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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1 – Module : 3
Types of Solids
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2:Types of Solids
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the introduction to General Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module consists of one lesson:
Lesson 1.Types of Solids
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which statement is true about the properties of solids?
A. Metallic solids have a high melting point.
B. Molecular solids do not dissolve easily in water.
C. Network solids are generally not soluble in water.
D. All ionic solids are similar in density.
2.  An engineer is designing an electrical system and is looking for a material to transmit
energy. She has four solids available, each made with different materials. To conduct
energy most efficiently and effectively, she should use material
A. whose electron are held with ionic bonds.
B. whose electrons are held with metallic bonds.
C. whose electron are held with covalent bonds.
D. that is an electrical insulator.
3. One major difference between crystalline and amorphous solids is that
A. crystalline solids have a precise melting point.
B. amorphous solids have a lattice structure.
C. amorphous solids always behave consistently and uniformly.
D. amorphous solids always behave consistently and uniformly.
4. Which of the following is not true about crystalline solids?
A. Have a sharp melting point
B. Cannot be cleaved along a definite plane
C. Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature
D. They are considered as true solids
5. This type of solid forms a regular repeating

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three-dimensional structure called a crystal lattice. What type of solid is this?
A. Amorphous
B. Crystalline
C. Diamond
D. Glass
6. Which of the following is an amorphous solid?
A. Copper(Cu)
B. Quartz glass (SiO2)
C. Silicon carbide (SiC)
D. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
7.  A. Ionic solids are hard and brittle.
B. Covalent solids are good conductors.
A. A is correct
B. B is correct
C. A and B are correct.
D. Both A and B are wrong
8. What type of material is this one?
A. Amorphous
B. Crystal
C. Covalent Crystal
D. Ionic Crystal

9. Which type of solid typically has the lowest melting point of the four types of crystals?
A. Ionic Crystal
B. Metallic Crystal
C. Covalent Molecular Crystal
D. Covalent Network Crystal
10. Why are ionic solids more brittle than covalent molecular crystals?
A. Ionic solids are held together by stronger binding forces.
B. Covalent solids are held together by stronger binding forces.
C. Covalent crystals contain a greater number of bonds.
D. Ionic crystals are soft and easy to break.

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids.

Lesson 1

How are Solids Classified?

A solid interface is defined as a few atomic layers that separate two solids in intimate contact with one
another, where the properties differ significantly from those of the bulk material it separates.
Based on their crystal structures, solids can be classified into the following categories:

1. Crystalline solids
2. Amorphous solids

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However, crystalline solids can be further classified into molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids.

What’s In

Focus Questions:
A. What are the two general types of solids? What features can be used to distinguish a crystalline solid from
an amorphous solid?
B. What is the distinguishing feature of crystalline solids? How are the structures of crystals determined?
C. What are the four types of crystals? What form of unit particles makes up each type of crystal? What
forces bind the unit particles of each type of crystal? What are the properties of each type of crystal?

What’s New

A. What are the two general types of solids? What features can be used to distinguish a crystalline solid
from an amorphous solid?
Solids can be categorized into two groups: the crystalline solids and the amorphous solids. The
differences in properties of these two groups of solids arise from the presence or absence of long
range order of arrangements of the particles in the solid.
Crystalline Amorphous
1. Arrangement of > can form a regular repeating can aggregate with no particular
particles three-dimensional structure long range order, and form an
called a crystal lattice, thus amorphous solid (from the Greek
producing a crystalline solid ámorphos, meaning “shapeless”).
> arranged in fixed geometric > have a random orientation of
patterns or lattices. particles.
> Examples of crystalline solids > Examples of amorphous solids
are ice and sodium chloride are glass, plastic, coal, and rubber
(NaCl), copper sulfate (CuSO4),
diamond, graphite, and sugar
(C12H22O11)
2. Behavior when heated The structures of crystalline solids soften gradually when they are
are built from repeating units heated. They tend to melt over a
called crystal lattices. The wide range of temperature. This
surroundings of particles in the behavior is a result of the
structure are uniform, and the variation in the arrangement of
attractive forces experienced by particles in their structures,
the particles are of similar types causing some parts of the solid to
and strength. These attractive melt ahead of other parts. 71
forces are broken by the same
amount of energy, and thus,

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 crystals become liquids at a
specific temperature (i.e. the
melting point).

What is It

Unique Properties of Water

● At room temperature, pure water is odorless, colorless and
tasteless liquid.

● It turns to ice, its solid form at 00C at 1 atm.

● At 100 0C it becomes gas, commonly known as steam

● Water is a universal solvent.

● Water has a high specific heat.

Specific heat is the amount of heat or energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 oC

● The boiling point of water is unusually high.

● Solid water is less dense, and in fact floats on liquid water.

