determine the sampling technique used in a given situation.

9. Present the given data using different forms of graphs.

10. Find the mean, median and mode of an ungrouped data.

11.Find the range, variance and standard deviation of an ungrouped data.

12. Define and illustrate experiment, outcome, sample space and event.

13.Determine the probability of an event.

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 Bataan Heroes College

14.Construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram.

15. Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a discrete random
variable.

16. Find the area under a normal curve.

17. Find the z score and area of a normal curve.

18. Solve problems involving normal distribution.

19.Construct a sampling distribution table.

20.Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Course Schedule
Intended Leaning
Weeks Module No. Module Title
Outcomes
1st 1 Elementary Logic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2nd 2 Introduction to Statistics 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
3rd 3 Probability Distribution 12, 13, 14, 15
4th 4 Normal Distribution 16, 17, 18
5th 5 Sample Distribution

Text Book and Reference Books

Ymas Jr., Sergio E. and Flordeliza P. Ferrer. (2003). College Statistics, Ymas
Publishing House, Valenzuela City, Manila, Philippines

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 Bataan Heroes College

Banigon, Ricardo B. Jr., Maita G. Camilon, and Catalina B. Manalo (2016).

Statistics and Probability for Senior High School, Educational Resources
Corporation
Albert, Jose Ramon G. Ph.D., Mark John V. Ayaay, Zita VJ Albacea, Ph.D, Isidro
P. David, Ph.D, and Imelda E. de Mesa, Ph.D. (2016). Statistics and
Probability, Commission on Higher Education

MODULE 5: “SAMPLING and SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION”

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

Image retrieved at https://examvictor.com/probability-basic-concepts/

___________________________________
Name of Student

Introduction
Probability Theory is a field of Mathematics that has an interesting history
filled with interesting people. It was created by a mathematician who was either a
friend of gamblers or a gambler himself; in order to help gamblers, win more
often. Every casino uses probabilities to set their house odds so that they always
win profits. Learning about probability and games of chance may convince
everyone not to be a gambler since there is no single good bet in a game of
chance.
In this module, you will learn how to determine the mean, variance and
standard deviation of a probability distribution of a discrete random variable. You

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 Bataan Heroes College

will also learn how to compute for the area of the given z-score in normal
distribution.

Contents

I. Sampling and Sampling Distribution

II. Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

III. Sampling Distribution of Large (n ≥ 30) and Small (n < 30) Sample Size

Lesson 1: Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Objectives
At the end of this module you, as a learner are expected to:
 Construct sampling distribution and histogram of a sample mean.

Lesson Proper
Oftentimes, in our researchers or even in daily activities, we are concerned with a large group of
people or objects. It is of course very difficult, or sometimes impossible to deal with every member of this
large group known as population. In times like this, we have a remedy, which is, selecting a portion of

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 Bataan Heroes College

the population known as sample. This process is called sampling. One of the best methods of sampling
which is usually used in researches is called random sampling.
The totality of subjects (people, animals, or objects) under consideration is called population.
The portion chosen from a population is called sample and the process of taking samples is called
sampling.
Random Sampling refers to the sampling technique in which each member of the population is given
equal chance to be chosen as part of the sample. The lottery method, drawing lots, or the use of random
numbers can be used to accomplish random sampling.

PARAMETER and STATISTIC

If a population we are concerned with is finite or small in number, say the 25 captive-bred
Philippine Eagles successfully produced by the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) as of October 15,
2015, then, we can easily describe it. Every measurement or quantity that represents the general
characteristics of this population, say the average height of these 25 captive-bred raptors is 2.5 meters, is
called parameter.
On the other hand, if we are dealing with a very large population and we have resorted to
sampling, then, every measurement or quantity that describes the characteristics of the sample is called
sample statistic or simply statistic.
The measurement or quantity that describes the population is called parameter, while the
measurement or quantity that describes the sample is called statistics.

