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    oe HUMAN HUMAN DIMENSION/ PS PWT Tele) atl (ery Pool ede teld Seas ty Ts el ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES BOVdS YOMSLNI 2 INTERIOR SPACE/BASIC DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDS HUMAN DIMENSION & INTERIOR SPACE A SOURCE BOOK DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDS. BY JULIUS PANERO, AIA, ASIO AND MARTIN ZELNIK, AIA, ASID WHITNEY LIBRARY OF DESIGN an imprint of Watson-Guptill Publicaions/New York DEDICATION To that smail group of anthropologists specializing inthe feld of en- Gineering anthropemetry, without whose expertise, vision, and Sensitivity tothe importance of human dimension and is relationship tothe desion process this book certainly could not have been writen. ce Unies Sate Cas by Wine Lay es ry Sng ann Panton Oa Augean Naan penny oe Siac torsion songe rd tet apanne CONTENTS FOREWORD, 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 10 PREFACE, 12 INTRODUCTION, 15 A. HUMAN DIMENSION/ ANTHROPOMETRICS, 24 1. ANTHROPOMETRIC THEORY, 23 1.1 ANTHROPOMETRY, 23 4.2SOURCES OF DATA, 26 1.3 TYPE OF DATA, 27 1.4 PRESENTATION OF DATA, 31 1.5 PERCENTILES, 34 1.8 VARIABILITY AND RELIABILITY, 98 2. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATAJAPPLICATION, 37 2.1 APPROPRIATENESS, 37 2.2 "AVERAGE MAN" FALLACY, 37 2.3 REACH, CLEARANCE, AND ADJUSTABILITY, 38 2.4 THE HIDDEN DIMENSIONS, 38 2.5 PEOPLE IN MOTION, 40 2.6 RANGE OF JOINT MOTION, 43 27 RESTRAINTS, 45 3, ELDERLY AND PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE, 47 3.1 ELDERLY PEOPLE, 47 3.2PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE, 50 3.3 CHAIREOUND PEOPLE. 50 34 AMBULANT DISABLED PEOPLE, 5 4, ANTHROPOMETRICS OF SEATING, 57 4.1 THE DYNAMICS OF SEATING, 57. 4.2 ANTHROPOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS, 60 43 SEAT HEIGHT. 60 4.4 SEAT DEPTH, 83 4.5 BACKREST, 65 4.6 ARMRESTS, 66 4.7 CUSHIONING, 67 HUMAN DIMENSION ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES, 69 1. METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS, 73 2. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE! ‘STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 63 3. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE! MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 97 4. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE! FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 99 5. ADULTMALE AND FEMALE/ PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS, 101 6. ADULT MALE WORKING POSITIONS, 103, 7. CHILDREN AGES 610 11/ WEIGHT AND STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS, 105 8. ADULTMALEHEAD, FACE, HAND, AND FOOT DIMENSIONS, 111 8. JOINT MOTION, 113, C. INTERIOR SPACE/BASIC DESIGN REFERENCE STANDARDS, 121 1. SEATING, 125 2. RESIDENTIAL SPACES, 131 2.1 LIVING SPACES, 133 2.2 DINING SPACES, 139 2.3 COOKING SPACES, 149 24 SLEEPING SPACES, 157 2.5 BATHROOMS, 163 3. OFFICE SPACES, 169 3.1 THE PRIVATE OFFICE, 171 3.2 THE GENERAL OFFICE, 175 3.3 RECEPTION SPACES, 187 3.4 CONFERENCE ROOMS, 191 4. MERCANTILE SPACES, 195 4.1 RETAIL SPACES, 197 4.2 FOOD STORES, 205 4.3 HAIR STYLING, 209 5. EATING AND DRINKING SPACES, 213 5.1 BARS, 215 5.2 FOOD COUNTERS, 219 53 DINING SPACES, 223 6, HEALTH CARE SPACES, 231 6.1 MEDICAL TREATMENT ROOMS, 233 62 DENTAL TREATMENT ROOMS, 237 6.3 HOSPITAL ROOMS, 241 7. LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL SPACES, 247 7.1 EXERCISE AREAS, 249 7.2 SPORTS AND GAMES, 255 73 WORK AND CRAFT CENTERS, 259 8, PUBLIC SPACES, 263 18:1 HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION SPACES, 265 ‘82 VERTICAL CIRCULATION SPACES, 271 18.3 PUBLIC BATHROOMS, 275 8.4 PUBLIC CONVENIENCE FACILITIES, 278 8. AUDIOVISUAL SPACES, 283 9.1 BASICS, 285 9.2 WORKSTATION DISPLAYS, 289 9.3 DISPLAYS FOR GROUP VIEWING, 293 D. EPILOGUE, 299 E. APPENDIX, 209 NOTES, 311 GLOSSARY, 313 ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA/SOURCES, 315 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY, 316 INDEX, 318 FOREWORD ‘Over the past 30 years, physical anthropologists have been con- ‘cerned with the documentation and description of human body size variably and its application to design. A significant problem con- tinues to exist, however, inthe communication of such knowledge 10 the wide variety of potential user, the design community. ‘The diversity ofthis group of users is broad, ranging from designers Cf workspaces such as aircraft cockpits or offices, through pattern makers and clothiers to designers of respirators and other personal Protective oquipmont. Equally as diverse are the needs of the users. For example, a designer of an office has litie use for 8 dimension ‘such a8 neck circumference, while a clothier or pattern maker may ‘consider it vital. Furthermore, users often need information about diferent segments of the population, perhaps about chidren, coal miners, college students, office workers, factory workers, etc, and ‘each user may require a different type of analysis or data presenta tion. Iti, therefore, extremely helpful forthe anthropologst to com- ‘municate effectively with each of the many spodialiss within the ‘Specific framework of their particular design probloms. Its tus very gratifying to find that the authors of this book, beth ‘experienced professionals in ther told, have takon on the complex task of bridging he gap not only by bringing to architects and interior designers much valuable anthropometric information in usable form ‘ut, mare importantly, by conveying so persuasively the concept that Luntappod rasources of relevant body size information exist and that its use has much potential impact on tha improvernent of workspace and residential design. In their presentation, the authors strike an excellent balance, avoiding the pitalis of overwhelming the reader with noediess technical complexities and resisting the simple- minded approach which has so often in the past conveyed the mis- taken impression that a fow tables of summary values will provide the answers to specific design probloms. | have long boon an advocate of relating the basic anthropometric ‘ala to a spectic dasigner's needs, and the authors clear treatment {or a spacial audienco is particularly gratitying. The real benefic- iares, ulimately, wil be office workers, small chien, and handi- ‘capped persons, to name but a few of the many consumer groups wih spocialized noods. [Rntrpagy Reseoey Peet INTRODUCTION ‘The fascination of philosophers, artists, theoreticians, and architects with human body size dates back many centuries. n the only com plate treatise on architocture surviving from antiquity Vitruvius, who lived in fst century .c. Rome, wrote: For the human body is go designed by nature thatthe fac, ftom the chin {othe top o he fordhaad and the lowest roots ofthe har fs teh part tthe whole height the open hand from the wristto the tip ol the middle fingers just the same; the head from the chin tothe cxown san eighth land wih the neck and shoulder from the top ofthe breast othe lowest foots ofthe hal isa sixth trom the mica of tho breast othe summit of the crown isa fourth, we take the Relghtof the face isl the distance ‘om the baton ofthe chin to the underside ofthe nostri is one thi of i: the nose from the underside of the nostis toa line between the eye- brows isthe same; rom thereto the lowest roots of the hari also a third. comprising th forehead. The length ofthe fot is one sith ofthe height of the body; of the forearm, one fourth; an! the breadth of the breasts aleo one fouth. The other members, too, have their own syn motrical proportions, and i was by employing them that the famous paints and sculptors of antquty sain to great and endless renown, “Then again, in the human body the central points natural the navel. Fort a man be placed fat on his back, with his hands and feet ‘xonded, ano a pat of compasses canted a his nave, the fingers and {oes of his two hends and feet wil touch the creumference ofa cle ‘dosorbed therelrom. And ust as the human body yilds a circular out- lino, 90 too a square gure may be found from I. For if we measure the {stance from the soles of the feet othe top ofthe head. and then apy that measure tothe outstretched arms, the breadth wil be found to be the same as the height as in the case of plane surfaces which are per feelly square. ‘Not only was Vitruvius concemed with proportions of the body, but wih thelr metrological implications. In alluding to Greek temple de- ‘ign he tells us, “Moreover, they collected from members of the human body the proportionate dimensions which appear necessary in all building operations, the finger or inch, the palm, the foot, the cuit During the Middle Ages, Dionysius, monk of Phouma of Agrapha, ‘wrote of man's body size as “nine heads tal,"*and Cennino Cennini, 1 erro ga Vis tras Fang of he man fe based onthe Vraan Norm Man. Photograph cout he Furs 2 Vaan May Jw Gen 04 Boron onto, 17 Fase 3 Mod fret La Co a 15th-century llalan, described the length of a man as equal to his \width with arms extonded.