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Chapter 

3. Steady‐State Equivalent 
Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
3.1. The dc transformer model
Equivalent circuits corresponding to
ideal dc‐dc converter equations
The DC transformer model
Example: use of the DC transformer 
model
3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss
Analysis of non‐ideal boost converter
Circuit equations, switch in position 1
Circuit equations, switch in position 2
Inductor voltage and capacitor current 
waveforms
Solution for output voltage
3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit 
model
Inductor voltage equation
Capacitor current equation
Complete equivalent circuit
Solution of equivalent circuit
Solution for input (inductor) current
Solution for converter efficiency
Efficiency, for various values of RL
3.4. How to obtain the input port of 
the model
Buck converter example -use procedure of previous section to
derive equivalent circuit
1
+
2

Average inductor voltage and capacitor current:


Construct equivalent circuit as usual
Modeling the converter input port
Input port equivalent circuit
Complete equivalent circuit, buck 
converter
3.5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor 
conduction losses in the boost converter model
Boost converter example: circuits 
during subintervals 1 and 2
Average inductor voltage and capacitor 
current
Construction of equivalent circuits
Complete equivalent circuit
Solution for output voltage
Solution for converter efficiency
Chapter 4. Switch Realization
SPST (single‐pole single‐throw) 
switches
Quadrants of SPST switch operation
Some basic switch applications
4.1.1. Single‐quadrant switches
The diode
The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and the
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
The Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET)
Realization of switch using
transistors and diodes
Realization of buck converter
using single‐quadrant switches
4.1.2. Current‐bidirectional
two‐quadrant switches
Two quadrant switches
MOSFET body diode
A simple inverter
Inverter: sinusoidal modulation of D
4.1.3. Voltage‐bidirectional two‐
quadrant switches
4.3.1. Transistor switching with 
clamped inductive load
Switching loss induced by transistor 
turn‐off transition
Charge‐controlled behavior of the diode
v
The diode equation: i

q(t) = Qo( eAv(t)- 1)


p n- n
Charge control equation:
0 0
d q(t) = i(t) - q(t) 0 0 0
dt LL 0 00

With: - - -
Total stored minority charge q
A.= 1/(26 mV) at 300 K
In equilibrium: dqldt = 0, and hence
--cL = minority carrier lifetime
(above equations don't
include current that
i(t) = q't~ = ~; (e'-v(t)- 1) =I0 ( e'-v(t)- 1)
charges depletion region
capacitance)
Turn‐on transient
Diode turn‐off transient
The diode switching transients induce
switching loss in the transistor
Switching loss calculation
Switching loss calculation
Chapter 5. Converter Circuits
Circuit Manipulations
Inversion of source and load
Realization of switches
Cascade connection of converters
buck cascaded by boost
Buck cascaded by boost:
simplification of internal filter
Noninverting buck‐boost converter
Reversal of output voltage polarity
Reduction of number of switches:
inverting buck‐boost
Rotation of three‐terminal cell
Rotation of a dual three‐terminal 
network
Differential connection of load
to obtain bipolar output voltage
Differential connection using two buck 
converters
Conversion ratio M(D),
differentially‐connected buck converters
Simplification of filter circuit,
differentially‐connected buck converters
Converters producing a unipolar output 
voltage
Converters producing a unipolar 
output voltage
Converters producing a bipolar output 
voltage suitable as dc‐ac inverters
Converters producing a bipolar output 
voltage suitable as ac‐dc rectifiers
simple transformer model
Volt‐second balance in LM
Chapter 6 AC Equivalent Circuit 
Modeling
Introduction
Neglecting the switching ripple
Averaging to remove switching ripple
Nonlinear averaged equations
Result of averaged small‐signal ac 
modeling
Small-signal ac equivalent circuit model

L
(vg- v)J(t)
D': 1
+

I d(t) I d(t) c v(t) R

buck-boost example
The basic ac modeling approach
Switch in position 1
Switch in position 2
Averaging the inductor waveforms
Net change in inductor current is correctly
predicted by the average inductor voltage
Average inductor voltage correctly predicts
average slope of iL(t)
Computing how the inductor current 
changes over one switching period
Net change in inductor current over one
switching period
Averaging the capacitor waveforms
The average input current
Perturbation and linearization
Construct small‐signal model:
Linearize about quiescent operating point
Perturbation
The small‐signal assumption
Construction of small‐signal
equivalent circuit model
Inductor loop equation
Capacitor node equation

d v(t) " v(t) ""


C = - D' i(t) - + Jd(t)
dt R

c dv(t) + v(t)
dt ~ r ~ r
R
..... .....
D' i(t) ~ I d(t) (t) c v(t) R
--
.....

-
Input port node equation
fg(t) == Dt(t) + Id(t)

I d(t) D t(t)
Complete equivalent circuit
Results for several basic converters
Results for several basic converters
State equations of a linear system, in 
matrix form
Example
i(t) L
State vector +
iR;(t) + + vL(t) - i (t)
C2
R2
vl(t) v;(t) v2(t)
iill(t) Rl cl c2
x(t) = vit) +
i(t) RJ Vou/t)

MatrixK
Input vector Choose output vector as
C1oo
K= o c2 o y(t) = ~"',(t) I
0 0 L ln 1(t) J

To write the state equations of this circuit, we must express the inductor
voltages and capacitor currents as linear combinations of the elements of
the x(t) and u( t) vectors.
Circuit equations
Equations in matrix form
Output (dependent signal) equations
Express in matrix form
The basic state‐space averaged model
Equilibrium (dc) state‐space averaged 
model
Solution of equilibrium averaged 
model
Small‐signal ac state‐space averaged 
model
Discussion of the state‐space 
averaging result
Change in state vector during first 
subinterval
Example: State‐space averaging of a
nonideal buck‐boost converter
Subinterval 1
Subinterval 2
Evaluate averaged matrices
DC state equations
Steady‐state equivalent circuit
Small‐signal ac model

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