DBA Annex 2: Annex C Page

Design by Analysis
Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.80

Annex C (informative)
STRESS CATEGORISATION ROUTE FOR DESIGN BY ANALYSIS
(This annex refers to clause 5)

C.1 Purpose

This annex gives rules concerning design by analysis using stress classification. It applies to pressure vessels in all
testing groups.

The method described, known as « stress analysis », involves the interpretation of stresses calculated on an elastic
basis at any point in a part of a vessel, and then verification of their admissibility by means of appropriate assessment
criteria.

It applies to pressure vessels in all Testing Groups.

It may be used:

- as an alternative to design-by-formula(see 5.4.1),

- as a complement to design-by-formula for:

- cases not covered by that route;

- cases involving superposition of environmental actions;
- where DBA is required, e.g. by local authorities where a potential major hazard is involved or for
environmental reasons;
- exceptional cases where the manufacturing tolerances given in clause 5 of Part 4 are exceeded.

NOTE 1: In the last item, any deviation beyond tolerance limits shall be clearly documented.

- as an alternative to the design-by-analysis direct route, according to annex B.

It may be used for a component or even a part of a component.

In all cases, all relevant requirements of this annex shall be fulfilled for that component or part.

The minimum thickness for pressure loading only, shall not be less than required by 7.4.2 for cylindrical shells, 7.4.3
for spherical shells, 7.5 for dished ends, and 7.6.4 for conical shells.

Fatigue failure is not covered by this annex. When required, fatigue assessment shall be performed according to
clause 18.

Failure by elastic or elastic-plastic instability (buckling) is not covered by this annex. When the analysis reveals
significant compression stresses, the risk for buckling must be assessed separately.

These rules do not apply in the range of temperatures where there is a risk of failure by creep-rupture, i.e. when the
value of the nominal design stress is governed by the creep characteristics of the material.

It is presupposed that this annex will be used with conformity assessment modules G, B1+D, or B1+F.

C.2 Specific definitions

The following definitions are in addition to those in clause 3 :

C.2.1 gross structural discontinuity: a structural or material discontinuity which affects the stress or strain
distribution across the entire wall thickness over a region of significant area.

NOTE: Examples of gross structural discontinuities are end-to-cylindrical shell or conical shell-to-
cylindrical shell junction, flange-to-cylindrical shell junction, an opening in a shell, the junction of two
cylindrical shells of different diameter, thickness or material, or a stiffener-to-shell junction.
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C.2.2 local structural discontinuity: a discontinuity which only very locally affects the stress or strain
distribution, across a fraction of the thickness of the wall.

NOTE 1: Stresses resulting from such a discontinuity can only cause highly localized strains and
consequently have no significant influence on the global behaviour of the wall.

NOTE 2: Examples of local structural discontinuities are: small radius fillets, weld toes, non penetrated
zones in partial penetration welds.

C.2.3 primary stresses: stresses which satisfy the laws of equilibrium of external forces and moments
(loads).

NOTE 1: Regarding the mechanical behaviour of a structure, the basic characteristic of this type of
stress is, that in case of high (non admissible) increment of external loads, the deformations upon full
plastification of the section considerably increase without being self-limiting.

NOTE 2: Regarding primary stresses distinction shall be made between membrane stresses (Pm, PL)
and bending stresses (Pb) with respect to their distribution across the cross-section governing the load-
bearing behaviour. Primary membrane stresses (Pm) are defined as the average value of the
respective stress components distributed over the section governing the load-bearing behaviour
defined by the supporting line segment (see C.4.4). Primary bending stresses (Pb) are defined as
primary stresses distributed linearly across the considered section and proportionally to the distance
from the neutral axis.

NOTE 3: Regarding the distribution of membrane stresses along the wall, distinction shall be made
between general primary membrane stresses (Pm) and local primary membrane stresses (PL). At
discontinuities, primary membrane stresses in shells are classified as local if the equivalent membrane
stress exceeds 1,1 times the nominal design stress f and if the region in which this value is exceeded
, R ⋅ ea in the meridional direction. Two adjacent regions of local
remains within the length of 10
primary membrane stresses which exceed 1,1 times the nominal design stress f must be at a distance
of at least 2,5 R ⋅ e a in meridional direction. Here, R is the mid-surface radius of curvature and ea the
wall analysis thickness.
Discrete regions of local primary membrane stresses, (e.g. those resulting from concentrated loads
acting on brackets), where the equivalent membrane stress exceeds 1,1 times the nominal design
stress f, shall be spaced so that there is no overlapping of these regions.