* During the Renaissance, Leonard da Vinci created his famous drawing of the human figure, based on the: Vtruvian norm-man (Figure 1). In the mi-19tn century John Gibson, land J. Bonomi were also to reconstruct the Viruvian figure (Figure 1-2) and later, more than 2000 years after Vitruvius wrote his ten books on architecture, Le Corbusler was to revive intorest in the Vivian nox with his ereation of Modular No. 1 (Figure 3). No discussion of body size and proportion, however, would be com- Blete witiout mention of the so-called Golden Section, the name ‘given inthe 19th century to the proportion derived from the divisions, of a line into what Euclid in 300 9.c. Greece called “extreme and an ralio."S According to Evcid, a line ie cut in such a ratio only n the "whole line is to the greater segment, 90 Is the greater tO the less.” Although three terms, at least, are required for any propor- tion, what is unique about the Golden Section is thatthe third torm of the proportion Is equal to the sum of the other two. Soascinating was this notion of the Golden Section that inthe early Partof the 16th century, Luca Paccoll, a close fiend of Leonardo and Probably the most famous mathematician of the time, wrote a book about it called Divina Proportion (dine proportion) in which he en- ‘dowed the Golden Section with many variad mystical properties in both science and art. He contended, for example, that he could de- fect “an aesthetic principle which is found in architectural forms, in the human body, and even in the letters ofthe Latin alphabet.”” [thas been claimed thatthe proportion of the so-caled Golden Sec- tion is far superior to all other proportions. Actual experiments are A [eee ease ‘said to indicate a preference, on the part of mos: people, for those proportions closest to Euci's extreme and mean ratio, While It was ‘employed as a conscious element in architectural design during the Renaissance, the architecture of antiquity, as well as that ofthe Mid- dle Ages, may also have been designed according fo the proportion ofthe Golden Section. More recently. its most enthusiastic supporter ‘was Le Corbusier, who In 1948 wrote a book dealing with proportions based on it ‘The most fascinating obsorvation about the Golden Saction, however, involves the human figure. If a horizental line is drawn through the navel, three different Body measurements are produced, 2s ilustrates in Figure I-8. One represents statue, or the distance from the top ofthe head tothe floor. Another represents the distance from the navel to the floor, while the third represents the distance from the top of the head to the navel. itis contended that if actual ‘measurements are substituted forthe letters indicated, the ratio of slature to the height of the navel above the floor usually approx- imates 1.618. The proportion of the three measurements conforms fairly closely to Euciid's extreme and mean ratio. Despite Viruvius's attempts to relate the human body to the system ‘of measurements employed by the Greeks in the design of temples, hhumanity’s basic concern with the human figure historically has been ‘more aesthetic than metrological. more involved wth proportion than with absolute measurements and function. Over tha last several doo- fades, however, concem for human dimensions and body size, a8 calical factors in the design process, has steadly increased. No- where has this concern been greater than inthe fd of human fac- ‘ors engineering, as itis caled in the United States, of ergonomics, as tis referred to in Europe. lt should be noted, however, that con: ‘com for body size is only one of soveral areas of inerest to the hhuman factors engineer, or ergonomist, due to tho extremely com- ‘lex nature of those disciplines. According to one definition, “human ‘engineering (human factors engineering, ergoncmics, biotechnol- gy) is not a single scientiic discipine but @ synthesis which inte- grates the biological sciences—psychology, anthropology, Physiology, and mecicine—with engineering."® Ergonomics has been defined in one instance as ‘the technology of ‘work design” that “is based on the human biological sciences: anat- ‘omy, physiology and peychology.”? In another inetance, itis defined ‘more simply as “an interdiscipinary science which studies the rela tionships between people and ineir environments," Most agree that both terms “human engineering” and "ergonomics" may be Used in- terchangeably, and during the course ofthis book, both rms will be so used. The application of human factors engingoring has been typically associated wit highly complex and limited technological problems in ‘machine and equipment design. The problems have usually involved relatively sophisticated man-machine interface situations: the design ‘of control contrs, aircraft cockpits, electronic consoles, and endless ‘numbers and types of military ar, ground, and sea vehicles, Yat to- day human factors engineering relates tothe civlan sector as well The desigr of consumer products, work environments, Yransporta- tion vehicles, to name a few, all quire human factors input ‘The field was gWven enormous impotus during the Second World War due to the compeling need to reconcile human capabities with the {technological sophistication of miltary equipment. The possibility of ‘human error had to be eliminated. Equipment had to be operated at ‘maximum afficeney under the most trying of circumstances, Prob- Joms facing the ergonomist ranged in complexity from a simple con- {Wo such as the push button, to complicated console designs for use ‘under battle conditions. More recertly, tha ergonomist has had to ‘cope with physiological, psychological, and anthropometric (the study of human bedy measurement, which will be thoroughly dis- cussed in Part A) aspects of design problems inherent in space travel. Of greatest significance, however, was the basic realization and acceptance of the idea that consideration of human factors con- stituted an integral pat of the design process. ‘Among the most important of these human factors is body size and dimension as it relates to the so-called ergonomic fit, or the ergofit- ting, of the user to the environment—one aspect of the so-called man-machine interface to which the ergonomist constantly alludes, Most applications of human engineering have, in fact, been inthe in- FRolatively few cviian anthropometic surveys, however, have been taken. Pethaps the most currant and complete study of the eivllan population of the United States—the National Health Survoy—was prepared for the Ospartment of Health, Education, and Walfare (HEW) by Dr, Howard W. Stoudt, Dr. Albert Damon, and Or. Ross [NeFariand tormery ofthe Harvard School of Public Health and Jean Roberts the U.S. Public Health Service “This study involved a na: tionwide probability sample of over 7500 nonmilitary and noninstit tionalized people between the ages of 18 and 79 years, of which 6672 were examined. Most anthropomatric research, nevertnaless, is stil being done for the military. Allbranches of the service have active programs, and in ‘many instances will share thelr data with professionais in the private ‘sector. An excellent exaripie is the three-volume Anthropometric ‘Source Book published by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ‘ministration. This book is probably the most comprehensive source ‘of summarized body size data currently in existence anywherein the ‘world 5 Appendix 1 ists military anthropometry laboratoroe, as well 2a other national and international sources of anthropometric data “The designer should use the data cautiously and, ininstances where the nature of the design problem requires more sephisticated data, consult wih a qualified professional in the field of anthropometry. 13 TYPE OF DATA ‘Human body dimensions thatimpact on the design ot intorior spaces are of two basic types—structural and functional. Stuctural dimen- sions, sometimes referred to as “atic” dimensions, include meas- luremenis of the head, torso, and limbs. in standard positions Functional dimensions, also eferred to as “dynamic” dimensions, a: the term suggests, include measurements taken in working positions ‘or during the movement associated with certain tasks, The former are simpler and more readily obtained, while the lator are normally, far more complicated. Figures 1-4 through 1-6 ilustrate the basic an- thropomeric instruments usually employed in the measurement of body parts and thelr use. There are more sophisticated measuring Sevices and techniques, such a2 muliple probe contour devices ‘hotometrc camara systems, andrometric camara systems, stereo- ‘Photogrammetry, but their use is not presently widespread. ‘Aglance at any anatomy textbook's sufciont to suggost the endless ‘number of body dimensions possible. One recent publication con- tains almast one thousand measurements.® The number of pos- siblities and the exotc medical terminology involved can be ‘Somewhal intimidating for the designer. For example, the “crnion- ‘menton” isthe term forthe distance between the har line inthe mid de ofthe forehead and the midpoint of the lower edge of the chin, \while the “menton-supramentale” isthe distance from the angle be- ‘ween the chin and the lower lip to the lower edge of the chin. Such data might be extremely useful to a designer of a helmet for a pres- surized spacesuit, but would be of litle value to an interior designer. 435 1107 ADULT MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION ‘Table 4 provides functional dimensions for males and females not in- ‘luded within the scope of Table 2. Only Sth and 95th percontile ‘measurements are indicated since these were deemed to be the ‘most useful for design purposes. ‘SOURCE ‘A Male Data: US. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1987; Churchil, Kika, ‘and Churchil, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright: Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967. ‘A, D, F Female Data: Air Force Women, 1988; Clauser, et al, An- ‘hropometry of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70-5, Aerespace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, ‘Ohio, 1972. B, D Male Data: U.S. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Heraberg, Daniels, and Churchill, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no.’ 52-321, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954, 1B, E Female and E Male Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 20 ed. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Calornia Press, 1964), pp. 5-18, 5-17, 5-18, 519. © Male Data: Snow and Snyder, Anthropometry of Ar Trafic Control Trainees, Report no. AM 85-26 (September 1965), Federal Aviation ‘Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla C Female Data: Airine Stowardesses, 1971; Snow, Reynolds, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airline Stowardesses, Department of ‘Transportation, Report no. FAA’AN-2, FAA Office of Aviation Medi- cine, Civ Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Okla, 1975, F Male Data: Hertzberg, otal, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, Report no. WADG TR-54-520, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1956. ‘STRUCTURAL BODY “Adult Male and Female Miscellaneous Structural Body Dimensions in Inches ‘and Centimeters by Age and Selected Percentiles nN piece Del oielostle © wa a wea be woe rem oO MEN] ot wo [oat [aaa |ay ae] aa aa] ae wo Tse we) 5 woups [nt us [avins |rvoe oa az |e ea] oo co ar ou Me St rier poner as | at os | me oo one [ni or [333 [sige [ue 2 Ls ae oo we Lt ng [peecene Bt HH conn] ADULT MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION Table 4 provides functional dimensions for males and females not in- ‘luded within the scope of Table 2. Only Sth and 95th percentile ‘measurements are indicated since these were deemed to be the ‘most usetul for design purposes. SOURCE ‘A Male Data: U.S. Air Force Fiying Personnel, 1967; Church, Kika, ‘and Churehil, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright: Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967. ‘A.D, F Female Data: Air Force Women, 1968; Ciauser, at al, An- ‘thropometry of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70-6, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Obio, 1972. B,D Male Data: US. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Hertzberg. Daniels, and Churchil, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no.’ 52-321, Wright Air Development Center Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954, B, E Female and E Male Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los “Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), pp. 5-18, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19. Male Data: Snow and Snyder, Anthropometry of Air Trafic Control Trainees, Report no. AM 65-28 (September 1965), Federal Aviation ‘Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla, © Female Data: Airline Stewardessos, 1971; Snow, Reynods, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airine Stewardesses, Department of ‘Transportation, Report no. FAA-AM2, FAA Office of Aviation Medi ine, Chil Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Okla. 1975. F Male Data: Hertzberg, otal, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, Report no. WADC TR'54-520, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1956. POUT NCTIONNL OWENS 81 a oy — D E ‘Female Functional Body Dimensions in (naa | 9 759 Mo one 2s ors nom | ao | mom | mem] mon | im on ma os] wri | Heri | sso coo | oon moa] eas me 63 vc2 | ao raes | _corsor | a7 eos | seo ns | sore ea wes | ea toos | —movaas | 207 78 | m0 7x7 | Toney zo eas | 729 152 ADULT MALE AND FEMALE PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION In Part A, secular changes inthe body size of populations, over per 0s of time, were discussed. Itwas noted, for example, thatthe body size of Second World War inductees was greater than that of First World War inductees. A recent study by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, taken in 1971-1974, indicatos that ‘lately more men and women are taller than those examninedin the ‘National Health Survey of 1960-1962. Fifty-one percent ofthe men in ‘the recent survey were 175.3 om, or 69in, or taller as compared with 538 percent in the 1960-1962 survey. Flacognizing the significance of ‘secular change, as well as the length of the research and develop- ‘ment cycle associated with the design and production of various ‘equipment—a process typical of certain industries—projections of future body measurements can at times prove extremely useful. Al the very least the inclusion of certain projections in these tables can, to some degree, complete the spectrum of anthropometric data available tothe architect and interior designer. Table 5 includes such [rojections. Selected anticipated female and male structural body ‘Measurements for the year 1985 are shown. Only Sth and 95th par ‘centile measurements are indicated since they were deemed to be ‘ost useful for design purposes. ‘The male measurements reflect extrapolations made on the basis of ata from a number of surveys of U.S. Air Force (USAF) and US. ‘Navy Flying Personnel conducted between 1950 and 1973. The data, ‘Were restricted to those from commissioned officers in the 23-25 age ‘ange. The female measurements wore estimated from a 1968 Air Force Women's survey. Unfortunately, there was no corresponding large croup of surveys on which to study secular changes in dimen- ‘ions of female officers. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to al data, ‘SOURCE ‘Anthropometric Source Book, Volume |: Anthropometry tor De- signers, NASA reference publication 1026, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Ottce, ly 1978. AOULT PROMECTED os DMENGONS 01 ADULT MALE WORKING POSITIONS PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS aS e Senay ae ots eae wore er eel we oesouron WEN] aise wr7] 70 120s] era 1e57] 74a 6] sea eva] set eos] 75 voi] ‘Table 6 provides various Sth and 95th percentile body dimensions of WOMEN | 1651 749 426"1007| 57 14 [eso 1720] 17 e06| 313 76| 59 19 kneeling, crawiing, and prone positions not included in the data indi- MEN fas? €52) «15 105s] s07 ross |esa vea2| 200 res] 01 real s7 ves] cated in the other tables. This information is useful to the architect WOMEN tors «74 {200° 65 | 404 1229 |600 1523] 257 677] 274 es] 41 104] ‘and interior designer inthe planning of mechanical and ublty spaces, ‘exercise rooms, physical therapy spaces, and other similar areas. 4 r J K c uM N Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all won[mom>mom|monpm om| mon] mom ata. way a] ies Ws] a7 ssi |e? @apos saa[ TT a] ‘aiarsea| 174 42 207 s27|244 e2o| 104 488] 107 274 ‘SOURCE mas s21] 169 sea] saa a6alzz2 sea] 75 weal 03 210 Human Factors Engineering, 34 od., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3/1 wes] ue ve] v2 a7|a0 333 8193] January 1977, Department ofthe Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command Andrews AF8, DC 20334, p. 8. The data used from AFSC DH 1-3 was, in tum, extracted from H. TE. Hertzberg, | Emanuel, and M. Alexander, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, WADC-TR-54-520 [Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch College, Au- gust'1956 (DDC N° AD 110573)]; and Albert Damon, Howard W. ‘Stoudl, Ross McFarland, The Human Body in Equipment Design (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1871), pp. 194-196, “Adult Male Working Positions in Inches and Centimeters land by Selected Percentiles" ate le o Le Fle lH mae] mo | a) | =e sso_| so | 2 | we | vos | 7 | we | 75 ws [101 | se | a7 | m7 | ws | 99 asr_|_scs | rsa | osx | nz | nse “Ana @ tom Caen, Stud. MeFarand The Han Body ia Egbert Design. CroughH hom Human Factors Engineering CHILDREN AGES 6 TO 11 WEIGHT AND STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION To dato, vary lite anthropometric deta have been avaiable to the designer with regard to functional body measurements of infants and children. Such information is vita othe proper design of juvenile fur- fiture and preschool, school, and other interior environments for use by children. What mekes the need for such data evan more critical is that the element of safety as well as comfort is at stake. There Is a ‘trong relationship between improperly designed furniture and acci- ‘dental death and injury to children. Cases of strangulation and neck Impingement in cribs and high chairs, for example, are not uncom- ‘mon. Table 7 provides some anthropometric data inthe form of body ‘measurements of chilren from 6 to 11 years of age in the United ‘States from 1963 to 1965. Although the measurements are structural rather than functional, they should be useful to the designer. (The ‘measurements were converted from centimeters to inches. which ‘explains why there are some discrepancies within the tables) Proper allowances for cothing and shoes should be added