*Unlike all other liquids, the molecules in solid water are actually farther apart
than they are in liquid water.
*When solid water forms, the hydrogen bonds result in a very open structure
with unoccupied spaces, causing the solid to occupy a larger volume than the
liquid.
* This makes ice less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float on water.

High Surface Tension

Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface area of a
liquid due to intermolecular forces.
Water has a high surface tension value and is difficult to overcome.
Surface tension of water can cause things to float which are denser than water,
allowing organisms to literally walk on water. Example to this is the water strider, which
can run across the surface of the water, due to the intermolecular forces of the molecules,
and the force of the strider which is distributed to its legs.
Surface tension also allows for the formation of droplets of water on its surface.

Adhesion

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 Adhesion occurs when the water molecules are more attracted to the sides of a
small diameter tube than they are to each other. This accounts for phenomena like the
meniscus in tubular glassware, or for the capillary action that draws water up into the
xylem (small tubes throughout a plant that transmit water) of a plant. Adhesive forces are
attractive forces that occur between two unlike substances.
In a narrow glass tube, water are more strongly attracted to the tube
than they are to each other (cohesion).
The cup shape formed at the top of the water is called the meniscus.

Capillary Action
The basis of water moving through plants is that, like in a small graduated cylinder,
water is more attracted to the sides of the plants than to other water molecules. The water
climbs up the plants’ tubes for transporting water (xylem), and the water molecules attach
to each other, pulling them along as well (cohesion).

High Specific Heat Capacity

Water has a relatively high specific heat.
Water absorbs large amount of heat energy before it begins to get hot.
It releases heat energy slowly.
High specific heat keeps beaches cooler in the day and warmer at night.
It moderates the earth’s climate and helps living organisms regulate their body
temperature.

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Water is the only substance on earth under normal conditions which exists as a
solid, liquid and gas.

Water is a universal solvent

Water is a polar molecule. Being polar allows water to dissolve nearly any substance
with unequal distribution of charges.

What’s More

A. Fill out the following table: Name and explain five of water’s unique properties, and provide an example of
the phenomenon in nature caused by each of these properties.
Property of Water Explanation of Property Phenomenon Property
Causes
High boiling temperature It takes a relatively large amount Water at sea level must reach
of energy to boil water compared 100o C before it will boil.
with other small nonmetal liquids.
High surface tension

High specific heat

Solid is less dense than

liquid

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 Universal solvent

B.In the space below, draw 10 water molecules to create a cluster. Be sure to indicate the
hydrogen bonds that link the water molecules.

What I Can Do

Activity: Do and See the ST

Materials: a 1 peso coin, a medicine dropper, water, a piece of tissue paper, and a 2” x 2”
piece of wax paper
Procedure: A. 1. Place the clean, dry coin flat on the table over a piece of dry tissue paper.
2. With a dropper, carefully put water on the coin, adding little by little until it reaches
the maximum amount that the coin’s surface can hold without spilling.
3. Describe the shape of the water on top of the coin. ______________________________.
4. What property of the liquid is shown?
_____________________________________________.
B. 1. Place two to three drops of water on the piece of wax paper.
2. Describe the shape of the water drops. _________________________________________
3. What explanation can you give for the shape of the water drops?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Direction.
Word Bank: Covalent dissolve cohesion surface tension universal solvent
polar negatively adhesion positively cooler

1.The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by ___________________ bonds.
2. The electrons are not shared equally creating a ___________________ molecule.
3. The polarity of water allows it to __________________most substances. Because of this it
is referred to as the ______________________ _______________________.
4. Water molecules stick to other water molecules. This property is called______________.

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5. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules because the _______________
charged hydrogen end of one water molecule attracts the _________________ charged oxygen
end of another water molecule.
6. Water molecules stick to other materials due to its polar nature. This property is called
__________________________.
7. __________________ creates the skin-like surface formed due to the polar nature of water.

B.Explain how these properties of water are related to the phenomena described in parts
A-H below. More than one property may be used to explain a given phenomenon.
A. H20 molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with each other.
B. H2O molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.
C. Water is a liquid at normal physiological (or body) temperatures.
D. Water has a high specific heat.
E. Water has a high heat of vaporization (energy needed to evaporate).
F. Water’s greatest density occurs at 4°C.
1. During the winter, air temperature in the northern United States can remain below 0°C
for months; however, the fish and other animals living in the lakes survive. ________
2. Many substances – for example, salt (NaCl) and sucrose – dissolve quickly in water._____
3. When you pour water into a 25-ml graduated cylinder, a meniscus forms at the top of
the water column.______
4. Sweating and the evaporation of sweat from the body surface help reduce a human’s
body temperature.______
5. Water drops that fall on a surface tend to form rounded drops or beads._____
6. Water drops that fall on your car tend to bead up or round up more after you polish (or
wax) that car than before you polished it. ______
7. If you touch the edge of a paper towel to a drop of colored water, the water will move up
into (or be absorbed by) the towel._______

