POWER PLANT TERMS AND FACTORS

1. CONNECTED LOAD

a. Classification of Consumers/Customers
 Residential
 Commercial: Schools, Offices, Hospitals, Restaurants,
Supermarket, Department Store, Wellness Center, etc.
 Industrial: Ice and Cold Storage Plant, Food Manufacturing
Plants, Brewery Plants, Oil Refinery, Automotive Assembly Plant,
Dairy Plant, etc.
 Street Lightings and Public Areas: Manila Zoo, Rizal Park, Ninoy
Aquino Wild Park, Paco Park, Fort Santiago, etc.

b. Examples of Connected Load

Residential: TV set, Refrigerator, Lightings, Air conditioning units, Oven
Toaster, Microwave Oven, Computers, Electric Flat Iron, Washing
Machine, Electric Fans, etc.
Commercial: Elevators, Escalators, Lightings, Air Conditioning Systems,
Computers, Electric Cooking Appliances, Freezers, Refrigerators, Movie
Projectors, Sound Systems, etc.
Industrial: Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
Distribution Transformers: Residential houses, commercial
establishment, industrial plants
Power Plants: Substations
Substations: Feeders
Feeders: distribution transformers
POWER GENERATIONS
Source of Energy
1. Hydroelectric Power Plant Water
2. Diesel Electric Power Plant Bunker Fuel Oil
3. Wind Farm Wind/Air
4. Solar Farm Solar Energy
5. Steam Power Plant Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Woods,
Agricultural Wastes
6. Nuclear Power Plant Uranium, Plutonium
7. Gas Turbine Power Plants Gas, Natural Gas

POWER TRANSMISSION: (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines,

NGCP)
Components: Substations, High-Tension Wires, Transmission Tower,
Feeders

POWER DISTRIBUTION: Electric Utility Companies such as MERALCO,

Tarlac Electric Company (TARLECO)
Components: Distribution Transformers, Electric Posts, Electric Wires,
etc.
2. DEMAND FACTOR – is the ratio of the maximum demand or peak load to
the connected load
Peak Load
Demand Factor = Connected Load ≤ 1∨100 %

Example 1: Given: Residential House

Connected Load = 3 kW
Peak load = 1 kW
Required: Demand factor
Peak Load 1
Demand Factor = Connected Load = 3 = 0.3333

Example 2: Given a distribution transformer serving 10 residential houses

Peak load of distribution transformer = 30 kW
∑Connected load of 10 residential houses = 120 kW
Required: Demand factor
Peak Load 30
Demand Factor = Connected Load = 120 = 0.25

Example 3: Given: Power plant serving 2 substations

∑Rated Capacity of 2 substations= 50, 000 kW
Maximum load of power plant = 10, 000 kW
Required: Demand factor
Peak Load 10,000
Demand Factor = Connected Load = 50,000 = 0.200
3. LOAD FACTOR – is the ratio of the average load to the peak load

Average Load
Load factor = Peak Load

Daily energy produced∨consumed

Average load = operating hours

Determine the average load for the following given daily load curve:
Load, MW
10 MW

12 MN 12 MN

Daily Load Curve

Daily average load = 10 MW --- uniform or constant throughout the day

Average load 10 MW
Daily load factor = Peak load = 10 MW = 1 or 100%

Load, MW
10 MW

5MW

A1 A2

Time
12 MN 12NN 12 MN

Daily Load Curve

 1
Area of trapezoid = 2 × h×[base 1+base 2]

Daily energy produced = area under the curve= A1 + A2

1
= ( 5 x 12) + [ 2 ×12 x(5+10)]
= 60 + 90 = 150 MW-hr

daily energy output

Daily average load = time∨duration
150 MW −hr
= 24 hr
= 6.25 MW

6.25 MW
Daily load factor = 10 MW = 0.625 or 62.50%

Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand

Example: Given a Power Station serving three (3) substations

Required: Diversity Factor Between Substations

Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand

Diversity factor between substations on power station

peak load of substation1+ peak load of substation2+ peak load of substation3
= Peak load of the power station

Example: Given a substation serving n numbers of feeders

Required: Diversity Factor Between Feeders

Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand
 Peak load of feeder 1+ peak load of feeder 2+…+ peak load of feeder n
= Peak load of Substation

Example: A power station has a maximum demand of 55,000 kW when supplying three
substations. For the following maximum daily demands on each substation, find the
following: (a) diversity factor between substations; (b) diversity factor between
distribution lines on substation A; (c) diversity factor between distribution lines on
substation B; (d) diversity factor between distribution lines on substation C.

Substation A Substation B Substation C

Maximum Demand 22,300 kW 17,860 kW 26,940 kW
Distribution line no. 1 15,180 kW 9,570 kW 1,070 kW
Distribution line no. 2 1,230 kW 4,800 kW 4,030 kW
Distribution line no. 3 5,370 kW 1,390 kW 7,380 kW
Distribution line no.4 3,060 kW 1,680 kW 1,860 kW
Distribution line no.5 6,760 kW 2,260 kW 9,570 kW
Distribution line no.6 --------- 1,930 kW 8,000 kW
Distribution line no.7 --------- 2,720 kW ---------
Distribution line no.8 --------- 3,350 kW ---------

(a) Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand

Let PL = peak load

Diversity factor between substations
PL of substation 1+ PL of substation 2+ PLof substation 3
= PL of Power Station
22, 300+17 , 860+26 ,940
= 55 ,000
= 1.22

(b) Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand
PL of feeder 1+ PL of feeder 2+ …+ PLof feeder 5
= PLof Sustation A
15 ,180+1230+5370+ 3060+ 6760
= 22300
= 1.417
(c) Group Diversity Factor =
∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand

(d) Group Diversity Factor =

∑ Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Simultaneous Demand
actual energy output
CAPACITY FACTOR = maximum possible output

Period of time considered: Yearly or annual

annual energy output , kW −hr ∨MW −hr

Annual capacity factor = Rated ∨Installed Capcity , kW ∨MW x 8760 hrs

24 hours
8760 hours = 365 days x day

Why 8760 hours? Maximum possible energy output for one year

Period of timed considered: daily or per day

1 day = 24 hours
Daily energy output ∨daily energy produced
Daily capacity factor = Rated∨installed capacity x 24

Let say Power Plant ---- 100 MW

5 identical turbo-generator set at 20 MW each
65 MW

40 MW
25 MW Unit 1