NAMA : GUMILANG WICAKSONO

PERCEPTION AND INDIVIDUAL DECISION NIM : 2018012393

MAKING

Lesson Learned

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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION THE LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND DECISION MAKING

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Factors in the situation:

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Perception is a process by Decisions : choices made from among two or more
which individuals organize 1. time alternatives.

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and interpret their sensory 2. work setting
impressions in order to 3. social setting Problem : a discrepancy between the current state of affairs
give meaning to their

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and some desired state.
environment.
Factors in the target :

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1. novelty
2. motion Ideally, decision making would be an objective

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Factors in the perceiver:
1. Attitudes 3. sounds process, but the way individuals make decisions and
2. Motives 4. size the quality of their choices are largely influenced by

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3. Interest 5. background their perceptions.
4. Experience
5. Expectation co rc
6. proximity
7. similarity
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INFLUENCES ON DECISION MAKING
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ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Individual differences : personality, gender, mental ability,
cultural differences, nudging.
Attribution theory : an attempt
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to determine whether an
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individuals behavior is  Internally caused behavior are

internally or externally caused. those an observer believes to
Organizational constraint : performance evaluation system,
be under the personal
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reward system, formal regulations, system imposed time

behavioral control of another
constraint, historical precedents.
individual.
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Individual behavior:  Externally caused behavior is

1. Distinctiveness what we imagine the situation
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2. Consensus forced the individual to do.

3. Consistency
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 Lesson Learned

THE RATIONAL MODEL, BOUNDED RATIONALITY AND INTUITION ETHICS IN DECISION MAKING

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Rational : characterized by making consistent, value maximizing

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choices within specified contraints.
Three ethical decision criteria :
1. Utilitarianism : a system in which decisions are made to

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provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
Rational decision making : a decision making model that describes

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2. Whistle – blower : individuals who report unethical
how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. practices by their employer to outsiders.

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3. Behavioral ethics : analyzing how people actually behave
when confronted with etchical dilemmas.

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Steps in the rational decision making model :

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1. Define the problem
2. Identify the decision criteria THREE STAGE MODEL OF CREATIVITY

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3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop the alternatives

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5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Select the best alternative

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Creative potential Creative environment
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↓
Bounded rationality : a process of making Creative behaviour
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decisions by constructing simolified models Problem formulation → information gathering → idea generation →
that extract the essential features from idea evaluation
problems without capturing all their ↓
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complexity. Creative outcomes (inovation)

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Novelty Usefulness
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Intuitive decision making : an unconscious process created out of

distilled experience.
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 Implication For Managers

Behavior follows perception, so influence behavior at work, asses

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how people perceive their work. Often behavior we find puzzling can

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be explained by understanding the initiating perceptions.

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Make better decisions by recognizing perceptual biases and decision-
making error we tend to commit. Learning about these problems

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doesn’t always prevent us from making mistakes, but it does help.

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Adjust your decision making approach to the national culture you

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are operating in and to the criteria your organization values. If you
are in a country that doesn’t value rationality, don’t feel compelled
to follow the decision making model or to try to make your decision

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appear rational. Adjust your decision approach to ensure

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compatibility with the organizational culture.
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Combine rational analysis with intuition. These are not conflicting
approaches to decision making. By using both, you can actually
improve your decision making effectiveness.
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Try to enhance your creativity. Actively look for novel solutions to

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problems, attempt to see problem in new ways, use analogies, and

hire creative talent. Try to remove work and organizational barriers
that might impede creativity.
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