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    3, Sistema de Monitoreo en Línea Basado en Ethernet Conmutado para Transformador de Potencia

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    Jonathan Collazos

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    Proceedings ofthe 30th Chinese Control Conference July 22-24, 2011, Yantai, China Switched Ethernet Based Online Monitoring System for Power Transformer LIMing College of Computer Science, Wu Textile University, Wuhan 430073, P. China E-mail: lettermal.Im@ gmail.com Abstract: In order to pr te the construction of smart grid, a switched Fuemnet based power transformer is presented. Following the standard IEC 61850, the system has for less eccupying resources; ips ATmega68A anid ENC28360 can transfer the data to the monitoring sation in the bay level; the system ean and realize the remote monitoring based on Interet. The application line monitoring system for d evels: process level, bay level and 3 Toeal data acquisition unit designed ation level, An embedded TCPIIP protocol is presente by using chi easily become a part of substation automation syst ‘ase shows the online monitoring systema works well, and can measure the parameters accurately Key Words: Power Ts 1 Introduction ‘The power transformer, whose reliability directly determines whether the grid runs safely, alfectively and economically, is one of the most important equipments in the grid, Reducing the transformer faults means increasing. the grid economic benefits [1]. The online monitoring system can find, analyze and process the faults of the transformer in time to prevent the incidents of the transformer, so it has the functions that the preventive tests don’t have; in the meantime, the online monitoring system runs under the operating voltage, therefore itis more in line with the field operating state [2,3]. Nowadays, the reliability of the domestic substations is commonly very low, and the equipments in the substations cannot guarantee to operate safely. So it is very necessary to develop an online monitoring system for the power transformer, which will have very important significance to build the smart grid. There are many methods to monitor the power transformer, such as gas content in transformer oil, transformer partial discharge, trace moisture content in oil, transformer vibration, transformer winding deformation, ete [2-11]. Ding Jiafeng et al. [6] presented a novel method for micro-combustible gas detection based on an embedded PCI04 to monitor the dissolved gas in transformer oil; ‘Zheng Jianxin et al. [12] designed a transformer intelligent ‘monitoring instrument based on AVR microcontroller ATmage128; but these rescarches transfer the local signals ‘to upper computers by serial ports, which will degrade the system performance with the increase of data traffic, Liu Changyu et al. [13] designed a TCPAP based online monitoring system using some chips such as TMS320VC33, W3100, RTL8201, ete; but the system has only two levels, which doesn’t conform to the intemational standard TEC61850 [14] and is hard to form substation automation systems. In this paper, a switched Ethemet based online monitoring system for power transformer is presented. , the system, following the interwational standard IEC61850, has three levels. The hardware circuit of the local data acquisition unit is designed by using AVR. microcontroller Atmegal68A and network chip ENC28J60, The former, Online Monitoring, Switched Ethernet, Embedded TCPAP, IEC61850 communication method of the process level is designed based on a simplified TCP/IP protocol. The system can accurately measure the parameters and fully monitor the ‘operational status of power transformers. 2 Online Monitoring System Structure of Power Transformers For long period working in the grid, many faults and incidents inevitably occur in the power transformer. There are many methods to classify the transformer faults ‘According to the transformer body, there are inner and ‘extemal faults; according tothe fault loop, there are eieuit fault, magnetic fault and ofl line fault; and according tothe fault location, there are winding fault, iron core fauk, bushing fault, tap changing switch fault, terminal block fault, ete [7]. The goals of the online monitoring system for power transformer are to continuously monitor the parameter variation in & period, judge whether the power transformer is in good condition, and reflect the Fault rend of the power transformer In compliance with standard IEC618S0, @ switched smet based online monitoring system for the power transformer is presented in this papet. It has three levels: process level, bay level and station level, as deseribed in Fig. 1. The local data acquisition unit in the process level can be configured by various types of sensors, and ean measure the signals of gas and trace moisture in oil, transformer vibration, voltage and current, te. The ‘monitoring station in the bay level that has the Funetions of fault diagnosis, connects to the spatially distributed data acquisition units through switched Ethemet. One monitoring station is responsible for collecting the data from one power transformer, and stores the data in its database, In the station level, the database server is responsible for collecting the data from all the power transformers in one substation, and the web server releases the operation information of the transformers to outside through Internet and realizes the Intemet based remote ‘monitoring, Because of following the standard IBC61850, the online ‘monitoring system establishes the communication network based on the switched Ethemet. The system can not only collect various types of transformer parameters and realize the functions of the monitoring and fault diagnosis. of complicated devices, but can easily become a part of i substation automation systems 6 ot aie == [No Pow Transomer sensing sin [J re aie Fig. 1: Online monitoring system structure of power transformer 3 Local Data Acquisition Unit According to the signals collected, the local data acquisition unit can be divided into many types, such as electricity signal acquisition unit, gas in oil acquisition unit, partial discharge signal acquisition uni, trace moisture in oil acquisition unit, etc. All types of data acquisition unit can