to all data. For adstional anthropometric data concerning infants and children, a 41975 study prepared by Snyder, Spencer, Owings, and Schneider, all of the University of Michigan, for the Society of Automotive En gingers, entitled Anthropometry of U.S. Infants and Chilaren, Is highly recommended. SOURCE Robert M. Malina, Peter V. V. Hamil, and Stanley Lemeshow, Ne- tional Health Examination Survey: Selected Body Measurements of Children 6-11 Years, 1963-1965 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ‘ment Printing Otfice, Vital and Health Statistics Series 11, no. 123, DHEW publication no. (HSM) 73-1605. B 7 WEIGHT siTING HEIGHT ERECT ‘of Chiaren in Pounds and Kilograms ‘Sex, and Selected Percentiles ‘Siting Height Erect of Children in inches and Gentimetersby Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles, veers | 7Yeas | Svea | oVeas] 10 eae Yous | 7 Years ] 8 Yoas | 9 Years | 10 Wears] 11 Yours eg] © ig] bmg) kg) in em|_mem| im om| mem] inom, om as s| seas a7|_os7_ms 5 wear] cr oa] 20 ze mal mena | ‘STATURE ELBOW-TO- “Stature of Children in Inches and Cont Danae of Geen ; Elbowto-Elbow Breadth of Ghilcren inInches and ————SSSSC~*S 92. lected Percent Centimeters by Age. Sex, and Selected Percentiles yews | 7Years | GYeers | SYeas | lO vears 6 Years ‘é Years | _oYears | 10 oars ] 1 Yours so] s28 ious] ees tons] re ae 8 me aa sa] For] was oa] 07 ara] s2sa) uo _w2| 20 say_sso2 roe 209 t7_asr| res a7] 1a1_ma| a9 2 a7 s10_ws| 99 as ute ‘os o| a7 ste] vor as7| toa _ats| _so8 arr | nts moa twa au_wss|_ sts ss 1050 eo_mas|_o1 sx| os as| on _z08| 10s asr| 0s 200 OMRORENWESIT AND OMENSIONS 107 7 we HIP KNEE BREADTH ») HEIGHT ‘Hip Breadth of Children in Inches and Centimeters. y ‘Knee Height of Children in inches and Centimeters, bby Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles: u by Age. Sex, and Selected Percentiles ee eT Per] see |e Steen [Tees] evens | SO Tess BOYS] es ue] oe me ze = we m7] ee aa] wa aa] aa aT 8 wa] za_vaz|_ 01s 3 wzo_sea| rasa] waa | moma] see] mee oa] sky 7 THIGH CLEARANCE Thigh Glearance of Ghidren ia Inches and Centimeters ‘Sex, and Selected Percentiles Pees] eas Boys a ins, zas| tae _9| sas asa|_51_ana|_ turn] tea _any| B0¥S aie] ea a7] tas mea] 0 ara] mo] isa QO) cms ci Ness rs | asl nd eomel a cee ee BOvS wea] ee aoa] aa ano] 07 oer] we] 16 a0 GirLS za|_zs_wo|_aa_ 7] ui avr] ore 23 0) ss wa] a2 rs] 0 se7] 98 ea] a 73] Gras zo| 120 006| we ms| wos a2] 140 s60| 140 _a75| BOvS a GiALS z7| sma] 22a] vane] ina aes] er _ae7 BOvS zo] wane] vrs o0x | tea ais] 130 —sa0] 30 3am O) crus mes create] carl se| ges ea) ee aed a Ca ‘BOYS: eo ma] 27a] na 7] ints zo] tos_za]_is_a95 xa|_ws_ns|_ 1s) MALE HEAD, FACE Buttock Popliteal ‘Of Children in Inches and Gentimtors by Ago, Sex. and Salada Perenies HAND, AND FOOT SYears | 7Years | 8 veas | 9 Years | 10 eas | 11 ans DIMENSIONS 10 invem| in cm | in om| in om| inom | in ves sig] 193 a8] 158] 150 m2] 180 907] v8 wo soe] vee sea] tas oa] 4a nea] 109 ara | 180 ws a3] 23 s12{ 130 09s] a7 oer] tea ona] 180 DESCRIPTION ‘The table provides sth and 95th percentile dimensions of the male ‘head, face, hand, and foot. Although of greater value tothe designer ‘of clothing and equipment, the hand and foot dimensions could also ‘prove quite usetul to the architect and interior designer. Applications ‘would include securily grilles, gratings, access and vision panels, recreational equipment, commercial or residential shoe storage ar- rangements and devices, and spacial spaces for physicaly disabled people. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all data ‘SOURCE Human Factors Engineering, 3d ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-31 ‘January 1977, Department ofthe Air Force, Headquarters Air Force Systems Command Andrews AFB, DC 20394, p. 6 OUT MAE SELECTED OMENSING 1H ‘Ceeumferonce JOINT MOTION DESCRIPTION “The study, measurement, ard evakiation of the ranges of ont mo- tion isa complex and rlaively sophisticated scionee. Measuring techniques have rot been completly perfected and some yet re ‘main to be devised. Research wth respect © conan aspacts ofthe ‘namics invlved, partly in toms of to interaction of two or ‘more jis or muscles, is sil nts eary stages. The deta avalladle fre scarce, and information speccaly rlatad to large samplings of the clan population practicaly nonexistent. Table 9 includes what informations valable concering ranges of joint motion relative to the neck, spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, wrist, fingers, ankle, and foot. Most of the data, however, are based on a military population and ate concamned primary win the simple movement of single Jont and not withthe efect of one upon the other. Proper alowarces for ching and shoes should be added o al data. ‘SouRCE ‘Human Factors Engineering, 34 ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3, ‘January 1977, Depariment of the Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command, Andrews AFB, DC 20334, pp. 18-17. oer woron 9 JOINT MOTION TERMINOLOGY" Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the parts of the body. Supplementing the more commonly measured arm an lo flexons, several kinds of fexion have been denied to meet special escrpive needs. These are dunk lateral flexion in which the nk ‘Segments move So fe decrease the angle between them and the "nt thigh: radial Resin, which refers tothe movement ofthe thu ‘Sie ofthe hand toward be racial de ofthe forearm segments; at Ulnar flexion, which refers tothe opposite side of the hand's move: ‘ment toward the ulnar side ofthe forearm segment. Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the parts of the body. It is generally defined as the retum from flexion When a joints extended beyond the normal range ofits movement, the movement becomes known as “hyperextension.” ‘Abduction: movement of a body segment away from the midline of the body or body part to which itis attached. ‘Adduction: movement ota body segment or segment combination toward the midline of the body or body part to which itis attached. Medial rotation: turing toward the midline of the body. Lateral rotation: turing away from the midine of the body. Pronation: rotating the forearm so that the palm taces downward ‘0 that the palm faces HYPEREXTENSION ‘Supination: rotating the forearm so that the palm faces upward, YPEREXTENSIO version: rotation ofthe foot which its its lateral border to tun th ‘Sole or plantar surface cutward. Inversion: liting the medial border of the foot to turn the sole ins ward. SHOULDER 7 \e Pamanrsnion FLEXION AND EXTENSION PRONATION AND ‘SUPINATION. = ane ae) ’ fortmes jursearroee sence x a, 4 ‘ : ee x ~ q NEUTRAL DORSIFLEXION AND PERMANENT FLEXION FLEXION PLANTAR FLEXION OINT MOTION ABDUCTION AND METATARSOPHALANGEAL ROTATION ROTATION IN "ADDUCTION IN FLEXION EXTENSION NEUTRAL EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION "AND FLEXION JOINT MOTION 3 ‘The promise of easy answers associated with packaged solutions, rules of thumb, standards, and other presumably painiess and time- ‘saving devices is understandably an appealing one. In certain situa- tions, reliance on such sources may be perfectly appropriate. In ‘problems dealing wth such human factors as the inter‘ace between the human body and the designed environment, however, the use of ‘such sources should be discouragod. The great variety of body sizes ‘and dimensions to be contended with and the almost infinite number Of interace scenarios possible make reliance on such sources Sometimes dangerous, often inappropriate, and usually unwise. In those instances where so-called standards or rules of thumb may. in fact, be appropriate, it is stil more useful to understand the undery- Jing concepts, process, and rationale than to unquestioningly apply them with oniy the end results in mind, INTENT In anticipation that the term “design reference standards,” the tile {given to this section, should in any way be misconstrued to suggest the promise of a handbook of ready-made design solutions its nec ‘essary that the purpose of this sation be marie clear. Ini definitely ‘not intended that the drawings on the following pages be viewed as te Coaly anno Ses Jee loge involved and to underscore the anthropometric aspect of the alE/3 2|ulle process, it should be noted that each drawing contains certain de xiilg|>|c\sle mensional arrows crawn in sold ine with code numbers writen 2) 2/8) | 215 above. The numbers represent certain standard body measure- 2 8\a)3) 8] a8 ‘mont: 4 Taste a aatncas 7 STATURE The legend for translating th bers into particular 2 eT legend for translating these numbers into particular an- thropometric measurements contained both inthe master matrix at SIELEOW HERAT: the beginning of each secton and in the matrix at the beginning of 4 SITTING HEIGHT ERECT ‘each subsection. The dimension line indicates where the measure- 5 SITTING HEIGHT NORMAL "Ment taken. The folowing observations should make the use of tho Sa CITA ‘matrix easier. One column lists the 24 body measurements. The NS SSNS ‘ther column ists the various types of interior spaces. The circular symbols indicate those specific measurements that are most signif- '@ SHOULDER BREADTH Cert ta Geson oa paula p4ce pe. The darkened elon ‘8 ELBOW-TO-ELBOW BREADTH Signy tha! the measurement s person having a larger ody size. The cies