NOTE 4: General primary membrane stresses are distributed in the structure such that no essential
redistribution of load occurs as a result of yielding. In the case of local primary membrane stresses,
yielding will cause such redistribution of loads.

C.2.4 secondary stresses : stresses developed by constraints due to geometric discontinuities, by the
use of materials of different elastic moduli under external loads, or by constraints due to differential thermal
expansions.

NOTE 1: Only stresses that are distributed linearly across the cross-section are considered to be
secondary stresses. For non linearly distributed stresses, the secondary stresses are those of the
equivalent linear distribution.

NOTE 2: With respect to the mechanical behaviour of the structure, the basic characteristic of
secondary stresses is that they lead to plastic deformation when equalizing different local distortions in
the case of excess of the yield strength. Characteristic for a secondary stress is that it is self-limiting,
i.e. local flow deformation leads to a limitation of the stress.

NOTE 3: Secondary stresses may be of membrane type (Qm) or bending type (Qb). Yet, in most
cases, distinction between both is not necessary, because criterion 5C.7.3 requires only consideration
of their sum (Qm + Qb). Satisfaction of another criterion which needs separate consideration of the
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Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.82

secondary membrane stress (Qm) is only necessary when instability phenomena are likely to occur
(see note 2 to Table C-2).

C.2.5 peak stress : that part of stress which is additive to the respective primary and secondary
stresses, to form the total stress.

NOTE 1: Peak stresses do not cause any noticeable distortion and are only important to fatigue and
brittle fracture in conjunction with primary and secondary stresses.

NOTE 2: Peak stresses also comprise deviations from nominal stresses at hole edges within tube-hole
fields due to pressure and temperature, in which case the nominal stresses shall be derived from
equilibrium of forces considerations.

C.3 Specific symbols and units

Table C-1 : Symbols, descriptions and units

Symbol Description Unit

σij stress tensor components of a given stress category, due to an N/mm²
individual load.
Σij stress tensor components of a given stress category, due to N/mm²
superposition of all loads acting simultaneously (at a given instant)
σ1,σ2,σ3 principal stresses of the tensor of components Σij N/mm²
σeq equivalent stress according to the shear stress theory (Tresca) N/mm²
∆Σij tensor of stress differences between two loading conditions N/mm²
(∆σ)1,(∆σ)2,(∆σ) principal stresses of the tensor of components ∆Σij N/mm²
3
∆σeq equivalent stress range according to the shear stress theory (Tresca) N/mm²
h length of the supporting segment mm
Pm general primary membrane stress N/mm²
PL local primary membrane stress N/mm²
Pb primary bending stress N/mm²
Q secondary membrane + bending stress. N/mm²
Qm secondary membrane stress N/mm²
Qb secondary bending stress N/mm²
F peak stress N/mm²
R mean radius for the region, measured perpendicular to the shell wall mm

C.4 Representative stresses

C.4.1 Equivalent stress

The equivalent stress σeq is a scalar quantity defined in accordance with the maximum shear stress theory
from the stress tensor of components Σij, obtained by summation of all stresses σij of same category
generated by the various loads to be considered simultaneously.

The determination of the equivalent stress shall be performed as follows:

a) Calculate the principal stresses σ1, σ2, σ3 of the tensor of components Σij.
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Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.83

b) The equivalent stress is given by the relation:

σeq = max {σ1 − σ2,σ2 − σ3,σ3 − σ1} ...(C.4.1-1)

C.4.2 Equivalent stress range

The equivalent stress range ∆σeq is a scalar quantity defined in accordance with the maximum shear stress
theory, from the variation of the stress tensor of components Σij between two normal operating conditions.