convert the signals collected to those fit for transmission on the switched Ethernet, and transfer the data to the monitoring station in the bay level 3.1 Hardware circuit Fig. 2 shows a kind of local data acquisition unit that ean measure six analog signals. The CPU of the acquisition unit is the chip ATmage168A of Atmel Corporation. The ATmegal68A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock eyele, the ATmegal68A achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, ten times faster than conventional CISC ‘microcontrollers. The ATmegal68A provides the following features: 16k bytes of In-System Programmable flash with read-while-write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, lk bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose V/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, two 8-bit timer/counters with separate prescaler and compare mode, one 16-bit timer/counter with Separate prescaler, campare mode and capture mode, a 6-channel or 8-channel 10-bit ADC according to the different chip packages, a serial programmable USART, a ‘master/slave SPI serial interface, and a programmable watchdog timer with internal’ oscillator. The chip ATmagel68A_ is very fit for the small monitoring ‘equipments. The Ethernet controller is the chip ENC28160 of Microchip Corporation. The ENC28160, which meets all of the IEEE 802.3 specifications and has the MAC module and the PHY module, is a stand-alone Ethernet controller with SPI interface. It incorporates a number of packet filtering schemes to limit incoming packets. It also provides an internal DMA module for fast data throughput and hardware assisted checksum calculation, which is used in various network protocols. The connection between ENC28J60 with ATmegal68A is implemented via an interrupt pin and the SPI, with clock rates of up to 20 MHz, as shown in fig.2. The Ethernet transformer, which has a single port RJ45 connector with integrated magnetics and LED for 10/100 base-TX NIC application, is the HR961142A produced by HanRun Corporation. Fig. 2: channel analog signal acquisition unit 3.2 Design of embedded TCPAP protocol Widely used standard TCP/IP protocol put a lot of works to ensure the reliability of data transmission and to control the data traffic, but in the measurement & control field where there is high demands for the realtime, the standard TCPAP is not suitable. On the other hand, the standard TCPIP is so complicated that it must occupy enormous hardware and software resources, which is also not fit for the situation of embedded data acquisition unit (15,16) The resources of AVR microcontroller aren't abundant, so the standard TCP/P must be simplified t meet the demands of local data acquisition unit of industrial control systems, ‘The simplified principles applied in this paper are as follows: (1) Occupy less storage resources. The embedded TCPAP protocol can be solidified into ROM or Flash; (2) have universal interfaces. The embedded TCP/IP can get rid of dependence on the underlying hardware platform and must have portability; (3) guarantee the real time and reliability of data transmission, ‘According to the actual needs of online monitoring system for the power transformer, an embedded TCP/IP is put forward in this paper that has four layers, as Fig. 3 shows, 4 | Application Layer] Selefining 3 | Transport Layer cP 2] Neowork Layer | IP ARP RARP ICMP. Nework Terie ' PTHERNED Layer Fig. 3 Simplified model of TCP/IP (1) Network interface layer. This layer has the functions of exchange data between the actual physical media and the network layer, and in fact this layer contains the physical layer and the data link layer. This layer must realize the CDMA/CD protocols that Ethernet defines. (2) Network layer. In the standard TCP/IP, the network layer protocols contain IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP. etc IP is the core protocol of TCP/IP that is essential and can’t be removed. IGMP aims to support multicast for hosts and routers. In the simplified TCP/IP, the broadcasting mode is adopted, so IGMP can be removed. But ARP, RARP and ICMP have their own purposes and must be’ kept in the embedded TCP/P. (3) Transport layer. This layer specifies how to ensure reliable transfer between two hosts. The standard protocols in this layer have TCP and UDP. TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol, while UDP is an unreliable connectionless protocol. In order to provide reliable data transmission, TCP is adopted and UDP is removed in the transport layer in this embedded TCPAP. (4) Application layer. The standard TCP/P has various types of application protocols, such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, DNS and ete, in order to meet the demands of all kinds ‘of users. But in the simplified protocol, the application protocol needn’t too complicated, and it will be good when the protocols can transfer and receive data accurately. So the application protocols can be left to define by users In the local data acquisition unit presented in this paper, the functions of network interface layer are implemented by chip ENC28J60, while the functions of network layer, transport layer and application layer are implemented by software programs, When the data acquisition unit works, the AVR microcontroller ATmagel68A will process the packages transferred from the chip ENC28J60. The processing flow is shown in Fig. 4. In the Ethernet frame, if the protocol type value is Ox800, the protocol in the network layer is IP, but if the type value is 0x806, the protocol is ARP. In the IP package, if the protocol type value is 1, the protocol in the network layer is ICMP, but if the type value is 6, the protocol in transport layer is TCP. So we can call the appropriate modules according to the protocol type value 4 Monitoring Software of Monitoring Station ‘The monitoring station in the bay level is a high performance IPC. It can not only connect to the spatially distributed data acquisition units, but connect to Web server, database server and ete through switched Ethemet. The development platform is LabVIEW + SQL Server. The heart of the online monitoring system for power transformer is the monitoring software of the monitoring station whose functions are as follows: 1 |

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