shown in outine indicate that the measure- ar: POLE EARTH. ment should be of @ person having a smaller body size. The halt 1K26| 11 ELBOW REST HEIGHT darkened ose signet hat bot age and salad Sze dla bo [f2 THIGH CLEARANCE: ‘considered. The extended arrows identity the tables in Part B in ‘which the related body measurements can be found. The matrix at pe ete {he beginning ofeach subsection ists only those measurements ret Nao f'4 POPLITEAL HEIGHT ‘evant to that subsection, The other colurmn ists the basic activiies 10.2K| {iS BUTTOCK POPLITEAL LENGTH involved, while the symbols indicate those specific measurements 1P2L 16 BUTTOCK KNEE LENGTH ‘ost relevant to a particular activity SaiOSeOaTeTH TASB. 18 BUTTOCK HEFL LENGTH ieee fio VERTICAL REACH HFIGHT SITTING ‘The arrows shown in broken ine, with a etter above, indicate other a ‘mensional criteria that have been determined in order to comiorta- Bo NERTICAL GRIP RAG bly accommodate the designated body moasuremenis. The charts 21 SIDE ARM REACI ‘on each page are keyed tothe letters and show the dimensions in [22 THUMB TIP REACH both English and matic systems, [23 MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH. ‘Through the caret use ofthese drawings, tables, matrices, chats, 1X6A [24 MAXIMUM BODY BREADTH ‘and ext 2s a model, the designer of interior space should be able to establish the dimensional requirements necessary to respond to the ‘anthropometric demands inherent in any type of interlace stuation| that includes the human body and that space. Preliminary design ‘assumptions so developed are sure to be far more responsive to human dimension than arbitrary or often outdated standards or rules of thumb. “The design of seating, more than any other element of interior space, involves the elusive quality of user comiort. Since relatively tle re- search in this area has been undertaken, conficting recommenda. tions abound for_many of the dimensions involved. The measurements indicated in the drawings on the folowing pages, therefore, reflect basic anthropometric requirements anc, within rea: sonable parameters, generally accepted notions of comfort. The in- tent of the diagrams is to indicate some of the more basic cxtica dimensional requirements necessary to ensure a reasonable inter- face between the human body and the seat and to establish an itel- ligont point of departure for the design process. Par ofthis process, it shouldbe noted, involves the fabrication of fullsize mockups and pro- {olypes, whereby function, esthetics, and user comfort can be prop erly evaluated and design modifications made accordingly. Inmany instances, seating Is rectly rotated toa table, desk, counter, ‘ora vatily of special worksurlaces. However, the clagrams in tis ‘section deal exclusively with the seat itsel. The proper relationship ‘between the seat and ather elements is included in those other sec- tions appropriate to the activity involved. For example, the desk/chair telaionship is included in Section 3 dealing with office spaces; situa- tions involving visibly and lines of sight from a seated postion are ‘covered the section on the design of audiov'sual spaces. The seat- ing types included in the dagrams are executive chairs, secretarial ‘chairs, general purpose chairs, drafting stools, and banguettes. The ‘tical dimensions examined include seat height, seat depth, seat ‘width, seat angle, armrest height and spacing, and backrest cimon- sons and slope. should be noted thatthe dimensions shown are taken from the com- pressed seat padding or cushion surface. n the design of seating, the ‘lative resilency and compressive qualities ofthe cushion ae there fore extremely important. Recommended seat compression allon- ‘ance varies, cording tothe source consulted, rom ¥3 to 2in, or 1.3, 05.1 em, ands obviously a function ofboth the material used and the ‘manner in which the padding is detailed. Section 4 of Part A deals in ‘greater detail with the question of cushioning and with the general ‘theory of eeating design. This section should be consulted prior tothe ‘agpliaton of any of the recommended dimensional Information ‘shown inthe following diagrams. PLAN view iis also suggested at the reader ro- fertoPar Secson 4, and the folow- legpages of is section for adtional ‘Semaen rated to the oars! ‘epoct of chal sign. A ood deal of hats appcable al cha pes. ‘Soe wew PLAN view. GENERAL PURPOSE CHAIR Soevew PLAN VIEW EXECUTIVE CHAIR ‘CHAIR /STOOL PLAN View im om Tserrne ‘The draings atthe bottom show the base amoneone for te dosh oF Banquet seating. The lack of rm reste makes ditt to done Seat boundaries The user, here, ends to eatablon Nis ow tortry by 26- Suming 2 decied eting postre and pacing personal atten ext 10 hen Sich aa brotcase, purse or pack- ‘ge. Snce the nate his ype of ‘hating can pormt some form oft) ‘Sorta Rien ersions nd er ‘Sonal space ls play 8m important Dpetinfow eeseine urs enanng the Banque wil st Because tthe mary ndeen psycho. lepealfacors von the acta ff ‘concy of tus seating ype terme ot fxpacty 15 questonabie The lar (gas recato two possbie seating Stators. each ctted by the an- Tropemetres volved. Ono aange- mor isbaod onto premise tha! he Users otbows willbe extended, poss By in eantuncton wih some acy. ‘ch as roan. or simply as an a= tempt to ste out aden try, [Sr woud be the case be sage ‘estoning ot some personal ertcioon {he seat In ths stuaton f would De ‘enscnabia 0 assume tat enc User ‘woud take op abo 0 782 em ‘hapace The ster gram shows & more compact seating arrangement. ‘Tho dagyam at to op shows @ Soe ten trough yi! tanaueta BANQUETTE SEATING BANQUETTE SEATING RESIDENTIAL alelele Sis lé la 5[5|2 2/8 lolz |S/Elly giz bse 18 2)8|a|8|a)& vane [as/8] 819 Tas T STATURE : Bac 7 EVE HEIGHT 135 3 ELBOW HEIGHT i020 SITTING HEIGHT ERECT SITTING HEIGHT NORWAL 78 EVE HEIGHT SITTING 7-iOSHOULOER HEIGHT SITE 3 SHOULDER BREADTH 0 ELBOWTOELSOW BREAOTH uaF 70" HIP BREADTH 71 ELBOW REST REGHT a 2 THGH CLEARANCE ihiat 13 RNEE HEIGHT wai 1a POPLITEAL HEIGHT 10.2K ‘15 BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH a Tea 16: BUTTOGKKNEE LENGTH Tas 17 BUTTOOR TOE LENGTH ines 1 BUTTOOK HEEL LENGTH ee EVERTON RESET FARE STS tae 20" VERTICAL GRIP REACH Uae BT SIDE ARM REACH aD 22 THUNB TE REACH ‘ws 26" MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH KoA 2 WAXIMUM BOOY BREADTH ‘The variety of human actviy that occurs within residential spaces whether they be studio apartments, two- and three-bedroom coopera tives, or suburban houses, is formidable. I is within tis single of ronment that people sleep, dine, relax, meditate, entertain and a ‘entertained, make love, do housework, read, Cook, bathe, aro cory ceived, and in some cases are born or die. It is also within thowe ‘spaces that people sperd al least half of their waking hours and ae ‘subjected to mest of the physical inuries they are ikely to sustal during the course of thar fete. The impressive number and diva sity of functions that must take place within this single environment, the extended period of time that people spend within it, and ther vil erabiliy to fatigue and accidents give the quality of their interface ‘wath that envirorment added significance. Another factor that make the qualiy of interiace even more crticalis the decrease inthe size of residential spaces avaiable on today’s market due to the increasing costs ofboth construction and and. As a consequence af hese exiey nl economic factors, it becomes necessary in many cases to maxi mize the ulilzation of existing space to the greatest degree possibie Iinsome instances this involves innovative ways of percotving both the problem and he design solution. For example, it may be necessary 10 ‘explore the use of overhead space, to have’a single portion of the space perform several functions, or to creatively recycle space, for erly used for a dierent purpose, to accommodate a resider ial function. The text and illustrations to follow deal with human dimore ‘sion and residential space in termes ofthe major functions that must be ‘accommodated, Sea Ins ropa sat height must ak to consideration popal hah, while ‘Seat depth must be esgonsiveibltock pope length Cxculon around seat rg elomerts must accommodate mats Body breath, whee Ipeaton oa Cate tate n elation oa chai shoud be reeponsiato human reach amonsion. ‘The Right a whch a pln nung ona wal should be Stormined elt: ship eye haght. The possblies ae almost endess andthe aewings one totowing pages explore enya few ofthe many cesgn stvatons at requre kroweoge of human dmoraions. The mathe above macates some of tho a ropomre maatirerent ate no consteraion fo ensure Ina prope” eves ot macs. DAs 2 soxces ‘he damage here oxaine th ria lenstip of fomaia and mat body mensions fo sola seating. horde 6 determine how much spaco. the Seated" body requres. “The ar tropoetic measurements f major Ieterest here are masirum body brea and butock popliteal length The op draing deas wih male mensions; based on 850 porcenile ata, maximum body bread tmenaon 6 2.8 nor 579 cr wh 3 hide ject Aton or cloting ard Some. Dooy movemerta¢ well as change n posture and postion, amin mun dimension of 281 71m. Siggostog ab a with alowarce for 8 rated person The oerl imenac, ‘Peto eudestne nau woth Sfomences and the wah ot 8 88 larmeawsrucon, whic ebvusty can ‘ary depending on personal eign Deleteres Arango o'3 06 in of 76 {0 152 cm, fs suggested. Using the ato ponitealengh of he smaller person and adgng asl alowance G16 10 9m oF 152 10 229 0m, for acest constucten as wel a8. 