The determination of the equivalent stress range shall be performed as follows:

a) Calculate the values (Σij)a and (Σij)b of the components of the stress tensor Σij for loading conditions a
and b respectively.

b) Calculate the components ∆Σij of the tensor which represents the stress variation between loading
conditions a and b:

∆Σij = (Σij)a − (Σij)b ...(C.4.2-1)

c) Calculate the principal stresses (∆σ)1, (∆σ)2, (∆σ)3 of the tensor of components ∆Σij.

In the case where the principal directions of the tensor Σij are the same in both conditions a and b, these
principal stresses may be directly calculated from the difference between the principal stresses of the
tensors of components (Σij)a and (Σij)b:

(∆σ)1 = (σ1)a − (σ1)b

(∆σ)2 = (σ2)a − (σ2)b ...(C.4.2-2)
(∆σ)3 = (σ3)a − (σ3)b

NOTE : principal stress ranges may be used directly for fatigue assessment (see clause 18)

d) The equivalent stress range between loading conditions a and b is given by the relation:

∆σeq = max {(∆σ)1 − (∆σ)2,(∆σ)2 − (∆σ)3,(∆σ)3 − (∆σ)1} ...(C.4.2-3)

NOTE: Criterion C.7.3-1 requires that the maximum value of ∆σeq be found. When more than one load
are applied and vary independently, and/or when principal directions change, identification of the two
load conditions a and b that maximize ∆σeq may be difficult ; a trial and error calculation process may
there be necessary.

C.4.3 Total stress - elementary stresses

The total stress tensor is the symmetrical tensor whose components are the six elementary stresses σij
determined on an elastic basis by mean of a calculation or experimental method in accordance with the
requirements of C.4.5.

These stresses shall be expressed in a set of local coordinates designated O, X1, X2, X3 and referenced to
the supporting line segment defined in C.4.4.

Axis X3 is that containing the supporting line segment; the origin O is located at the mid-point of the
supporting line segment; the abscissa of a point of this segment is designated x3 (see figure C-1).
The total stress tensor shall be determined, at a given point, for each load which has to be taken into
account.
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1 : supporting line segment

2 : gross structural discontinuity

Figure C-1 : Supporting line segment and local axes

in which elementary stresses are expressed.

C.4.4 Decomposition of stresses

C.4.4.1 Supporting line segment

The decomposition of the elementary stresses, outlined hereafter, shall be carried out across the wall
thickness along a segment which is referred to as the ”supporting line segment”.

The supporting line segment, of length h, is the smallest segment joining the two sides of the wall (see
figure C-1). Outside of gross structural discontinuity regions, the supporting line segment is normal to the
wall mean surface; its length h, is then equal to the analysis thickness of the wall.

C.4.4.2 Membrane stress

The membrane stress tensor is the tensor whose components σij,m, constant along the supporting line
segment, are equal to the average value of the elementary stresses σij along this supporting line segment:

( )σ ij
m
=
1
h ∫
−
2
h
+
σ ij ⋅ dx 3 ...(C.4.4-1)
2
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C.4.4.3 Bending stress

The bending stress tensor is the tensor whose components σij,b , varying linearly across the thickness
of the wall, are given by the formula:
h

(σ )
ij
b
=
12x 3
h3 ∫
+

−
2
h σ ij ⋅ x 3 ⋅ dx 3 ...(C.4.4-2)
2

For a stress analysis in accordance with this annex, only maximal values of σij,b equal and of opposite sign
on each side of the wall, i.e. at both ends of the supporting line segment, shall be considered. For this case:

(σ )
ij
b
= ±
6
h2 −
2
h∫
+
σ ij ⋅ x 3 ⋅ dx 3 ...(C.4.4-3)
2

C.4.4.4 Linearized stress

The linearized stress tensor is the tensor whose components σij,l are equal to:

σij,l = σij,m + σij,b ...(C.4.4-4)

C.4.4.5 Nonlinearity stress

The nonlinearity stress tensor is the tensor whose components σij,nl are equal to:

σij,nl = σij − σij,l = σij − [σij,m + σij,b] ...(C.4.4-5)

Figure C-2 shows the decomposition of the elementary stresses outlined above. In order to avoid possible
confusion between global and local bending stresses, an example of application of the stress decomposition
to the particular case of longitudinal stresses in a cylindrical shell subjected to an external bending moment
is illustrated in figure C-3.

