General

Biology 1 12
Earth Science – Grade 12
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Biology 1
12
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 1

Biological Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Biological

Molecules: Carbohydrates

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Biological

Molecules: Carbohydrates

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare and contrast inorganic and organic compounds;

2. classify carbohydrates based on their structure; and
3. appreciate the role of carbohydrate in biological systems.

PRETEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. These two elements are in every organic compound:
A. oxygen and nitrogen C. hydrogen and oxygen
B. carbon and hydrogen D. nitrogen and carbon

_________2. Which of the following is TRUE about inorganic compounds?

A. A compound that contains a C-H bond.
B. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond but contains oxygen.
C. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond but contains carbon.
D. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond and doesn't contain
Carbon.

_________3. What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?

A. disaccharide C. polysaccharide
B. monosaccharide D. trisaccharide

_________4. What form must all carbohydrates be in for cells to use them as an energy
source?
A. starch C. chitin
B. glucose D. glycogen

_________5. Why are carbohydrates the body's preferred source of energy?

A. They spare fats.
B. They are plentiful in the diet.
C. They are inexpensive to buy.
D. They can be used efficiently as fuel.
 RECAP
In the previous module, we learned the cell cycle –the series of growth and
development a cell undergoes. From the formation of mother cell to division to make
two new daughter cells. Let us recall the previous lesson by answering the activity
below.

Activity 1.1. Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement.

Statement Interphase Mitosis

1. Cell growth occurs

2. Nuclear division occurs
3. Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells.
4. Protein production is high
5. Chromosomes are duplicated
6. DNA synthesis occurs
7. Cytoplasm divides immediately after this
period
8. Mitochondria and other organelles are
made.

LESSON
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Organisms such as plants and animal are composed mostly of water and
“organic” molecules. The word organic has various definitions and used in many
ways. In chemistry, organic molecules also known as hydrocarbons are chemical
compounds that contain the elements carbon and hydrogen, and a simple C-H bond
in them. They are mostly chemically large, complex, and high in energy. The simplest
organic compound is composed of only 5 atoms, methane (CH4) is a highly flammable
gas that occurs abundantly in nature and as a product of certain human activities.
Conversely, inorganic molecules do not contain the elements carbon and hydrogen,
thus lack C-H bonds. They are mostly simple and are obtained from the natural
processes which are not related to any of the life forms on earth.
 Nowadays, we often hear the word organic referring to something that is
natural. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) certifies food as organic if it meets
the defined set of standards. Crops are said to be organically grown if it did not
receive any pesticides (with few exceptions), petroleum-based fertilizers or sewage
sludge. Organically raised cows, pigs, and chickens cannot be given growth
hormones or antibiotics and they need to be exposed outdoor to be able to eat organic
food. Moreover, genetically engineered or treated with ionizing radiation food cannot
be considered organic.
All organisms from smallest simplest bacteria to complex plants and animals
consist largely of the same four types of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid, and proteins.

CARBOHYDRATES
Foods that are rich in carbohydrates
range from sweet to starchy, such as
candy, sugary fruits, cereals, potatoes,
pasta and bread (Fig. 1.1). Carbohydrates
provide energy and also have other
important functions such as provide shape
to certain cells, components of many Figure 1.1.Carbohydrates. Foods rich in carbohydrates, sugary fruits,
sweets and starchy. Source:livescience.com
antibiotics and coenzymes and essential
part of DNA. They are made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
proportion.

Types of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the simplest of the four main types of organic compounds,
mostly because only few monomers (small molecular subunit) account for the most
common types of cells. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharide,
disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide mono-(one); saccharide-(sugar) is the simplest sugar. It
usually contains five to six carbon atoms. 5-C atoms include ribose, pentose sugar
of RNA and deoxyribose, pentose sugar of DNA. If we try to compare their structure,
the only difference between them is, deoxyribose lacks oxygen, hence it is called
deoxy means without an oxygen
(Fig.1.2b). In terms of 6-C atoms
(hexose, include glucose,
fructose and galactose. Figure
1.2a shows the structure of
these hexoses having the same
molecular formula of C6H12O6
but arranged differently. This is
called isomers. Blood sugar
means glucose in the blood.
Mammals produce two
important hormones, insulin
and glucagon that regulate Figure 1.2. Monosaccharides.(a) Hexoses or sugars with 6 carbon atoms: glucose,
fructose, galactose (b) pentoses or sugars with 5 carbon atoms: deoxyribose and ribose.
blood glucose levels. Diabetes is Source:commons.wikemedia

a disease of high blood glucose. Other hexoses are fructose, the simple sugar found
in fruits, and galactose is the simple sugar found in milk. Their function in cells is
to provide a ready source of energy.