3 ‘inemim one in ten ft ota for (oot movement. an over depth mension of 42 108 no 1087 10 121g, is suggested The rangle lor the drawing athe batom dealing wth feraie data ls he sare. Te {omaton shoud prove noon util prow hoor teh othe ‘oncral reatoranp. bomeon 800) ‘See ane future bt of spect value In estichng priminary design a Sumptons for nawusonal sear fn Seabee desired excavaly or the ‘eet males or of females in spaces where souting ls to bo used by bom {ives larger dmencione shoud ao ‘SOFA SEATING /MALES. € 3 [eeeeee ‘sone 3 152-229 6 Te=182 2 I Se __—Tes-127 # pats SOFA SEATING / FEMALE 24s 1« B spaces: ‘The top draweg examinos to role tonship ofthe female and mais body ‘mensions to arm cha sexing it ‘er 10. determine the. amount ot ‘Space the seated body rogues. The ‘ionaie sm fo Pn Sealing ‘wth soe seating, cuties onthe re ‘ada p02 ‘Th bottom drawings nt intended to ‘suggest a speci ayout or a conver atonal grouping, and heetore oud rat be taken Mera Nos Ssuggosted fat epecal female and trae seating be provided nthe same ing space. The rawing ie oseen- tly erative and perpose 0 Suggest alowances for corte Cheation relaive to come” ange eating s2uatone The kay coneders ten anivopometrealy ' macerur body breach data Se clearances inveve, the data related he ger pevson aera Pe mater shows be uted 7 Wer 152-229 24s 1H spaces The cravings at the top and certor ea! wit the major obaraces In ‘voted in lounge or conversations Seating The tp raw is based ona conversation! grouping in whch 2 ‘ceararce betwoen Pw Font the ‘seat ad the edge of he abel [oabetwoen 16nd Yin, or 40.8 and 457 em The clearance may tegure some degree of body contactor = ‘Sappng for ereuston and sccbes Antrepometicaly. Powever. dows ‘zcormodale human reach, pert tng be seats porson aesese to he cof table witout rng. Th dra Ingo suggests a amensionalvange ter verbal conversion. The centr (aving lusatos a Sra trivee ‘arargenent that woud. parmt ce Gulaten wih tl heaton ates, The ‘earance inated. however 10 per: It such scones woul make timpes Sbie fx most people to roach he Cation table tom a seated postion, Tis could be entromety undesrabain terms o fod, beverages, and coe rates. Given the cnoce boteoan hl heaton eccess andthe accor ter frase the authors otto reach 4nd recommend the sraler clear Thetbotom arawing suggest an over all alowanee fr oasy chi o ocln ng char seating, cag forest Tho butoccieg fongth of the ager person sho. moat ignifoant. an Ivoporsie measurement in 80 Ising Dus learanem Wehad azo be ‘ote thatthe height of he fotes i ‘ko a hacton of seat haght. The ‘e eight of he seat =a a_i pares] Bee "a 0-wo. iS 473-2087 1618 wos-ne7 | E 356-032 305-457 Tea-o14 Hz mos 8 ie24-1727 62972-1675 WALL UNIT) ACCESS BY FEMALE WALL-MOUNTED BAR UNIT) ACCESS BY FEMALE 24s. = T spaces “The drawings on this page state tho rlatorehip of human dimension sd ccesabity 9 on ano hgh sto ‘ge 0° tare, vsualy aceoiated ‘mth ving spaces, Te coniguraton llste Mustraton of ay spectc eee ‘ment of lurk, bak rather ‘general repeseniaion of tunture ‘pes nomaty furdin alin space. Iatuatons whore the ser f hat ‘own ent, nari ems ofS oF ‘ody ze. ho bocy aie data of te ‘sailor person shoud govern he ‘event tne use known, mensions ‘nore appropiate 1b fat body size Shouts be used whore praca. ‘rout be noted hater each eo two “Groner a stow oh dawn. Ineach case the ower ues based cn Sh percerle body 20 data ard ‘ho larger on 95th perro Sta 5-55 35-40 e- E30 ero | 2s G6 “753 | foe. We 7-127 In examining the eanorsvp bemwoon human mension and dining spaces, he ‘teas of mest oncom oe designe are the cesrances aroundthe table and he amber of people stable of a parteulat ze can aocormodae. The clearance ‘wean he edge fo fs adhe wal or any oer physical obseucten ms Sto very loss accommodate two omens. (1) the space occupied bythe ches find (the maximo body bread ofa person of larger body size ase crultos ttwoon the char and te wall dealing wih the space ood by the cha, ‘Shou be ood tate poston, rlatve to the eae ofthe table, wel change Several tos dicing the course of a meal Towards the end ofa mesh, pemaps: ‘ae he person is engage inirmal conversation onan effort to change Body [osture,fhe char maybe extended aterm he wb. Asa person eaves the {able he char may be lest even faror away. Comforabe clerance shod ‘enume te chat tbe as fathest stance Fam the table ‘Too oten n calculating ie rumber of peopl o be accommadated around the {abl he designer roles exclusively on plat turure ema on he al ‘canola 24m or Gem, carter enter env spacing, iead of considering the atmam body tree ofthe poreon ot avg body size, tho fact hat the ‘hows may be extended, nd, iad, the 9200 ace sting sll To ensure ‘proper intrtace botwoon a fuman body and the table during he ding pro rot ony must he athroponetre consereuors discussed above be taken Into acount but the human oe, he car, te tabla, and te place seng must bevoned asa ester. shoud alse be notd athe size cf he place sting wil {etomane how much tbe area wil be avaiable for ental ected share ele ‘ments uch as beverages or serving shes. Te crawingschthefotowng pages texamine al these condtans ane shoul be helpful ret only in aking preliary Soot severe but ore mportanty masastahing an approach or ince (al deogn anaes ENTRANCE FOYER/ J“exc88 2052-2235] REQUIRED CLEARANCES FOR COAT REMOVAL 2.2 oun i SPACES ‘Todetomin abe size ti helt to ow the able as conising of to ones. The place eating zone repre. Saris the personal aciwiy space @- Fecty in ron of Be india! ine \deaty shoud be of adequate 20 to actemmodato th necessary dn- rerwate siverware, asoware, ot both in fs orga! seucured form ard Inds evental sate of daray coreg ‘ecou'seot suse. The wh oft one shoud also scconmodsla the uma dimension and body poster fssumed suing te esing process Etquete eee sould be generous fenovgn alow fr be navn po. Jecdon of he eons. Antvepomet- fay, the meximam body bres zone, along for obow preecton. i ‘bout 39m o¢ 76.2.0n, andthe mee tral with about 24 mor 61cm To ‘ow or the elamerts ote strate Selb opinal ard mica depts Shagestetor Pic zone are 18a 16 Iiroras’ and 406 om, spectra ‘The aptmal pace sein Zane canbe awed asa rectangle, 30 by 18 or 782 by 457 em, and the maimal Zone, 24 by 16 In 81 by 405 om ‘The shred access tone represents thetable space opposite the place set- ng 2one8 nococeay fo. acon ute serving distes and. plat, Folted sherwar, gases, doeraive comarpoces, cancdabres, et. The ‘SzpofPis zone varies ea andiza o_NTEROR SPACE:DESON STANDAROS {union of Hest, ype ot mea eve! ing press. At the begiang, t= ‘much coset tha ae Near fe end {he mea, perhaps whe the person 'S sping cfs and atemping tor tax by enanging body poston he ‘uit ay be moved fay om the fable about 24 In of 61 om. ttmate comersation may cause the chai 10 bo beught cose” to he bie ran at ‘he begring. Fay. as te porcon foes om the cha a he coneuson ‘th ea ts fal ecaton may boas much as 36 n, or 8 cm away. The ‘raing neato tat he 236 he lable shouldbe atleast 36 nr 1 fon. anay tom the wall of noareet ‘bert o accommodate a hese ‘movements. The hah ofthe seat ‘Bove a lor shoul aon the otto {et fery onthe ground. # the seat ‘aig too eat he es wi dane {pa te aoa of the Fgh jst brand {he ne wil become pinched and tate. A seat height 0161917 or 405 1 413 cm, shoud be adequate ‘o accommosste most people. AGS. ‘uate clearance for he tigh souk ‘so be prowded Botwoon the cp of the soa! an the underaco of iho {abe Ae indategon te cranny. 75 tn or 184.0m. the minum rer Qires. Tre basket! of be char oud be propery lcaled to Ge ‘Sppon fo the hanbar region of the bck. The haght ofthe tbe op om ‘hea shoue be between 29.03 30 in. of 737 © 762 om. Tho Bolom 2.2 stices ‘The proper neg of 9 crater er chor type of ponder bir Tete ‘bove a crang table speul be bases ‘human dmeraton fo esate tat Goes not cbstuet vision The Top awn snows the reistenerg ot ‘ure og above mo aie sutace 1 ‘ssa and alarge person Eye hight Sting the booy measurement 0 {onoder antwopometeaty. The ea! ‘olson isan aduatabe arargemert Soihat ne og the stro can bo ‘quite to espero persona ore ‘Senet, The ntormaton one daa lng ie vse in estalanng. ta) Paight parameters a a basis lr oxe- leary denn assripbons The raving ss0. indicates a minal ‘earance two the abies he seal Bim. 219 0m, ihe char Tireaty sto or th abi 0 Pmt onetare seco ereuion be Find the seated person. “The botom droning provises ada ‘al coaranae information ane Fag ‘ests a ranma dtane ot 60 inet {524 em, betwen tale ane wal accommodate one lane head-on ot taken detance rom to ae (raving eats ta to alow st im wr (ent cewarce lor someone 1 past csv te able spol be ented ae mass enoon 48 ang 60 oF 121910 81 167 2087 1828, fom the wal see ee oo a i om 32 z 2-30 737-782 oe reo - = eat a8 g 8 tei 406-432 Pee 575m tet [ee ee] Ted 2 8 457, Fee 2s] MINIMUM CLEARANCE BEHIND CHAIR IN PLACE. c CE BEHIND EXTENDED CHAIR (ae ara a WTEROR SPACEDESON TANDAROS resent seices 147 2.2 ons 9 SPACES ‘The tp drawing shows clesrancos between the edge othe abe aa he wal or nearest physical ebstuctn to ‘ow twolre serves eraulaten be ‘hed te er, wth the ena away ftom the fate. The dual clear ‘ances chown requite the able 0 be