1 : supporting line segment

2 : membrane stress σij,m
3 : bending stress σij,b
4 : nonlinearity stress σij,nl

Figure C-2 : Decomposition of elementary stresses

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1 : longitudinal stress distribution along the shell cross section

2 : longitudinal stress distribution along the thickness of the wall

16 M (De + Di )
3 : membrane stress: σ 22,m =
π (De4 − Di4 )
16 M (De − Di )
4 : bending stress: σ 22,b = ± (on each side of the wall)
π (De4 − Di4 )

Figure C-3 : Decomposition of the longitudinal stress

for the particular case of a cylindrical shell subject to an external bending moment M
(for this particular case, the longitudinal stress σ22 is a principal stress)
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C.4.5 Requirements relating to the methods for determining stresses

C.4.5.1 Assumption of linear elasticity

Elementary stresses shall be determined in accordance with the assumptions of linear elasticity:

- material behaviour is linear elastic in accordance with Hooke´s law

- material is isotropic
- displacements and strains are small (first order theory).

C.4.5.2 Selection of methods for determining stresses

The choice of the method used for determining stresses is under the responsibility of the manufacturer.

This method may be numerical, analytical or possibly experimental.

The following requirements relate only to methods for determining stresses by calculation.

When the vessel studied is built of components which can be classified as shells and plates, calculation
methods that describe the state of these components using global mechanical parameters (i.e. generalised
deformations and stress resultants in a section, corresponding to linear strain and stress distribution across
the thickness of the wall) are generally acceptable.

This is certainly so for :

- vessels for which a fatigue analysis in accordance with clause 18 is not required,

- vessels or vessel parts for which such an analysis is required but does not necessitate evaluation of
peak stresses (e.g. all cases where the critical fatigue zones are located in welded joints),

- vessels or vessel parts for which evaluation of peak stresses for use in clause 18 can be carried out
using suitable stress concentration factors, applied to the linearized stresses derived from these
methods.

The analysis of thick wall vessels or of thick parts of vessels, particularly under thermal loads, may require
the use of refined models (two or three dimensional continuous medium permitting analysis of actual non-
linear stress or strain distributions across the thickness of the wall).

In all cases, accuracy or conservatism of the methods used shall be adequate to ensure good
representativeness of the calculated stresses with regard to those required for the analysis. In this respect,
the use of tested and recognized practices is recommended.

C.5 Classification of stresses

Stresses determined by analysis shall be classified in accordance with the different categories whose
definitions are given in C.2. In some cases, interpretation of these definitions may be problematical and, to
a large extend, depends on the analyst’s judgement.

In order to limit this difficulty, Table C-2 prescribes the classification to be used for a certain number of
configurations covering most of the common cases.

Information given in this table refers to stresses calculated in accordance with the requirements of C.4.5.

For the analysis of particular geometrical arrangements or loadings, for which the classifications proposed in
these tables would not be suitable, departure from them is permissible, so long as the alternative
classifications are justified by means of direct reference to the definitions given in C.2.
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Table C-2 - Classification of stresses in some typical cases

ORIGIN OF STRESS
REGION TYPE Mechanical loads Thermal
VESSEL UNDER OF Local load loads;
COMPONENT CONSIDERATION STRESS acting in the Other restrained or
vicinity of the mechanical imposed
Pressure
point under loads displacement
consideration 1) s
Region far from σij,m Pm PL Pm Qm
2)

any gross structural

σij,b Qb
3)
Pb Pb Qb
Cylindrical, discontinuity
spherical, Vicinity of a junction
conical, with another shell, σij,m PL PL PL Qm
or toroidal an end, a flange;
shell vicinity of an opening
4)
(with or without nozzle) σij,b Qb Pb Qb Qb
4) 5)

