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Adaptation of Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6 in Indonesian Context
Adaptation of Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6 in Indonesian Context
18 JURNAL PSIKOLOGI
ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
motivated (Froh, Yurkewicz, & Kashdan, GQ-6 on children and adolescents aged
2009). Gratitude positively impacts between 10 – 19 years who are mainly
adolescents, enabling them to contribute to Caucasians. Findings from the previous
their surrounding environment (Froh, study found that GQ-6 showed good
Bono, & Emmons, 2010). It predicts social reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: >0.70) and
integration and mediates between one’s good convergent validity. The convergent
proportionate behavior and life satis- validity is seen from correlating the GQ-6
faction. Considering the benefit it delivers, value with other gratitude scales such as
there is a need to come up with a scale to Gratitude, Resentment, Appreciation Test-
measure gratitude for adolescents (Froh et Short Form (GRAT-Short Form) and
al., 2010). Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC). The
In Indonesia, adolescents owns convergent validity test found a positive
various profiles due to the variety of correlation between those measurement
ethnic, culture, socio-economic levels and tools.
education (Sarwono, 2007). According to Neto (2007) conducted research about
Sarwono (2007) adolescents, in the gratitude using GQ-6. The research
Indonesian context, are unmarried indivi- involved 152 Portuguese college students
duals aged between 11 until 24 years old ranging from 18 – 26 years old
with several other considerations: (1) (Caucasian). The result showed that the
Physical criteria, secondary sexual GQ-6 achieved good reliability in measur-
characteristics began to appear by the age ing the gratitude level of Portuguese
of eleven. (2) Social criteria, according to college students (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.75).
customs and religion, puberty happens by Furthermore, Langer, Ulloa, Aguilar-
the age of eleven, leading children to be Parra, Araya-Véliz, dan Brito (2016)
considered as adults. (3) Psychological translated the scale into Spanish and
criteria, referring to the genital phase from adapted the respondents to include
the psychosexual development by Freud, adolescents and adults. For the adolescents
the peak of cognitive development by (age 12-20 years old), the research
Piaget, along with self identity by Erikson. concluded a 5-item version of the scale
(4) 24 years is the maximum age for an showed better reliability (Cronbach’s
individual to be classified as an adolescent, alpha: 0.726), namely by removing item
with criteria where individuals with that number six. The research on adult
age limit cannot meet social or psycho- respondents (Mage: 37.6 years old), found
logical maturity requirements. It can be that the original version of GQ-6 is suitable
concluded that Indonesian adolescents are (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.832).
those aged between 11 to 24 years old who
Yüksel and Oğuz Duran (2012)
are unmarried.
adapted GQ-6 into Turkish by testing its’
reliability and validity in measuring the
The Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) level of gratitude of Turkish college
Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) is one of students (age: 20 years old). The result of
the gratitude instrument designed for the research showed that the Turkish CQ-6
adult samples, however, several studies had better construct validity when it
have also applied it for adolescent samples eliminated item number six. It also achiev-
such as Froh, et al. (2011). Froh et al (2011) ed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s
measured the reliability and validity of
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GRIMALDY & HARYANTO
alpha: 0.77) and test-re-test correlation total item variance leading to the research
(0.66). only using six good items in the first
Chen, Chen, Kee, and Tsai (2009) factor. Furthermore, confirmatory factor
research translated Gratitude Question- analysis was conducted towards the six
naire-6 (GQ-6) into Chinese and examined items by confirming one formed item
its’ validity and reliability on Taiwanese (McCullough et al., 2002)
college students. The result of the research The research conducted by Chen, et al.