Tested 60 96m. 2288 10 2408 on, fom the wal. Ths cewarco fe ‘generous for the average rosdontal ‘huaton. given minimal room 20s ‘valid. should bo noted tat hor arangurents Mie one tee weer] 30-08 9785-2058 2a Tera 30 762 F—w-00 757-763. G15-10 —tsre-2704_| Ho instar 175-29 445-508 38 Sia Tsma 194 ‘8 TERIOR SPACEOESN STANOAROS MINIMUM CLEARANCE FOR TWO BEHIND EXTENDED CHAIR BANQUETTE SEATING] SERVICE AND PASSAGE CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS siecrma % | | 208 seaces a, , Eee Bees - = a TRE Ba Aha eer na 2 ee Fe 2 Saha a 2 eee ! ee 2 eee u Sees a 3 Fe ee re ‘The dawengs on he lotowng pages explore the relationship of hun denon to he varus components of sleeping spaces, he most abvious bang the bed ‘alton ns conventional orm ang ts overtead spaceeavng design On {Ta dealgnr is peeocnpied with gamorsing fe sleeping encronmer. some of the more Base anihroportie considerations are ignoted. fs tare adeais| ‘sp0ce around the bed not only © croulata Dut 16 make tor vacuum under 1 there acequat clearance betweon the bed and adresse, wah a drawer extended fordresaton? a vew he onto’ fbi space's porta what mpc: does thosil height have cnthe sight nes with he huran boy na ecsning postion? ‘ho desig ta bunk or kftbed. now much auarace le route temo tp! Mo loner bed othe botom ofthe bed above to accommasate the hursanbooy in ‘stale postion? How ruch dearace shouldbe alowed twoon rows of hang {Games n'a wasn dase lor confoiable human aczess? How high shes ‘Zorag eb be focal tobe win reach? How nigh shou the meat be over & recs abe Fx comlotabe we? “Templates andro rab a in destoning he space can ten be mislead Ing What can bo eqaly mateaings forthe aesznoto ure nnseYo: Nore 36 ‘Model nan attompt o sera concions elated to rach and clearance sue ‘ors snce whet may accommodate the Gslger, may Dot accommodate the ma [ery of user. Thefatowing rewngs exemine human body se een 10 he ‘nrovs design tuations menioned ner othe antiropometnc consiersons ‘ndeatedin te above mans 2.3 snes “The lop craings bustate stance variations of the typical single ae Soule bod. The fgues are shown simpy 9 prove sme approximation Of fe space requred by the human boay in alaontip 1 the bed area ‘Toa emg shad not be ten oo Ieraly. The body posters assumes hl ieping may, act, take up far ‘move space han shown. The dat (toes betad fo the edges of he od ae also quis academe and are tended ony to provide a beter Sores of the bod sees aval and {he georaleatorstip of body size to bos aro. ‘Te relationship between sight Ines ‘and ho sil or head of awadow sc Kea aviow'o te cusses a design ‘conaceraon. The aang a tha bot tom o te page shows the relston- Stipe ot eye hoghtin ting, standing fang rosinng postors 1 varying sit ros jal ls > le BEDROOM! VISION AND SIGHT LINES ED CLEARANCES AND DIMENSIONS 2.3 sere ad seaces ‘The tp drawing ustates the clar areos suggsted bameen singiebede {o alow for oreiaton, accees, anc faking up he boss. Arar of 96 ‘or 914 em. 6 recommenced. “To conseve space, underbed storage ‘may be used in many insances. In Suthstuatons, ts octenal hat ade. (uate clearance be provided betwee the tet snd the wal ore nearest Priel obstucten to ens" com fonbie acess, ‘As exscatad inte atom rawing, © ‘dearance of #8 19 €2 in or M68 10 1575 om, stout bo adequate t 3c: commodnt the nurse body in ‘neaing postion as wel asthe ro} ‘neta partaly evtandos ramen is necessary to provi fr cretion ‘hat must bypass the wosacbiy 279 shown, an addon! 30. ot 762 em. sould be 380d 36-39 91-0 a oa Deer 3 762 2-13 z Gee ness 2.3 32° aS seaces “he crawings al the op and center deat win coarances requted by he human taoy in reaion to ea8e3 E ates and cesks.The crewing at he tip stows he menu clearance Sigestogbenean te dressing ab = land the bed rote pyocal soa tonto be 2419 281 or 110 711 em, {no eeu is requtes. Such ‘cence simply alone for ace8e 13 the table and for necessary move ‘merte and changes In cha Boston, ‘To scconmodste bo croatian ar resang table settee, howover re ‘gureca clearance berwoon 42nd 85 nie 108.710 188 om “The oonior ctawings show vorial andi underside of fe table and bee tween te seat srtace ard the Boor {Sell ab he ostance tem to top ot {he dese to he floor. The clewrancos tween the seat site tee ue Gerece of the ble sheukd ar- trropemetialy accommodate he {igh carance ote pore ol arger Doty ste and the eat hat shoud ‘ozommodate he popes height of the larger poreon. Te ristionenp of ‘oat alto worse sada (he that also apps to ring ables, fonlrence lables, and oes desks Drawng at te bobom of te. p90 shows the clearances fequed bet toon crestor arc the ed 2.335 ad Spaces “The hae danings onthe page show the cearances imowed i vareus ‘eres work sti. The awe gat te topo! to page lta lovely act which woulsroquee 8 ‘Searane of 3710 99, or S210 O8 {Em boro a ed of lomo ‘ated. Bed making wsuelyresuts in ‘Bachace because othe body pos ton requred io reach the bed srace. Ibe regi of ho bod were ocaed ‘bout Zein or Stem, above the Hoo, ‘shown inthe corte sawn, Pe ‘Stan onthe back woud bo reat te iced. Such a hein waver, doos { suggssid by he SINGLE BED/ CLEARANCES ‘ahead to) pasion AND DIMENSIONS In any event, @ deerance of 26 10 30 [eee Rasurezen auscoie [Stan ‘i prt baht veces ° Raommede ae boomy aay. [eree mmm Gameesennnnd * “aee¥ Te be vey miomes ne | Gees incued 7 reoemng oot ted Avotove asiocs fre isis ora cn 6 ougeoed ‘Caccormocal fi city oho Beg bette woos sores roto sony aed vei Sowatathe mony tatees bathe 5 ‘Clearance is not overly generous. The r Senecam to Ocund ate so Sevan or evn scooaie co eee ie tominrette ‘oom ang ype an sty ie cron Sees oa at pet ot SING TABLE DESK OR DRESSING TABLE Sn | oa ayue SINGLE BED/ CLEARANCES ‘AND DIMENSIONS. om Go om — = aa 3-391 4-997 37-33 640-901 D260 680-702 en 610 a 752-203 2-16 90 5-0 Ho 6-24 —es7-610 ae-se——te19- 1372 CLEANING REQUIREMENTS (@eecee ese Saeeem nnn eh 2.3 sso 00 spaces eet tel 1 pate] The caving ate 10 of he page Groctene! ‘one the wera Sereeee noe PP ronacen Say" slomeodae chfon Te “Sone” itical antrwopometric consideration ibe sing hag The crameg Sows coany tat connie ot inghegrt 0,0 508 om wl be ‘Seat acces to to) See ca soated Sud on to ‘Ser ana upper tar The Regt Youpperrk snob ettahat © rosy tented 0 nor. aan The monies ‘ete snrg hag of a ‘mut ohayeasrerot ‘ramet cn toe eu, troooretaty © sting hoot ‘Ran recssry Tro ag te orca’ sce 6 eeromey eral 2oeum ane psoas fever fal easrancesecessary for aot ed. To enue ata person ean or Cate unaer ne bea out ting hs head. the cites! anewopometre ‘mension he state of te person oF larger body size. Popttoal hag and butocktoe lenin are alo ura In sngrosmatg the degree of sion tthe leg and th fot of the seated person tothe vlan space ber sous be noted atin design stu ‘ions where space below the Ded fs odor eon other than evlar fen such as ring crm estrlated ‘ein, he verteal Gearaees canbe regu accoraraly Siting hoght of the intended user in the Pope hat few heres might be ‘hve shu be noted that 96 {ant cf ren between the apes of ‘nd 79 have ating hago 38. GF B66 cm, oF ect. The clowarnce ADULT BUNK BEDS / FRONT ELEVATION onal doarmeo of 46 10 52 18, oF ‘66 19 1575 em, i nacessay for Comiorane aceess 1 Tho undoes c ‘serge saagnggeceee A ee] _= =a en28 157-089 aa Ww boss eews | B10 205-254 t Wot 24-005 i 2 : i Hoa 7-265 ; (ee es] i I aa eee | a ss Kt 80-1575] AULT BUNK BEDS/END ELEVATION LOFTS /END ELEVATION 2.3 Siccs” ‘The two crawings at 0 199 of he page stow the vera! eararcos re lsd to male end feral oe and Sorage lacstos. Whorever pone Gr practeal. the cose shall shouldbe \cenec wot human reach. The eight shown for the igh sha has been estabshed based on th per Carle male ae oma data ore topacert waninreacnet nawauaiset ‘sralerbody size. Ay sel located at greater datence shove "he Noor Shoue be used prima for storage that requires ony itequont access. The ocation ofthe sel ustabove the Brom ofthe shal and 2 Top of ho fad shuld alow for easy romoval ot tho hanger The botom cravings iustate two ‘varus ype of walkin storage fat. es Uncouttaby, i can be argued thatthe S6on, of Si4-on, clearance ‘Sndromenl ofthe sstes garment, 8 mirimim of 36 in shoul be ma tared. The cograe 1 uhich is ‘mansion cin be reduced queston tte evel ot comfort me users re pared fo tolerate mn oxchange for he foor space saved. The twa drawings te plan vow ofthe human 890 ‘Masa clearances requred for Son. ‘ing 9 coat or puting on @ pal of sokings 7 or 7-76 1628-1050 72-18 9085-487 6-10 703-254 2-28 808-711 F336 sea-o14 0-12 964-205. 