Disaccharide
Disaccharide di-(double or two) saccharide (sugar), is form by linking two
monosaccharides together in a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis
also called as condensation reaction. In this reaction, an enzyme removes an -OH
(hydroxyl group) from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another, forming H 2O
and a new covalent (glycosidic) bond between the two smaller components (Fig.1.3).
The term dehydration means that water is lost. Figure 1.3 shows how sucrose,
regular table sugar made from sugarcane sap and sugar beet root, forms when a
molecule of glucose bonds to a molecule of fructose. Sucrose is used by plants to fuel
growth. Other disaccharides include, lactose or milk sugar, forms when a molecule
of glucose bonds to a molecule of
galactose. This is the sugar
found in the milk of cows, goats
and lactating women. Maltose
or grain sugar made from grains
Figure 1.3.Disaccharide formed by dehydration synthesis. Glucose and fructose bond to form such as barley, rice or wheat,
sucrose. In hydrolysis, water breaks the bond between monomers.Source:Pearson Education
Inc 2016 forms when two molecules of
glucose bond together. Maltose provides energy in sprouting seed, beer brewer used
it as well to promote fermentation.
When animals eat disaccharides, digestive enzymes in the stomach and
intestines break these apart by adding a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a
hydrogen atom to another. This is the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis
called hydrolysis, means breaking with water (Fig.1.3). Then, our digestive system
absorbs the simple sugars in our body because the body cannot absorb disaccharide
or any larger complex molecules.
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide (“many sugars”), consisting of hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharide monomers. The most common polysaccharides are cellulose,
starch, glycogen and chitin. They are all long chains of glucose but differ only by
orientation of the bonds that link the monomers.
Glycogen and starch have similar structures and function. Both act as storage
molecules that readily break down into their glucose monomers when cells need a
burst of energy. Starch is also known as amylose is the stored form of glucose in
plants. Potatoes, rice and wheat are all starchy, high-energy staples in the human
diet. On the other hand, animals stored glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Surrounding every plant cell, is an outer rigid wall called the cell wall made
up of polysaccharide cellulose. Although it is most common organic compound in
nature, humans cannot digest it. Yet cellulose is an important component of the
human diet, making up much of what nutrition labels refer to as “fiber”. A high-fiber
diet reduces the risk of colon cancer. The reason why fiber has this effect is still
unknown. One possible explanation is that fiber eases the movement of food through
the digestive tract, so it may shorten the length of time that harmful chemicals linger
within the intestines. Ruminants or animals that chew their cud such as horse, cows,
carabaos and goats can digest cellulose and use it as energy. Ruminants have four-
chambered stomachs that break down plant materials with the help of enzymes and
bacteria. The partially digested material is then regurgitated into the mouth, which
is then chewed to break the material down even further. The bacterial digestion of
cellulose by bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants is anaerobic, meaning that the
process does not use oxygen. Methane, a notoriously foul-smelling gas, is a by-
product of anaerobic metabolism. Ruminants give off huge amounts of methane every
day.
 Chitin is the second most common polysaccharide in nature. The cell walls of
fungi contain chitin, as well as the flexible exoskeleton of insects, spiders and
crustaceans. Like cellulose, chitin also supports cells. It resembles a glucose polymer
except that it also contains nitrogen atoms. It is used in the manufacture of surgical
thread because it is tough, flexible and biodegradable.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1.2.
Instruction: Classify the following compounds as either organic or inorganic.
Glucose (C6H12O6) Sand (SiO2) Olive oil (C18H34O2) Hydrogen Peroxide
(H2O2) Table sugar (C12H22O11) Water (H2O) Table salt (NaCl)
Propane (C3H8) Caffeine (C₈H₁₀N₄O₂) Ammonia (NH3)
Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇)
INORGANIC ORGANIC
ACTIVITY 1.3. Cool Carbs.

Instruction: Find the words listed below in the word search. After all the words
are found, the letters that are not used reveal a hidden message at the bottom
of this sheet.

CARBOHYDRATE CELLULOSE LACTOSE GLYCOSIDIC BOND

POLYMER GEL MAILLARD POLYSACCHARIDE ENERGY SUGAR
GLUCOSE PECTIN STARCH FRUCTOSE ISOMER PLANTS

HIDDEN MESSAGE: We should __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
ACTIVITY 1.4. Cryptic carbohydrates
Fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate terms to complete the
sentences. Solve the hidden message by entering the boxed letters in the
spaces at the bottom of the page.

1. __ __ __ __ __ __ are identical in chemical composition but differ

structurally.
2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a polymer of glucose and serves as a source of
dietary fiber for humans.
3. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are an inexpensive and widely available
source of energy for our bodies.
4. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide found in cow’s milk.
5. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

6. __ __ __ __ __ is a 5-C sugar of RNA.