showed that the Chinese GQ-6 has good (2009) using confirmatory factor analysis
reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.80). Similar confirmed that the five-item model of GQ-
to previous findings, the factor analysis 6 that consists of one factor has a better
indicates that item number six is insigni- validity than the six-item model. Further-
ficant. Hence, item number six was more, the exploratory factor analysis on
eliminated, leaving the Chinese GQ with GQ-6 by Yüksel and Oğuz Duran (2012)
five items. Furthermore, the confirmatory showed that there are two factors, each
factor analyses result shows that the five- explaining 44.42% and 18.64% variance
item model holds a better validity respectively. The second factor only
compared to the six items. The construct consists of one item which is item number
validity is seen from the total correlation six. Hence, for the next confimatory factor
score with happiness (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), analysis only using five-items, item
optimism (r = 0.28, p < 0,001), agree- number six was excluded. The result of
ableness (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), extraversion confirmatory factor analsysis with five-
(r = 0.11, p < 0.001), and neuroticism (r = items showed the formation of one
0.4, ns). significant factor that explains 53.27% of
Similar to the research conducted by the total variance.
Chen, Chen, Kee, and Tsai in 2009, Oriza In several research in Indonesia using
and Menaldi (2010) translated and Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) by
validated the Indonesian version of GQ-6 measuring the existing facet as a factor or
by testing it on 37 Indonesians, age dimension so that categorize six-item
ranging from 21 - 55 years old. The study Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) into the
finding indicates that the gratitude scale facets. The research by Hafix (2018)
achieved a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 with categorize six item Gratitude Question-
eight items. naire-6 (GQ-6) into four existing facet, they
GQ-6 is a unifactorial scale of are intensity that is described by item
gratitude (McCullough et al., 2002) that number 1,3, and 5; frequency in item
consists of four facets: intensity, frequency, number 6; span in item number 2; density
span, and density. McCullough et al. in item number 4. On the other hand,
(2002) used the term facet for elements in Angelia (2016) categorized GQ-6 into four
gratitude due to them being dependent on dimension: intensity (item 5, 7), frequency
each other. The research (McCullough et (item 6), span (item 1, 2, 3), and density
al., 2002), showing an exploratory factor (item 4, 8). In the research by Angelia
analysis towards 39 items, indicates the (2016) the confirmatory factor analysis
formation of one significant factor that showed that the gratitude scale does not
explains 27% of the total item variance fully fit with one factor, indicating that
with ten other factors formed. However, there is a need for modification towards
those factors only contribute 7% of the that particular scale model.
20 JURNAL PSIKOLOGI
ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
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GRIMALDY & HARYANTO
Validity test is used to examine the The result of the FGD depicted that
degree of accuracy of a measurement tool. Indonesian adolescents’ source of grati-
Anastasi and Urbina (1997) stated that tude is not only towards other humans but
validity considers whether the measure- also to God, the universe, and all the good
ment tool could correctly measure what is and bad experiences in life. As a result,
meant to be measured. According to additional items were added to the GQ-6.
Kaplan and Saccuzzo (2005), the validity These additional items were discussed
refers to the appropriateness between the further through another round of expert
test score towards the quality of the one judgment.
being measured. Further, validity is the Next, Pilot study was conducted
relevancy of the substance of the questions using the 11-item gratitude questionnaire.
arranged can deliver information regard- The additional items were obtained from
ing to construct that is to be measured the expert judgment and FGD result. The
(Azwar, 1995). According to Azwar (1999), pilot study highlighted that the eleven
the purpose of the validity test is to test the items tested to have fulfilled the standard
measurenment tools. items.
Respondent
Method
To examine the reliability of adapted GQ-
Procedure 6, this study involved university students
aged between 18-24 years old in Jakarta.
The first step of adapting the GQ-6 is
The process of obtaining the samples was
translation. The process of translating GQ-
conducted using convenience sampling
6 into Indonesian was done by a sworn
based on the availability and willingness
translator. After obtaining items in
of the samples to become respondents.