Assessment

A. 1.Draw a water molecule. Label the atoms that make up the water molecule with their
chemical symbol. If there is an electrical charge or a partial electrical charge on any of the
atoms, indicate that by writing the symbols on the atoms: + = positive charge  = negative
charge δ+ = partial positive charge δ- = partial negative charge

2. Explain the term “polar” molecule..

3. Why does water have an increased surface tension compared to most other liquids?

4.What is “hydrogen bonding”? What makes these bonds unique

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B. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What property of water helps to moderate earth's temperature?
a. adhesion.
b. cohesion
c. Specific heat capacity
d. Latent heat of vaporization
2. Why does ice float?
a. As water freezes, it expands and its density decreases.
b. As water freezes, air becomes trapped between the hydrogen bonds of water
molecules.
c. As water freezes, it takes up more hydrogen from the atmosphere, causing it to have
a greater buoyancy.
d. As water freezes, it takes up more oxygen from the atmosphere, causing it to have a
greater buoyancy.
3. Which is NOT a unique property of water?
a. Water cools very rapidly.
b. Frozen water floats on liquid water.
c. Water molecules stick to each other through hydrogen bonds.
d. Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and retains a large amount of heat.
4. Water is polar because...
a. The water molecule is neutral.
b. It is a favorite drink for polar bears.
c. The molecule has two poles, one that is colder than the other.
d. It has a slight negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slight positive charge near
its hydrogen atoms
5. The attraction that causes water and other liquids to form drops on thin films is called
________________. This is also water’s ability to be attracted to other water molecules.
a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. capillary action
d. surface tension
6. Why does water move from the roots to the leaves of plants?
a. Water is pulled by gravity
b. Water is pushed by solutes
c. Capillary action pulls the water molecules up
d. Water’s cohesion causes it to “pull” towards the leaves
7.  Why can water have no net charge but have slight charges in different parts of the
molecule?
a. Because it is hydrophobic
b. The hydrogen and oxygen are covalently bonded
c. The oxygen end is slightly negative and the hydrogen end is slightly positive
d. The hydrogen end is slightly negative and the oxygen end is slightly positive
8. A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:
a. adhesion
b. specific heat
c. capillary action
d. surface tension
9. What kind of bond results when electrons are unevenly shared but not completely
grabbed between two or more elements? The example is a water molecule.
a. Ionic Bond
b. Metallic Bond
c. Hydrogen Bond

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 d. Polar Covalent Bond
10. The oxygen atom, in addition to forming bonds with the hydrogen atoms, also carries
two pairs of
a. polarity
b. molecules
c. positive electrons
d. unshared electrons

Answer Key

What I Know What’s More

1.C 6.C
2.A 7.C
3.D 8.D
4.A 9.D
5.B 10.D

What’s In
1.2
2.1
3.covalent bond
4.The oxygen atom has slight
negative charge electrons attracted
to it. It is more dense around the
oxygen atom and less dense around
the hydrogen atom.
5.In the oxygen atom

What I Have Learned

A.
1.covalent Assessment:
2.polar 1.
3.dissolve;universal solvent
4.cohesion
5.adhesion
6. positively, negatively 2. A polar molecule has a more positive end and a more
7. surface tension negative end. These can be permanent they can be temporary.
B. 3. A water molecule has a greater surface tension relative to
1. D & F other liquids because the water molecules are more
2. B strongly attracted to the other water molecules surrounding
3. A & B them on all sides, as compared with the water molecules at
4. E & C the surface, which are surrounded by air (mostly nitrogen
5.A and oxygen gases). Water is not attracted to air molecules.
6.A 4. Hydrogen bonding is the bonding that occurs between
7.B between adjacent water molecules. The positive end of one
water molecule is attracted to the negative end of the next

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 water molecule. This is why water is a liquid at room temp.

B. 1. C 6. C
2. A 7. C
3. A 8. D
4. D 9. D
5. D 10.Deferen

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de740cef28cd4001bc4ab68/properties-of-solid

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References:
Jespersen, N.D & Kerrigan, P.K.(2016). Ap Chemistry. Barrons Educational Series,
Inc.
Ilao, L.V., Lontoc, B.M., & Paderna-Gayon,,EE.S.(2017). General Chemistry 2. (1 st
Editon) Rex Book Store.

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5bb07cf5ba1022001908f1a3/water-molecule

https://nanosense.sri.com/activities/finefilters/scienceofwater/FF_Lesson2Teache
r.pdf

https://simplebooklet.com/NWgHG5PHzC09mXU1RLuz09#page=3

http://wp.lps.org/mterry2/files/2018/04/Properties-of-Water-Worksheet-KEY.pdf

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de740cef28cd4001bc4ab68/properties-of-
solid