EXAMPLE:
In order to test the effect of the new drug to humans, 20 patients were given the dose. After a
minute, it was found that the body temperature in average decreased by 2 oC. Answer the following:
a. Are the 20 patients mentioned above population or sample? SAMPLE
o
b. Is the 2 C decrease in the body temperature considered parameter or statistic? STATISTIC
SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
In our previous discussion, you’ve learned how to construct probability and normal distribution,
which is used in discrete and continuous random variable, respectively.
In our today’s discussion, we will learn how to construct sampling distribution. Come on and let’s
learn about this together. 😊
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
For us to understand well about this topic, let us take a look at the following examples below:

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

1. Suppose a jar contains numbers 1, 3 and 5. If we take two numbers in succession with replacements,
what are the possible 2 number samples?

a. List all the possible 2 number samples you will form out of numbers 1, 3, and 5.
1 3 5
Possible samples: (1,1), (3,3), (5,5), (1,3), (3,1), (1,5), (5,1), (3, 5), and (5, 3)
b. Put all the samples in a table. First row contains all the possible samples, then second row contains the
mean of each sample.
Sample (1,1) (3,3) (5,5) (1,3) (3,1) (1,5) (5,1) (3,5) (5,3)

Mean 1 3 5 2 2 3 3 4 4

To find the mean of each sample, just add all the numbers on each sample then divide it to the number of
students you added.
1st row: (1+1)/2 = 2/2 = 1 6th row:(1+5)/2 = 6/2 = 3
2nd row: (3+3)/2 = 6/2 = 3 7th row:(5+1)/2 = 6/2 = 3
3rd row: (5+5)/2 = 10/2 = 5 8th row:(3+5)/2 = 8/2 = 4
4th row:(1+3)/2 = 4/2 = 2 9th row:(5+3)/2 = 8/2 = 4
5th row:(3+1)/2 = 4/2 = 2

c. Construct the sampling distribution using the means you got above. First row contains all the possible
means without repetition, then second row contains the probability of each mean.
Sample Mean ( x́ ¿ 1 2 3 4 5
Probability P( x́ ) 1/9 2/9 3/9 or 1/3 2/9 1/9

 What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is 3?

1/3 or 33.33 %
 What is the probability that the mean of numbers is greater than 2?
(1/3) + (2/9) + (1/9) = 2/3 or 66. 67 %
 What is the probability that the mean of numbers is less than 5?
(1/9) + (2/9) + (1/3) + (2/9) = 8/9 or 88.89%
 What is the probability between the mean of the numbers 1 and 5?
(2/9) + (1/3) + (2/9) = 7/9 or 77.78%
d. Construct a histogram using the sample means and probabilities.

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2.
A

population consists
1 of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10 and 5.3 Let us list all possible
4 samples of size 3 from this
population and compute the mean of each sample.
a. List all the possible samples and arrange it into table.
Sample 2,4,9 2,4,10 2,4,5 2,9,10 2,9,5 2,10,5 4,9,10 4,9,5 4,10,5 9,10,5
Mean 5.00 5.33 3.67 7.00 5.33 5.67 7.67 6.00 6.33 8.00

There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
This time, let us make a sampling distribution of the sample means. Use the information you’ve got from
the previous table.

Sample Mean 3.67 5.00 5.33 5.67 6.00 6.33 7.00 7.67 8.00
( x́ ¿
Probability 1/10 1/10 2/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10
P ( x́ ¿

Observe that the means of the sample are less than or greater than the mean of the population.
The difference between the sample mean and the population means called the sampling error. It is error
due to sampling.
Construct a histogram for the sampling distribution above.

3/10

2/10

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ACTIVITY 8
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8 and 11. Consider sample of size 2 that can be drawn
from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
c. Make the histogram of the sample distribution.

Lesson 2: Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

3.67 5.0 5.33 5.67 6.00 6.33 7.00 7.67 8.00

Objectives
At the end of this module you, as a learner are expected to:
 Find the mean, variance and standard of the sampling distribution of the sample means.


Lesson Proper
Statistician do not just describe the variation of the individual data values about the mean of the
population. They are also interpreted to know how the means of the samples of the same size taken from
the same population vary about the population mean.

HOW TO FIND THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION?

Let us take a look at the examples below.

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 Bataan Heroes College

Consider a population considering of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this
population without repetition. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
STEP 1: Compute the mean of the population.
To easily find the mean of the population (µ), just add the scores (x) then divide it by the number
of scores you added.

µ=
∑ X = 1+2+3+4 +5 µ = 3.0
N 5
STEP 2. Compute the variance of the population (σ2).
X X- µ (X - µ)2
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
µ=3, N = 5 ∑ (X −µ)2 = 10

∑ ( X−µ)2 10
σ2
= = 5
=2 σ = √ 2 = 1.41
N
So, the variance of the population is 2 and the standard deviation is 1.41

STEP 3: List all the possible samples and their corresponding means.
SAMPLES MEAN (µ¿
1, 2 (1+2)/2 = 1.50
1, 3 2.00
1, 4 2.50
1, 5 3.00
2, 3 2.50
2, 4 3.00
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

