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Chapter 3 and 4
Chapter 3 and 4
3. Steady‐State Equivalent
Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
3.1. The dc transformer model
Equivalent circuits corresponding to
ideal dc‐dc converter equations
The DC transformer model
Example: use of the DC transformer
model
3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss
Analysis of non‐ideal boost converter
Circuit equations, switch in position 1
Circuit equations, switch in position 2
Inductor voltage and capacitor current
waveforms
Solution for output voltage
3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit
model
Inductor voltage equation
Capacitor current equation
Complete equivalent circuit
Solution of equivalent circuit
Solution for input (inductor) current
Solution for converter efficiency
Efficiency, for various values of RL
3.4. How to obtain the input port of
the model
Buck converter example -use procedure of previous section to
derive equivalent circuit
1
+
2
With: - - -
Total stored minority charge q
A.= 1/(26 mV) at 300 K
In equilibrium: dqldt = 0, and hence
--cL = minority carrier lifetime
(above equations don't
include current that
i(t) = q't~ = ~; (e'-v(t)- 1) =I0 ( e'-v(t)- 1)
charges depletion region
capacitance)
Turn‐on transient
Diode turn‐off transient
The diode switching transients induce
switching loss in the transistor
Switching loss calculation
Switching loss calculation
Chapter 5. Converter Circuits
Circuit Manipulations
Inversion of source and load
Realization of switches
Cascade connection of converters
buck cascaded by boost
Buck cascaded by boost:
simplification of internal filter
Noninverting buck‐boost converter
Reversal of output voltage polarity
Reduction of number of switches:
inverting buck‐boost
Rotation of three‐terminal cell
Rotation of a dual three‐terminal
network
Differential connection of load
to obtain bipolar output voltage
Differential connection using two buck
converters
Conversion ratio M(D),
differentially‐connected buck converters
Simplification of filter circuit,
differentially‐connected buck converters
Converters producing a unipolar output
voltage
Converters producing a unipolar
output voltage
Converters producing a bipolar output
voltage suitable as dc‐ac inverters
Converters producing a bipolar output
voltage suitable as ac‐dc rectifiers
simple transformer model
Volt‐second balance in LM
Chapter 6 AC Equivalent Circuit
Modeling
Introduction
Neglecting the switching ripple
Averaging to remove switching ripple
Nonlinear averaged equations
Result of averaged small‐signal ac
modeling
Small-signal ac equivalent circuit model
L
(vg- v)J(t)
D': 1
+
buck-boost example
The basic ac modeling approach
Switch in position 1
Switch in position 2
Averaging the inductor waveforms
Net change in inductor current is correctly
predicted by the average inductor voltage
Average inductor voltage correctly predicts
average slope of iL(t)
Computing how the inductor current
changes over one switching period
Net change in inductor current over one
switching period
Averaging the capacitor waveforms
The average input current
Perturbation and linearization
Construct small‐signal model:
Linearize about quiescent operating point
Perturbation
The small‐signal assumption
Construction of small‐signal
equivalent circuit model
Inductor loop equation
Capacitor node equation
c dv(t) + v(t)
dt ~ r ~ r
R
..... .....
D' i(t) ~ I d(t) (t) c v(t) R
--
.....
-
Input port node equation
fg(t) == Dt(t) + Id(t)
I d(t) D t(t)
Complete equivalent circuit
Results for several basic converters
Results for several basic converters
State equations of a linear system, in
matrix form
Example
i(t) L
State vector +
iR;(t) + + vL(t) - i (t)
C2
R2
vl(t) v;(t) v2(t)
iill(t) Rl cl c2
x(t) = vit) +
i(t) RJ Vou/t)
MatrixK
Input vector Choose output vector as
C1oo
K= o c2 o y(t) = ~"',(t) I
0 0 L ln 1(t) J
To write the state equations of this circuit, we must express the inductor
voltages and capacitor currents as linear combinations of the elements of
the x(t) and u( t) vectors.
Circuit equations
Equations in matrix form
Output (dependent signal) equations
Express in matrix form
The basic state‐space averaged model
Equilibrium (dc) state‐space averaged
model
Solution of equilibrium averaged
model
Small‐signal ac state‐space averaged
model
Discussion of the state‐space
averaging result
Change in state vector during first
subinterval
Example: State‐space averaging of a
nonideal buck‐boost converter
Subinterval 1
Subinterval 2
Evaluate averaged matrices
DC state equations
Steady‐state equivalent circuit
Small‐signal ac model