Central region σij,m Pm PL Pm Qm 2)

outside
the vicinity
σij,b Pb Pb Pb Qb
Torispherical of an opening
or ellipsoidal Central region
dished end in the vicinity of σij,m PL PL PL Qm
an opening (with or
without nozzle) 4) 5);
σij,b Qb Pb4) Qb Qb
peripherical region 6)
Region far from any
gross structural σij,m Pm Pm Pm Qm 2)
discontinuity;
Flat end, vicinity of an
plane wall opening (with or σij,b Pb Pb4) Pb Qb
without nozzle) 4)
Vicinity of edges σij,m Pm Pm Pm Qm
or of a stiffener σij,b Qb Pb Qb Qb
Isolated σij,m 8)
PL or Pm
7)
PL or Pm
7)
PL or Pm
7)
Qm
σij,b
8)
Perforated ligament Qb Pb Qb Qb
wall Ligament σij,m
8)
(shell or plate) Pm Pm Pm Qm
in a multiple
9)
and close
σij,b8) Pb Pb Pb Qb
perforation region
Region far σij,m Pm PL Pm Qm 2)
from junction
to vessel wall σij,b Qb
3)
Pb Pb Qb
Vicinity of the σij,m PL PL PL Qm
Nozzle junction to a shell
5)
or a dished end σij,b Qb Pb Qb Qb
Vicinity of the σij,m PL PL PL Qm
junction to a flat end
10)
or plane wall σij,b Pb or Qb11) Pb Qb Qb
1) 11)
Notes to : see next page
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Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.89

Notes to Table C-2 :

1) The ”other mechanical loads” are the overall mechanical loads acting on whole vessel, and the local loads
acting far from the point under consideration (a local load acts ”far from” a point when this point is located
outside the region of local primary membrane stress possibly generated by this load).

2) For regions far from gross structural discontinuities, the classification of membrane stresses due to
thermal loads or to restrained or imposed displacements in category Qm leads to plastic deformations
occurring in these regions during the early loading cycles, at any point where the equivalent primary +
secondary membrane stress is greater than the yield stress of the material.
With regard to the failure modes covered by the rules of this annex, the strength of the vessel is not affected
by these plastic deformations; however, due to these deformations, the use of stresses calculated on an
elastic basis is not correct in assessing the risk of elastic or elastic-plastic instability (buckling).

Consequently, if there are regions of the vessel where this risk of instability shall be considered and if this
risk may be increased by the redistribution of stresses associated with the plastic deformations mentioned
above, such plastic deformations shall not be permitted.
This requirement is met by ensuring that, in the regions far from any gross structural or loading
discontinuity, the equivalent primary + secondary membrane stress (σeq)(P+Q)m (equivalent stress
corresponding to [(Σij)Pm or (Σij)PL] + (Σij)Qm ) satisfies the relationship:

(σeq)( P+Q)m ≤ 1,5 f ...(C.6-1)

3) Pb when the shell is not axisymmetric (example: oblique conical shell, cylinder of elliptic cross section).

4) For an opening with nozzle, the nozzle loads acting on the shell come under the heading ”other
mechanical loads”, whether they are due to purely mechanical loadings (self-weight) or thermal loadings
(thermal expansion).

5) See figure C-4.

6) For a torispherical end, although there are two different peripherical discontinuities (spherical shell-
toroidal shell and toroidal shell-cylindrical shell junctions), the stress distribution is generally such that only
one single local primary membrane stress region occurs in the knuckle.
Where relative dimensions and thicknesses of spherical, toroidal, and cylindrical components are such that
two such regions occur, the classification given here for the ”peripherical region” applies in the vicinity of
each discontinuity; the intermediate region is to be classified as ”region far from any gross structural
discontinuity” and the rules relating to the spacing of local primary membrane stress regions shall be
satisfied.

7) Pm for a flat wall. PL for a wall which is not flat.

8) For this particular case, the stress value to be retained is the average value across the ligament width.

9) The effect of the perforations shall be taken into account in stress calculation.

10) For an opening with nozzle in a flat end or a flat wall, for which the concept of ”local primary membrane
stress region” has no meaning, the meridional extent of the local primary membrane stress region which
may occur at the nozzle base shall, for the nozzle, be measured from the outside surface of the end or of the
wall.