Indonesian, the researcher conducted a
back translate, namely translating the The total of 404 respondents consist of
Indonesian items back to English, a 404 respondents consisting of 101 male
process which was also conducted by a (25%) and 303 female (75%). The religious
sworn translator. diversity of the participants was as
Next, expert judgments was con- followed: Islam (78%), Christian (11,1%),
ducted to examine the appropriateness of Catholics (5.9%), Confucianism (2.0%),
the item and the result of the translation. Hinduism (1.5%), Buddhism (1.0%) and
Based on the expert judgment, several GQ- others (0.5%). There were five ethnicities
6 items were revised, turning it into eight with the largest percentage of Javanese
items. (41.3%), Sundanese (19.3%), Betawinese
A focus group discussion was then (8.4%), Bataknese (7.4%), and Minangnese
conducted with participants to ensure that (4.7%).
the scale is understandble. Respondents in
the focus group discussion were university Data analysis
students located in Jakarta. Five The current research examined the relia-
individuals from differing religions (i.e., bility of the scale through its’ internal
Islam, Christian, Catholics, Hinduism, consistency. Internal consistency was
Buddhism) and ethnicities (i.e., Sundanese, reliability based on data obtained from one
Ambonese, Javanese, Balinese, Malay) conducted test or granting attitude scale to
participated in the focus group discussion. a group of respondents (Azwar, 1995). We
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ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
used the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to factor solution. Factor one consists of item
determine the internal consistency of the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Meanwhile, factor two
scale. According to Azwar (2012), the consists of item 1, 2, 3, 10, and 11. Factor
construct validity shows whether the one refers to gratitude as an appreciation
measurement result obtained from the test towards the constant experience of life.
items have a high correlation with the Factor two refers to gratitude as an
theoretical construct that will be the basis appreciation towards individuals in
of drafting the test. Exploratory factor various parts of life. Table 3 shows item
analysis (EFA) was applied to investigate distribution and names of factors.
the factors that create a construct by seeing
the largest variance with the least number
Discussion
of factor (Azwar, 2012).
The Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6)
Results consists of one factor, known as
unifactoral (McCullough et al., 2002)
Result of the reliability analysis with which consists of 4 facet or aspects,
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, α = 0.879. namely intensity, frequency, span, and
Item-total correlation was between 0.517 – density. Intensity refers to the extent to
0.655. This indicated a good reliability as which an individual feels grateful.
Kaplan & Saccuzzo (2005) stated that, for Frequency refers to how often an
research purposes, the recommended individual feels grateful, for example in a
coefficient reliability is 0.70 and 0.80. day how much does an individual feels
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was grateful. Span refers to the number of
conducted with the aim to uncover under- events that leads an individual to
lying factors of a construct by finding or experience gratitude within a certain
seeking the largest variance with the least period. Density refers to the number of
amount of factors (Azwar, 2012). objects of gratitude emotions.
This research followed the eigenvalue- The GQ-6 originally consists of six
greater-than-one rule (Kaiser, 1960) to items. In this research, five additional
determine the number of factors that items were added to the Gratitude
should be included to the model. From Questionnaire-6 (GC-6), resulting in eleven
Table 1, it can be seen that there are two final items. Five additional items were
factors with an eigenvalue greater than obtained from revising the items based on
one. These two factors account for 59.2% of the writing conventions of items according
the total variance of the scale. to Azwar (1999) and focus group discus-
sion, which was later evaluated through
Table 2 shows the rotated component
expert judgment.
matrix by the varimax method of the two-
Table 1.
Total Variance Explained
Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Component
Total % of Variance Total % of Variance
1 5.219 47.447 3.412 31.015
2 1.309 11.899 3.116 28.331
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Table 2.
Tabel Rotated Component Matrix
Component
1 2
Item 1 0.185 0.771
Item 2 0.248 0.798
Item 3 0.243 0.646
Item 4 0.748 0.150
Item 5 0.711 0.224
Item 6 0.630 0.359
Item 7 0.790 0.196
Item 8 0.698 0.248
Item 9 0.695 0.296
Item 10 0.400 0.644
Item 11 0.201 0.814
Table 3.
Item Distribution Results and Names of Factors
Component/ Item
Item Factor
Factor Number
1 4 I feel thankful towards everyone. Appreciation to the constant
5 As I get older, I feel more capable of experience of life.
appreciating other people that took part
in my life journey.
6 I feel more capable of appreciating
events that take occur in my life.
7 I feel more capable of appreciating my
current situation.