STEP 4: Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

x́ Frequency Probability P(x́ ¿
1.50 1 1/10
2.00 1 1/10
2.50 2 1/5
3.00 2 1/5
3.50 2 1/5
4.00 1 1/10
4.50 1 1/10
TOTAL: 10 1.00

STEP 5: Compute for the mean of the sampling distribution if the sample means ( µx́ ).
Sample Mean (x́ ¿ Probability P( x́) x́ •P (x́ ¿
1.50 1/10 0.15
2.00 1/10 0.2
2.50 1/5 0.5
3.00 1/5 0.6
3.50 1/5 0.7
4.00 1/10 0.4
4.50 1/10 0.45
TOTAL 1.0 3.00

So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 3.00

STEP 6: Compute for the variance σ2 of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Follow these
steps:
a. Subtract the population mean (µ ) from each sample mean ( x́ ¿ Label this as x́−¿ µ.
b. Square the difference. Label this as ( x́−µ .)2

c. Multiply the results by the corresponding probability. Label this as P( x́ ) • ( x́−µ .)2
d. Add the results.

x́ P( x́ ¿ x́−¿ µ ( x́−µ .)2 P( x́ ) • ( x́−µ .)2

1.50 1/10 -1.50 2,25 0.225
2.00 1/10 -1.00 1.00 0.100
2.50 1/5 -0.50 0.25 0.050
3.00 1/5 0.00 0.00 0.000
3.50 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050
4.00 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
4.50 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225
TOTAL 1.00 0.750

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 Bataan Heroes College

σ = √ 0.75 = 0.87
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75 and the standard deviation is 0.87

STEP 7. Construct the histogram.

3/10

2/10

1/10

0 1.5 2.0 4.5

2.5
4.0
3.0
3.5

The standard deviation ( σ x́ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also known
as the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean (σ x́ ) as an

estimate of the population mean ( µ)

Properties of the Sample Distribution of the Sample Mean

1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is equal to the population mean.
That is µx́ = µ

2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is given by:

2 σ 2 N −n 2 σ2
σ x́ = • for finite population σ x́ = for infinite population
n N−1 n
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample mean is given by:
σ N −n σ
σ x́ = •
√
√ n N −1
finite population σ x́ =
√n
for infinite population

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

EXAMPLE 1:
A school has 5000 students with a mean of 80 lbs, with a standard deviation of 20 lbs. If
you draw a random sample of 50 students, what is the mean, variance and standard deviation
(standard error) of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Solution:
Since µx́ = µ, and µ=80 lbs, therefore µx́ = 80 lbs.
Since the sample (n = 50) is taken from a finite population (N = 5000) whose σ =20, the standard
error σ x́ can be computed as:

σ N −n
σ x́ =
√
•
√ n N −1
20 5000−50
= •
√
√ 50 5000−1
4950
= 2.828
√ 4999
= (2.828)(0.995)
σ x́ = 2.814

To get the variance just get the square of the standard error

σ 2x́ = ( 2.814)2
= 7.919
EXAMPLE 2: A random sample of size 4 is taken with replacement from a population with µ =
12 and σ 2 = 8
Solution:
Since µx́ = µ, and µ=12, therefore µx́ =12
The sample size is (n = 4) is taken from an infinite population.
2 σ2 8
σ x́ = = =2 Variance is 2
n 4
σ x́ = √ 2 = 1.41 Standard error is 1.41

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio
 Bataan Heroes College

EXAMPLE 3: A random sample of size 36 from is taken from a population of 3200 whose µ =
28.6 and σ = 54.4
σ N −n
σ x́ = •
√ n N −1 √
54.4 3200−36
= •
√
√ 36 3200−1
3164
= 9.067
√ 3199
= (9.067)(0.9945)

σ x́ = 9.017 Standard error is 9.017

σ 2x́ = (9.017)2
= 82.283 Variance is 82.283

QUIZ # 4 Determine the mean, variance and standard deviation or error of each.
1. A random sample of size 45 from is taken from a population of 900 whose µ = 18.25 and
σ 2 = 81
2. A random sample of size 25 is taken with replacement from a population with µ = 121.4 and σ 2 = 50.5
3. A random sample of size 3 from is taken from a population whose µ = 8 and σ = 2.
4. A random sample of size 64 is taken from a population of 1200 whose µ = 72.12 and σ = 12

5. Compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation. Then construct the histogram.
x́ 1 2 3 4 5
P ( x́ ) 1/12 3/12 4/12 3/12 1/12

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Ms. Julie Ann DC. Alarcio