11) Pb when the strength of the nozzle is taken into account for the calculation of stresses acting in the flat
end or the flat wall; if not, Qb. The first solution, conservative for the nozzle, is only interesting in practice if
taking into account the strength of the nozzle leads to a significant decrease of the flat end or flat wall
thickness.
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1 : shell
2 : nozzle
3 : nozzle base region
4 : thickness transition regions
5 : limits of local primary membrane stress region

This figure shows the case of an opening with nozzle in a cylindrical shell. It also applies to the case of an
opening with nozzle in a spherical, conical or toroidal shell or in the central region of a dished end (Rm is
the circumferential mean curvature radius) It applies as well to the case of an opening without nozzle (for
this case ea,n = 0).

It does not apply to an opening in a flat end or a flat wall; in such cases, see note 10 of Table C-2.

When the level of stress acting in the vicinity of the opening is such that a local primary membrane stress
region occurs, the extent of this region, measured taking account of both sides of the nozzle-shell
discontinuity, shall satisfy the condition:

Rm. ea,s + rm .ea,n

ls + ln ≤ ...(C.6-2)
2

Possible thickness transitions which may occur between a reinforced part and an unreinforced part of the
nozzle and/or of the shell do not usually involve local primary membrane stress regions.

Where, for particular geometrical or loading arrangements, such regions occur in the vicinity of these
transitions, the conditions in C2.3 (local primary membrane stress) relating to local regions shall be met,
particularly the condition relating to the spacing of these regions in relation to the adjacent local primary
membrane region at nozzle base.

Figure C-4 : Opening in a shell

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C.6 Stress analysis procedure

The procedure to be followed for a stress analysis is the following:

- Step 1: For each point of the region under study, calculate the elementary stresses resulting from each
load acting on the vessel wall for each loading condition to be considered.

These calculations shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements C.4.5.

The loading conditions to be considered are:

- the loading conditions of all types (normal operation, exceptional operation, proof test) for which the
stress level may be determinant through assessment criteria C.7.2 (step 7).

- the normal operating conditions between which the stress variation may be determinant through the
assessment criteria C.7.3-1 (step 9).

- Step 2: Decompose the stresses σij calculated above, in accordance with the requirements of C.4.4, into:

- membrane stress: σij,m,

- bending stress: σij,b.

The bending stress to be taken into account for the analysis is the stress on both sides of the wall i.e., at
the two ends of the supporting line segment (two equal values with opposite signs).

- Step 3: In accordance with the directives of C.5, classify these stresses into the different categories
defined in C.2:

- general primary membrane stress (Pm),

- local primary membrane stress (PL),

- primary bending stress (Pb),

- secondary membrane stress (Qm),

- secondary bending stress (Qb).

Following this classification the stress σij,m is designated (σij)Pm, (σij)PL, or (σij)Qm, and the stress σij,b is
designated (σij)Pb or (σij)Qb.

- Step 4: Calculate the sum of the stresses classified in this way for the set of loads acting simultaneously in
the loading condition under consideration.

Stresses resulting from this summation are designated: (Σij)Pm , (Σij)PL , (Σij)Pb , (Σij)Qm , (Σij)Qb

- Step 5: From this, deduce:

a) the primary membrane stress, general or local (depending on the point under consideration):

(Σij)Pm or (Σij)PL.

b) the total primary stress (Σij)P :

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(Σij)P = [(Σij)Pm , or (Σij)PL ] + (Σij)Pb ...(C.6-1)

c) the primary + secondary stress (Σij)P+Q :

(Σij)P+Q = [(Σij)Pm , or (Σij)PL] + (Σij)Pb + (Σij)Qm + (Σij)Qb ...(C.6-2)

- Step 6: According to C.4.1 calculate the following equivalent stresses:

- (σeq)Pm, equivalent to stresses (Σij)Pm, or, depending on point under consideration, (σeq)PL,
equivalent to stresses (Σij)PL,

- (σeq)P, equivalent to stresses (Σij)P

- Step 7: Verify the admissibility of these equivalent stresses with respect to criteria in C.4.2.

- Step 8: For each set of two normal operating loading conditions which may be determinant, calculate the
range of the primary + secondary stress ∆(Σij)P+Q and then, as indicated in C.4.2, calculate the
corresponding equivalent stress range (∆σeq)P+Q .