8 I feel that I spend more time feeling
grateful for something or someone.
9 I feel grateful towards unfortunate
things that happen to me.
2 1 There are many things that I should be Appreciation towards
grateful for in life. individuals that take part in
2 If I had a list of things that I am grateful my life.
for, it would probably be long.
3 When I see the world, I feel that there is
not much to be grateful of*
10 I feel grateful of what the universe has
to offer.
11 I feel grateful to God.
One item that was revised from the I feel more capable of appreciating other
original GQ-6 is item five, which that people that took part in my life journey.”,
states “As I get older, I feel more capable (2) “I feel more capable of appreciating
in appreciating other people who took part events that occur in my life.”, and “I feel
in my life journey.” This is then divided more capable of appreciating my current
into three items, that is: (1) “As I get older, situation.” The items are divided to
24 JURNAL PSIKOLOGI
ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
prevent double or multiple meanings. The research, both items are valid and fulfill
additional items obtained from the the criteria of a good item, that leads to it
focused group discussions are: (4) “I feel in accordance to the statement by Emmons
grateful towards unfortunate things that and McCullough (2003) that stated grati-
happen to me.”, (5) “ I feel grateful for tude can be shown both towards humans
what the universe has to offer.”, and “I feel and nonhuman (e.g., animals, nature,
grateful to God.” God).
McCullough et al. (2002) defined The reliability test conducted by
gratitude as the tendency to acknowledge internal consistency approach based on
a positive emotion that arises due to data which obtained from a group of
something else or someone else. This respondents who were given a one-time
definition is not suitable for the results attitude scale. The reliability coefficient is
obtained in this research, because the seen from the value of Cronbach’s alpha.
Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) in this Result of the reliability analysis with
research has several additional items; one Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, α = 0.879
which states “I feel grateful towards with the coefficient item total correlation
unfortunate things that happen to me.” In of 0.517 until 0.655. This indicates that the
this regard, gratitude does not emerge Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) is
from a positive thing matter, but also from consistent in measuring gratitude of
unfortunate occasions that one Indonesian adolescent, and the eleven
experiences. items a fulfill the standards or require-
In a research conducted by Lambert, ments of a good item.
Graham, Fincham, and Stillman (2009), Validity test was conducted by
gratitude is linked with sense of coherence evaluating the construct validity through a
from positive reframing. Antonovsky (in factor analysis approach. The exploratory
Lambert et al., 2009) stated that sense of factor analysis (EFA) shows that the
coherence is the belief that life can be Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) con-
managed, is meaningful, and understood. sisted of eleven items and has two under-
Positive reframing is a process by which lying factors. The items that belonged to
unfortunate incidents are seen from a each factor fits the original arrangement
positive standpoint (Lambert et al., 2009). and its theoretical construct that had been
According to Lambert et al. (2009), explored during instrument drafting. The
individuals with a higher level of gratitude results showed consistency between the
are able to use positive reframing to EFA results and theoretical construct.
perceive negative events as something In this research, the Gratitude
more meaningful, as understandable and Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) consisted of eleven
manageable. items which form two factors. The
In Indonesian adolescents, gratitude is exploratory factor analysis (EFA) resulted
not only expressed towards other in two factors: factor one consists of items
individuals, but also towards the universe number 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and factor two
and God. This expression is portrayed in consists of items number 1, 2, 3, 10, 11.
item number ten (“I feel grateful of what Factor one generally depicts the feeling of
the universe has to offer”) and item eleven appreciation towards the constant
(“I feel grateful to God).” In the Gratitude experience of life experience, and factor
Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) used in this two generally depicts the feeling of indivi-
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GRIMALDY & HARYANTO
26 JURNAL PSIKOLOGI
ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
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28 JURNAL PSIKOLOGI
ADAPTATION OF GRATITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE-6 (GQ–6)
Yüksel, A., & Oğuz Duran, N. (2012). Eurasian Journal of Educational Research,
Turkish adaptation of the gratitude 46(46), 199–216.
questionnaire. Egitim Arastirmaları-
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