60=70_—is04-178 13-72 1753-1029 7 1980 cm W727 ra 1067. a6 8: Ns ie 7 {M6 NTEROR SPACEDESION STAROAROS CLOSET AND STORAGE FACILITIES / MALE WALK-IN CLOSET AND STORAGE FACILITIES CLOSET AND STORAGE FACILITIES/ FEMALE Bi 5 | Bs Peeel = ee SETEE TTT ‘ ee EL6OW HEGAT ‘SITTING HEIGHT ERECT EVE HEIGHT SITTING isle lole lle ‘MAXUM BODY BREADTH “The height ofa kichon workccurter, the proper clearance betwoen cobras pplances fx cculaton the acess to Cvemese oLrcercountor Frage. land rer visibly are nena te rary consideration inthe desig ct ooxing Spaces Al must bo responsive ohuman Srension and body siete culty of itertace between te usr andthe components of ths itera space 7010 be ‘equate In establishing clearances between couners, te mann Body breadth and depth ofthe user ct lange by size must be Taken ro account at ‘wo as ne projections of he applances, Reigersor dors, caine rawer, ity ‘washing macho 60°, anc cain oars al poeta some green a Opes Dost the space wn which he veer must acute and must be accommo ‘ied Sanda ktchen coor elhts manfacued ae al tout ino 94cm. But |G a hog doesnot receesarly accommodele ha body marion af Users {or alasts.Certancsokng acs, lo oxampl, may b0 ove silty per ‘ormed fom a sancing poston, ut win acourer neg ese an 26in ove head cabinets tw wer shoves are Usuwy naccesnbe to thermal” Deron hehe ower cies ar sua naecensieo ow wit tars ok ig. The lal answers he develope’ of chen saint ams cose ot {st eustbty tacoma ho human renin of he imac we ‘Sicha sytem could accommodate ot ony fowe of malls arger ody 2. ‘uta ery ard iabid pore Th rawngs on he ehowng pages xa: in the queston of human Gmersionn rns oe arhoponere mesa: ‘Zelrtened mer to usta fhe latonhp of Boy neta cawaces a ‘etch tuaions and netto suggest a Cvera uncle la rhe kien or he ‘genome reiavorsnp Bemeen workeentrs 2.4 Sees “Tha drawings atthe top and center ot the page lutte some of be base hoteors! Garancos roqired in a bichon. To dawg ate op shows ‘GoarancesDatwoen two cours wiht base cabinets. A tal cearance be- ‘ween caret of €D fo 6619, oF 52.4 {0 167 on, wil accommodste the ‘aman body and an extended raver er hingod cabinet door inthe worke {one ara inthe culation zone the ‘imum doy baat oa oreo ot {ager boay size. The B mension ot {ino 219 cm, Iga rocormenced ‘minimum dlarance between eatnels “hen tefl rutin ne Sbown {on ofthe base cabinet The hah ot ‘heahal, shown as a cold tack rw, fe py eater, bul also. win teach aitce ease biel doos rot Iriel. The heght of the shaves fas boon based on 5h perce f= trate vercal gp reach cata f lace thom lun reach othe user wh he salle body ae. S| ae ae) ee cae nore | a ai wae Pea ——ss-000 nar Tea fsa: — wae 3s 138 #5 ae ies ees tea a oe im a a [@rcooecedomnnnees COUNTER AND BASE CABINETS! GENERAL CLEARANCE CABINET REACH COMPARISONS 2.4 soos A seaces ‘he eeaming at he top of the page ‘hows some of te more imperiant ‘ontortal and vera! clearances [std to ypial break! Bar. Toon. sure comorable soscng between Boopla 30m, oF 782m, shoud be ‘lorated ortho herzonial space re ‘ued for each person seated atthe {ar Ml ehoud be noted alee thal a bar eight of 36 nor 14 em, roqares that the sco! be sqzeped wh 8 foobest The com cramng shows 3 pica! workcountr.Athough mst Aachen curr havea hgh ot 35 1036, 9788.10 O14 on. 32:1. o° 813m oat wit accommodate a. sented User Moreover certain tod prepara: tem aces. even performed om sandra postion, ‘re moro Sienty and comfortably executed wih ‘ewer counter height, Ts par teary tr for tsk nving some degree ct tere Far the ars and up. Perec muss; hs roling of cough Mould be 2 good example “The crauing athe ote of he page ‘fons be erica cnuntr workzone Ot 8 standing user. The our permetar IS etna bythe horizontal hur roach of to voor having to amar bouy size. The te, oF 45 7-2m, ronson indicated was adapted from ‘St porcraie toma data. The cea Countr workzone of 18 by 20 i, ot 457 by 762 cm, consuls te re imedite work area drecty in fon! ot the use, al of which fs Confotably aezesetie, wi ile oF no se 3 (each requted. The counter swrlace Syn wea avon wich i accesane ‘wen some eon ited ony bythe resch capsaty of the human body ‘tae vanes th te ie oh he i Scopes \TION CENTER isaalencmera0in or 762m shou be aes The crawng at he botom oe page sons sectonal vow though the Same ares, The recommended coun: teroight ic botwoon 35 and 38 in oF 18.910 9:4 om. Wr no window ic pro- ‘aad over the ktchon sie a wal (abires are to be provided instead, ‘ho holt batween the top of De ourtar ers the boom et those cab ‘net shod not be lace tan 22 oF 559.on La 7a] arin —— 1018 aT 8 357 Zima 610 mit 25-42 71i~1067 18 mn 457 mn. H_2mn——305 mn. [26-76 10-260 | Sr in 148 min. 35.98 eas 22min s8 8 in 3 78 ae os D REFRIGERATOR LOCATION 2.4 Sxcee ‘The two crawags on ts capo cea! prmanly wih the versal drarsons ‘elated tothe serge nsaaion Wein he tenon. The top daning tutes a typical rstanang religeraieristleion Stwot a a boiow sour ination Superenposedan bw seesoal view" Stadod Mi sth zoe of most com fenablo roach, To roach element ‘tog abowo. or ‘olow the area routes some aastonal elon Bo.08 the area, for exanoe, I may bo rec esa fo kee or aoop.ARhOUgA. in both the Neor-siandng and the under ‘counter siuaton everyting win reach lemons locate ‘wtlin the shaded area can be ‘acted almost early, The Boom drawing suggests ne pos ‘sbuty of 2 Uved toe of rotigertor ‘hal might be wall mounted or ocated tne lop a the counter, 30 that most Fs sutace wou fal win ths Shaded area. Tosbw or rope ve: Ingotte mtercr. ne hegt of te ro- ‘oted unt excneds the upper Reto the shaded zone, Despite ts sight (geste hgh, the unt st sR Ihe withthe nag above tho oo at the lrgersize™ eowentonal oor stancng mode E5695 tao 1785) 30-95 762-014 2.4 5ee “The ravings athe top and bation of ‘he page stato he coararcys'e- laa fe range contr. The top ca (7g scales 8 mamum cewarce Datwoen apptances ot, 121 9em, ‘The antropomeis bass tr ho doarances are ampifled nthe daw ing boom The 40in, oF 1016 em, wall oven srorkzone clewance adequate 10 Sccommodate he projected wat oven ‘earn action tothe maxenrn body ‘pth mension ot the user Tho ‘Snag igure shown i brokon in, however indcats both Smonsionaly and graphical tht the 40sn dear ‘nce wil not pert camiorabe ot Gator when applances on bot ‘doe are in operation tthe same fimo. The range workzone oarance, ‘eo 4D, te adoguate to accormne- Gate te pon fange door and tho body sue ofthe hnesing user ‘Anextemety port but heaventy ‘vercked, antrepometrc eonsd- ‘eratoniatachen cesgn seve Ret Inthe vegard, the stance fom the topoltherangeto the uncersce a! he Rood soul alow te rear burors © be vet the user i_am___wioma_] ao 1018 is 3 in 2-3 ss a3 2578 | TS.rig 30.1 min 195-46 w95-1168 $2 min 305 77s max 445 max J—eet01s —as-2578| ik 2275 su.p-e28 L—2t20 ——o1-60 | 762 #2. 3 ‘neo the most dramatic examples oa design situation wher tle corsceraton 'S given tothe rlatoneip of human mension and body 2016 the deagnes ‘envrment ean be found pracicaly evry batvoom, privat and plc. Few Secignor, buds, and users ie any thought oth height above tho oor of & lavatory Hout, 2 days, maybe speet in he selecton of he appropiate fue, model or tim, Tha beg, however. fray speed ards simpy eto theconracorin theta who automata stats sth hoght Pat Pas boos Instat for years mp because hats tna ‘nay ts done. The designe who eos spciy'a hoght ether a caning or wit specications, does nothing ‘mor than use the sare cteria employed inthe fel, but ges mor legacy By inorporaing tm te caning ‘The tac i that's nt natural forthe Body to assume a stooped peti while ‘ashing Mehands andtace. This posure is necesstatod however because most Basi heights ae nt about 3 nor 76.2 cm. above the Hor. tis interesting 10 ote hat Dini othe average hag ofa desk or dein able, yt a parson wore forced to wr or eal rom a stancing poston. each ofthe suas would fave tbo raised at east 6 19 12, 152 1 905 om. The drawings on the ‘alowing pages examine the relationship of body size to the lavatory and oer ‘ements of batroam spaces. The rat above cca some of te more I ‘onan antwopemee measurements a! Should be considered me dean Batmoome RANGE CENTER 2.5 scnsnoous The eauing at he tp o the page ate” some ot ne base. an tropomerte consigeratos ested © the lavtery sre. Pera the mee hve problem concems the high Ofte aver above te oor, For oo long tis mension has boon ota lished i tho eld so-caled trade praston at 30 340m, oF 7871 663 fm, are has Fe relaiorship To the Stwopematic requirements in: elved: Optimum work height for the hance ova counter or work beh st Uston# etantsnes at about 2163, 97510 76.cm, bot atow height Puctaed dat show tat only § per cent of @ male sampling moasured had an elbow height of 13 in, oF {04S er, orles, wl 5 percent of feral sapling nan ascn Pegs of 386 mor 99 cm. Subvacing 3h from he emale maasuremant would aces comlonabi height for mei LAVATORY GENERAL ANTHROPOMETRIC Soy at 356m. or 804 cm That's CONSIDERATIONS: {oater than the height at wich lov Sones are normaly rstaled oresum Sb to accormedate th malory oF the populaton. Slated anctbr way, more thar 95 percent of veers ar re 2.5 exmcous The drawing at he op dels mary wth some othe more cial male a Trroportic considoratons dove Oped onthe. preceding page A lavatonyheigt above te oor of 37 0 ‘Sin. 0 4 1002 on. auppstes ‘oaccommosate re mejnty Urs In ore wo estabish the Iooton of ‘revors above the avery eye Nog ‘oud be taken ins eonadersion ‘Tre two drawings at the bot of he page exlre much he same man hare artvopomatne conse Sens related to woven and ene, ‘especialy. Given te. gre vat Sty in body ses wo be accor. (tod wit & single family. a Seong ase can te presaned torte dove ‘pment of @ height austrent car ably for the lavatory. Unt hat fevoopod, thre ie no rassen en fuser nstalatons, wy the architect Or interior desgner cannot tke a Troporeric measurements OF te rt to ensuro proper niece Detwoen the user and he lavatory sa 40-1002} 32-36 613-918 ew e50-813 1416 956-408. 2 Tea H 18 a7 [as s-660] DOUBLE LAVATORY CLEARANCES 14 TERR SPACEDESIN STANOAROS 2.5 exnnoous ‘he rawngs atthe wp and conte of ‘he page coal wih be atvopemiic

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