The set of loading conditions to be retained is that which results in the greatest value of (∆σeq)P+Q.

- Step 9: Verify the admissibility of the equivalent resulting stress range (∆σeq)P+Q with respect to criteria
C.5.3.

C.7 Assessment criteria

C.7.1 General

The whole design shall basically meet the stress criteria given in C.7.2 and C.7.3. These criteria are
illustrated diagrammatically in Table C-2.

Relaxation of criterion C.7.3-1 is possible in some cases, under the conditions given in C.7.4.

When compressive stresses occur, buckling shall be assessed. For external pressure, see applicable rules
in clause 8.

NOTE: Functional requirements may set limitations on the allowable deformations.

C.7.2 Limitation of equivalent primary stresses

The equivalent primary membrane stresses shall for all loading conditions satisfy the relationships:

(σeq)Pm ≤ f ...(C.7.2-1)

(σeq)PL ≤ 1,5 f ...(C.7.2-2)

(σeq)P ≤ 1,5 f ...(C.7.2-3)

The value of f to be retained shall be that consistent with the type of loading condition considered (normal
operation, exceptional operation, proof test), and shall be taken at the calculation temperature of that
condition.
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Table C-3 : Illustration of assessment criteria

Stress Categories
Primary stress Secondary
General Local Bending membrane + bending Peak stress
membrane membrane stress stress
stress stress
Primary mean Primary mean Primary stress Self-equilibrating stress a) Addition to
stress calculated stress calculated component necessary to satisfy the primary or
across the wall across the wall proportional to the continuity of the structure. secondary
thickness without thickness taking distance from the Occurs at large stress because
Description taking into into account large controid of the solid discontinuities, but does of stress
(For practical account discontinuities, but wall section. Does not include stress concentration.
examples, see discontinuities not stress not include concentrations.
and stress concentrations. discontinuities b) Certain thermal
Table C-2) Can be caused by both
concentrations. and stress stresses which
Caused only by mechanical loads and may cause
concentrations.
Caused only by mechanical loads. thermal effects. fatigue, but not
mechanical loads. Caused only by distortion.
mechanical loads
Q
Symbol Pm PL1) Pb (Qm + Qb) F

(σeq)P ≤ f
m

(eq. C.7.2-1) 2)

assessment
againts (σeq)P ≤ 1,5f ∆(σeq)P+Q ≤ 3 f 3)
L
static loading 7)
(eq. C.7.2-2) (eq. C.7.3-1)

(σeq)P ≤ 1,5 f
_______ = design loads
(eq. C.7.2-3) 2)
− − − − − = operating
loads

fatigue ∆(σeq)P+Q
assessment 4) 5) or ∆(σeq)P+Q+F 6)
Assessment based on : or
(only if max (∆σi)
required) 7) 7)

1) PL = Pm does not occur at the point in question.

2) In assessment criteria (C.7.2-1) to (C.7.2-3), the value of the nominal design stress f shall be that relevant for the loading
condition under consideration (normal operation, exceptional operation, proof test), as defined in clause 6.

3) If (∆σeq)P+Q is greater than 3f, see C.7.6

4) Fatigue assessment shall consider all the applied cycles of various ranges, each of them being characterized by its own
relevant stress range (see notes 5 and 6). Clause 18 (detailed fatigue assessment) shall normally be used.

5) The primary + secondary stress range (named « structural stress range » in clause 18 on detailed fatigue assessment)
applies to assessment of welded joints. In that case, either the equivalent stress range (∆σeq)P+Q or the maximum principal
stress range max(∆σi) may be used.

6) The primary + secondary + peak stress range (named «notch stress range » in clause 18 on detailed fatigue assessment)
applies to assessment of unwelded parts.

7) It should be observed that, depending on the model used, the computer programs usually give directly the primary + secondary
stresses (P + Q) or the primary + secondary + peak stresses (P + Q + F).
 DBA Annex 2: Annex C Page
Design by Analysis
Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.94

C.7.3 Limitation of equivalent stress ranges resulting from primary + secondary stresses

The equivalent stress range resulting from variation of primary + secondary stresses between two any
normal operating conditions shall at all points satisfy the relationship:

(∆σeq)P+Q ≤ 3 f ...(C.7.3-1)

The value of f to be retained shall be that corresponding to loading conditions of normal operating type,
and shall be taken at the following temperature:

t* = 0,75⋅tmax + 0,25⋅tmin ...(C.7.3-2)

where tmax and tmin are respectively the higher and the lower of the calculation temperatures of the two
normal operating conditions considered.

