PAF – Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

Course: Business Report Writing

Faculty: Dr. Sahar Qabool
Class ID:
Examination: Quiz 4 Date:

Name: ______________________________________

Here is a passage from Adam Christian and John Campbell's Political Parties and
Ideologies in Canada (2011). Write a summary of this paragraph using direct text citation.
For the purposes of this particular exercise, do not repeat any of the words from the
original text within quotation marks. The original passage is 424 words in length. Try to
write your summary in no more than 100 words 

Starting in about 1950, western Europe saw large-scale long-distance unskilled labour migration
from its former colonies (North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Pakistan, the West Indies),
from eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece) and from Turkey. These migrants
were mainly men who came without families, and many, particularly in Germany, Austria and
Switzerland, were on fixed contracts. This reflected not only macro-level economic
circumstances, but also micro-level decisions taken by individuals, who used information gained
from family and friends and the promise of a support network to inform their decision to migrate
to particular countries and towns. Thus, Turks tended to migrate to Germany, in a series of chain
migrations by which individual “pioneers” were followed by others who knew them. A well-
documented case of chain migration is that of the Sylheti-speaking Bangladeshi community in
the London borough of Tower Hamlets, where their 17,000 children form over 50% of the school
population. From about 1970, restrictions began to be placed on immigration, and a second stage
of migration followed that of family reunification. Initially, agencies such as employers and
governments determined the source of the migrant workers and made provision for their housing.
The subsequent reduced need for unskilled labour coincided with the obligation to support
arriving families. With the encouragement of market-led housing, immigrant communities
became more reliant on poor-quality and/or social housing. A third migration wave has followed,
that of asylum seekers and refugees on the one hand and highly-trained workers on the other.
Combined with the effect of socio-cultural differences between immigrant groups, different
times of arrival and widely differing degrees of cultural and economic integration, all these
factors have now led to considerable residential separation of ethnic groups in European cities
approaching that already found in the USA. There has been considerable linguistic and
sociolinguistic research on the German “language islands” of North America and elsewhere,
much of it summarised in Rosenberg (forthcoming). Key issues are: dialect leveling, language
contact with English on the syntactic level, language contact and maintenance, cultural
motivations for maintenance. The mass migration from Europe to the USA spawned much early
sociolinguistically-informed bilingualism research, notably that of Haugen (1953). The more
recent long-distance labour migration to European (and North American) cities has obvious
sociolinguistic consequences for the recipient communities, which have become increasingly
multilingual. Thus, 33% of the primary school children of London (a city with a population of 8
million) do not have English as a first or home language. 10 languages have more than 40,000
speakers in London, and 40 more than 1,000.
SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________