MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTUING ENGINEERING

ME160P-2/E01
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

WRITTEN REPORT ON
HYDRAULICS

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

SUBMITTED BY:
BELLEN, ANDRE ANTONI C.
2018140109

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. PAULO RAFAEL V. MERIS

Jan. 30, 2021

ABSTRACT

Throughout the experiment, all student where required to simulate a circuit diagram
using hydraulics system. Wherein hydraulic system/s are generally used in all forms of small and
large industrial settings, as well as buildings and means of transportations. Compared to
pneumatic systems, hydraulic systems might cost more due to heavy equipment, in terms of fluid
that is being pressurized to make the system work. In a very basic or common level, hydraulics
could be a liquid counterpart of pneumatics but in terms of fluid power applications, hydraulics
is commonly used for the control, generation, as well as the transmission of power with the use
of pressurized liquids. The range of hydraulics in some parts of engineering modules and
science, it covers ideas such as dam design, pipe flow and other flows connected to a certain
channel or tube. These operations are performed primarily by using diesel, electrical machines,
steam engines etc. For instance, since liquid are not quite compressible, they permit to transfer
and multiply forces in terms or pressure. In general, with hydraulic power, energy is required in
order to control and transmit an enormous amount of power that is required to a certain
machine/s.

ii
OBJECTIVES

 To be able to solve different problems / exercises using hydraulics.

 To become familiar with all of the operation of FluidSim hydraulics.
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
ABSTRACT ii
OBJECTIVES ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES 1
DISCUSSION 2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 3
FINAL DATA SHEET/SET-UP 6
CONCLUSION 2
RECOMMENDATION 2
REFERENCES 2
 iii

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

According to Sivaranjith (2018), the principle of a hydraulic system is derived from

Pascal’s law, in general the pressure works perpendicular to the surface of the plane, the pressure
given to some fluid in closed place propagates.

The picture above in agreement with the pascal law, it can be obtained by the following
equations:
F1 F 2
 =
A1 A2

F1× A2
 F 2=
A1

F 1 × r 22
 F 2= 2
r1

Where:
F 1 = Force applied at A1

F 2 = Force out at A2

r 1 = radius of the small piston

r 2 = radius of the big piston

 The equation above can be seen that the magnitude of F 2 is affected by the size of the
cross-sectional area of the A2 and A1 pistons.

1
DISCUSSION

In a hydraulic system, this is used to change the fluid compression force that was
produced by the hydraulic pump to shift the working cylinder forward and backward and
up/down corresponding to the location of the cylinder.
Hydraulic systems consist of number of parts for its proper functioning. These include
control valve, filter, hydraulic cylinder, pump, pressure regulator and so much more.

The storage/fluid tank is a reservoir for the liquid used as a transmission media. The
liquid used is generally high dense of incompressible oil. It is then filtered to eliminate dust or
any other unwanted particles and it is then pumped by the hydraulic pump. The capacity of pump
depends on the design of the hydraulic system wherein these pumps generally deliver constant
volume in each revolution of the pump shaft. As a matter of fact, the fluid pressure can increase
indefinitely at the very end of the piston until the system fails. The pressure regulator on the
other hand is used to prevent issues that could direct the excess fluid back to the storage tank.
 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Lathe Spindle. In an automatic lathe, a hydraulic motor runs the main spindle. It is
necessary to know the relationship of the pressure to the flowrate (pump characteristic).

2. Lifting Machine. A lifting machine transfer products to a higher elevation. A system

with pressure relief valve can be used. However, it is necessary to determine the
relationship of the pressure to the flowrate for the operation (pressure relief valve
characteristics).

3. Pressing Machine. In a pressing machine, there is a need to test the hydraulic resistance
of the components to evaluate the pressure for the pressing action. There is a pressure
range for operation.
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4. Feed lifter. A feed device lifts rolls of papers to a machine. The lifting movement is done
by a cylinder. When the pump unit is turned on, the cylinder moves upward. The
retraction can only happen through opening a valve when the pump is already turned off.

5. Cover Opener. A furnace cover needs to be lifted when a push button is pressed. When
the button is released, the cover automatically returns to the initial position.

6. Embossing Machine. In an embossing machine, the pressing action has a controlled

movement. A button can be pressed for the forward movement.

7. Grinding Table. The table of the grinder is controlled by a cylinder. The speed
movement in both directions can be controlled at the same rate.
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8. Door Lifter. The heavy door of a furnace should be lifted when a button is pressed.
However, due to the weight of the door, the rod of the cylinder can be pulled out so there
should be counter-holding device.

9. Lifting Device. When a button is pressed, a single-acting cylinder extends. The button is
pressed again for the retraction.

10. Clamping Device. A clamping device is needed in a drilling machine. The device is
operated by a double acting cylinder. There is a forward, hold and reverse position.
 5

11. Automatic Reciprocating Cylinder. A double-acting cylinder moves forward then

retracts after reaching the maximum position. The action takes place continuously as long
as the unit is turned on.
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FINAL DATA SHEET / SET-UP

1. Problem 27: Lathe Spindle

2. Problem 28: Lifting Machine

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3. Problem 29: Pressing Machine

4. Problem 30: Feed Lifter

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5. Problem 31: Cover Opener

6. Problem 33: Embossing Machine

9
7. Problem 34: Grinding Table

8. Problem 35: Door Lifter

9. Problem 36: Lifting Device

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10. Problem 37: Clamping Device

11. Problem 38: Automatic Reciprocating Cylinder

12
CONCLUSION
Throughout the experiment, the group were able to achieve all of the objectives required
in the experiment with the use of Fluid-SIM even though there were quite confusion regarding
that topic as well as its additional configuration needed in each component (in terms of their
properties and its actuating levels) wherein each of the exercises (provided by the professor)
where answered in a successful way by knowing the concepts of each components as well as
some of the specific values (if needed), and also knowing the simulation processes. Especially
when knowing what valves, supply elements were supposed to use. Additionally, the students
were able to gain knowledge regarding the hydraulic systems as well as its designs.

RECOMMENDATION
For some recommendation, I would rather recommend to all students (future students
rather) to use the latest Fluid-SIM version. Then, students must deeply understand each of the
components and also to dissect the values of each components because it will affect the flow of
their circuit diagram. Moreover, future students must also do further research for deeper
understanding about the topic/experiment that they will face. Furthermore, if there are
components such as “manually”, “mechanically” processes in a problem, make sure to
understand the components of that particular given in order to have a good output of a specific
diagram (as well as the values just in case if needed in the problem).

REFERENCES
Sivaranjith. Hydraulic System Basics (September 28, 2018). Retrieved from
https://automationforum.co/hydraulic-system-basics/
Osama Khayal. Introduction to hydraulic systems 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318672647_introduction_to_hydraulic_system
s

Convergence Training. What is a hydraulic System? Definition, Design, and

Components (July 23, 2017). Retrieved from
https://www.convergencetraining.com/blog/what-is-a-hydraulic-system-definition-
design-and-components