C.7.4 Alternative to limitation of equivalent stresses and equivalent stress ranges

Deviations from the preceding limitations of equivalent stresses and equivalent stress ranges are possible if
it is proved by other means that the component meets the required safety margin against gross plastic
deformation and progressive plastic deformation stated in annex B (e.g. by tests on the component, plastic
analysis, or the like).

C.7.5 Limitation of primary stresses in case of tri-axial state of stress

Where the stress analysis leads to a tri-axial state of stress, the following condition shall be satisfied
additionally whenever the smallest tensile principal stress exceeds half the highest tensile principal stress,
to avoid brittle failure caused by the limited ductility in such stress states:

max (σ1 ; σ2 ; σ3) ≤ Rp/t ...(C.7.5-1)

where Rp/t is the value of the yield stress relevant for determination of f (either Rp0,2/t or Rp1,0/t) at
calculation temperature.

This value can be exceeded, if it is shown by a fracture mechanics analysis that higher values can be
accepted.

C.7.6 Simplified elastic-plastic analysis

The equivalent stress range resulting from variation of primary + secondary stresses between two normal
operating conditions is allowed to exceed 3f on condition that

a) (∆σeq)’P+Q ≤ 3 f ...(C.7.6-1)

where (∆σeq)’P+Q is the equivalent same stress range, calculated without taking into account bending
stresses of thermal origin.

b) a detailed fatigue analysis according to clause 18 is performed. In this analysis, (∆σeq) shall be
multiplied by the appropriate plasticity correction factor, as determined from that annex (Detailed
assessment of fatigue life).

c) the material is such that Rp < 0,8 Rm, Rp being here the value of the yield stress relevant for
determination of f (either Rp0,2 or Rp0,1) at room temperature.

d) the absence of risk of incremental collapse by thermal stress ratchet in regions of general primary
membrane stress is established according to C.7.7.
 DBA Annex 2: Annex C Page
Design by Analysis
Draft CEN prEN 13445-3 A2.95

C.7.7 Prevention of incremental collapse resulting from thermal ratcheting

C.7.7.1 General

The ”thermal ratcheting” phenomena is the mechanism of incremental collapse which may occur in certain
conditions under the effect of cyclic thermal loads associated with a permanent pressure action.

It results in a plastic deformation which increases by about the same amount at each cycle and quickly
leads to an unacceptable value.

Meeting the criterion C.7.3-1 guarantees the absence of thermal ratcheting.

Paragraph C.7.7.3 provides a rule which, for the particular case of a linear thermal gradient, enables the
absence of thermal ratcheting to be guaranteed when the condition C.7.3 is not met.

This rule applies to the regions of general primary membrane stress. The absence of thermal ratcheting in
these regions ensures the absence of thermal ratcheting in discontinuity regions.

C.7.7.2 Specific parameters

(σeq)Pm,P is the equivalent general primary membrane stress due to pressure alone.

(∆σeq) (P+Q),T is the equivalent primary + secondary stress range of the stress due to thermal load

C.7.7.3 Assessment criterion

For an axisymmetric shell under constant pressure and subject to a linear thermal gradient across the
thickness of the wall, there is no risk of failure by incremental collapse due to thermal ratcheting if, in
regions of general primary membrane stress, the following relationships are satisfied:

- for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,5 :

y ≤ 1/x ...(C.7.7-1)

- for 0,5 ≤ x ≤ 1 :

y ≤ 4(1 − x) ...(C.7.7-2)

where x and y are defined respectively as:

(σ eq )Pm,P
x= ...(C.7.7-3)
15
, f

( ∆σ eq )(P + Q),T
y= ...(C.7.7-4)
15
, f

The value of f to be retained shall be that applying to normal operating conditions, at the maximum
calculation temperature reached during the cycle.