7. Glucose is a __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
8. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide found in grains such as barley and
wheat.
9. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ bonds chemically join two or more
monosaccharide molecules.
10. Carbohydrates that are the primary products of plants.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
HIDDEN MESSAGE:
A polysaccharide called carrageenan is a seaweed extract. Carrageenan is
used as a stabilizer in what popular frozen dessert product?

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 WRAP-UP
ACTIVITY 1.5.
I. Fill in the blanks. Carbohydrates are _____________ compounds that contains
three elements: ________, ________, __________. Simple carbohydrates are as sugars
and can be made up of a single unit known as a _____________ e.g. __________ or
two units, known as _______________ e.g. ____________. Complex carbohydrates,
consisting of many repeating units are known as _____________e.g. ____________.
II. What monosaccharides are the following disaccharides composed of?
1. SUCROSE = _______________ + ________________
2. MALTOSE = _______________ + ________________
3. LACTOSE = _______________ + ________________

VALUING
High carbs or low carbs? Actually, the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more
important than the amount of carbohydrate. Foods high in carbohydrates are an
essential component of a balanced diet. Carbohydrates supply glucose to the body,
which is converted to the energy used to fuel physical activity and body functions.
The quality of the carbohydrates is important. Healthy sources of carbohydrate are
unprocessed or minimally processed whole grains, beans, fruits, and vegetables.
They promote good health by providing vitamins, minerals, fibers, and a host of
important phytonutrients. White bread, pastries, sodas, and other heavily processed
or refined foods are unhealthy sources of carbohydrates. These products contain
carbohydrates that are quickly digested and can contribute to weight gain, hinder
weight loss and may cause diabetes and heart disease. Can you list all the food that
you eat in a day starting from breakfast? Identify which of them are sources of
carbohydrates. Which one is healthy? Unhealthy?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. To be classified as organic, which two elements must both be present??

A. C and O C. C and H
B. H and O D. N and H
_________2. Which of the following compounds is inorganic?
A. CH4 C. CH2OH
B. NaCl D. C6H12O6
_________3. Which of the following is a disaccharide?
A. fructose C. glucose
B. maltose D. galactose

_________4. Which of the following is the stored form of a polysaccharide in liver and
muscle cells of human?
A. glycogen C. glucose
B. starch D. galactose

_________5. What happens to a person's blood glucose level after eating?

A. It decreases C. It increases
B. It is not affected D. It depends on the gender
 KEY TO CORRECTION

ACTIVITY 1.3

RECAP
HIDDEN MESSAGE: CHOOSE A VARIETY
OF FOODS WITHIN EACH FOOD GROUP. Interph
PRETEST Statement Mitosis
ase
1. B ACTIVITY 1.4 1. Cell growth occurs X
2. Nuclear division occurs X
2. C 1. ISOMERS
3. Chromosomes are distributed X
2.CELLULOSE
3. A 3. CARBOHYDRATE
equally to daughter cells.
4. B 4. Protein production is high X
4. LACTOSE 5. Chromosomes are duplicated X
5. D 5. SUCROSE 6. DNA synthesis occurs X
6. RIBOSE 7. Cytoplasm divides immediately X
7. MONOSACCHARIDE after this period
POSTEST 8. MALTOSE 8. Mitochondria and other X
1. C 9. GLYCOSIDIC organelles are made.
10. MONOSACCHARIDE
2. B ICE CREAM
3. B ACTIVITY 1.2
INORGANIC ORGANIC
4. A WRAP- UP
5. C I. organic, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Sand (SiO2) Glucose (C6H12O6)
monosaccharide, glucose, disaccharide, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Olive oil (C18H34O2)
sucrose, polysaccharide, cellulose. Water (H2O) Table sugar (C12H22O11)
II. 1. glucose + fructose
Table salt (NaCl) Propane (C3H8)
2. glucose + glucose
3. glucose + galactose Ammonia (NH3) Caffeine (C₈H₁₀N₄O₂)

REFERENCES
“Carbohydrates.” The Nutrition Source, May 22, 2019.
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/.
Carr, Dr Steven M. Ruminant Digestion. Accessed August 20, 2020.
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Ruminant_Digestion.html.
“Cellulose - Cellulose Digestion.” Cellulose Digestion - Fiber, Animals, -the, and Digestive - JRank
Articles. Accessed August 19, 2020. https://science.jrank.org/pages/1335/Cellulose-
Cellulose-digestion.html.
Hoefnagels, Marielle. General Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. Abiva Publishing House,Inc. 2016.
Miller, Stephen A. Zoology. McGraw-Hill. New York. 2010.
Starr, Cecie. Evers, Christine. and Lisa. Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow Biology for Non Science
Majors. Cengage Learning. 2010
Szalay, Jessie. “What Are Carbohydrates?” LiveScience. Purch, July 15, 2017.
https://www.livescience.com/51976-carbohydrates.html.