Biomedical Instrumentation Biomedical Instrumentation

Prof. Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN

Lecture 1
naydin@yildiz.edu.tr
naydin@ieee.org Introduction
http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin

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Definition of Biomedical Engineering Diversity in the terminology

the application of engineering techniques and
analyses to problem-solving in medicine and the
biomedical sciences
• (bio)medical engineering,
• bioengineering, biotechnology
• clinical (medical) engineering
• medical technology.
• health care technology

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Medical engineering (medical engineer) Clinical engineering (clinical engineer)

• uses engineering concepts and technology for • uses engineering, management concept, and
development of technology
– instrumentation, – to improve health care in hospitals
– diagnostic and therapeutic devices, • better patient care at minimum costs thought the
application of technology
– artificial organs, and
– other medical devices needed in health care and in • role is to provide services directly
hospitals – related to patient care together with other health
care professionals
• role:
– problems originated from clinical environment
– examine some portion of biology and medicine to
identify areas in which advanced technology might
be advantageous
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 Clinical engineering Bioengineering (bioengineer)
• responsible for • basic research-oriented activity closely related to
– biotechnology and
– equipment effectiveness and
– genetic engineering
– electrical safety in medical instrumentation • modification of animal or plant cells to improve plants or
– systems and power supply animals to develop new micro-organisms
• constrained by regulations • Bioengineering integrates
– physical,
– medical, federal, state, local, governmental,
– chemical,
hospital
– mathematical, and
– computational sciences and
– engineering principles
to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.
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Bioengineering Biomedical Engineering (BME)

• It advances fundamental concepts; • a growing and expanding interdisciplinary
– creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ profession
systems levels; • concerned with the application of
– develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, – engineering,
implants, devices, and informatics approaches
– mathematics,
for the – computing, and
– prevention, – science methodologies
– diagnosis, and
to the analysis of biological and physiological
– treatment of disease,
problems
for patient rehabilitation, and for improving • produce technological advances in health care
health 9 10

Biomedical Engineering (BME) Biomedical engineers

• Definition 1: • apply different engineering principles
• “Biomedical engineering is a discipline that – electrical and electronics
• instrumentation, bioamplifiers
– advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine,
– mechanical,
and improves human health through cross-disciplinary
• artificial limbs, prostheses
activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the
– physical
biomedical sciences and clinical practice.” • diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices
• It includes: – chemical,
– The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of • biosensors, chemical analysers
living systems through the innovative and substantive – optical,
application of experimental and analytical techniques based • fiber optics, optical measurements

on the engineering sciences. – computer science

• computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems
– The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and
– material science
systems that advance biology and medicine and improve • implanted devices, artificial tissues
medical practice and health care deliver 11 12

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 Biomedical Engineering (BME) Important milestones in the development of
medical instruments…
Biomedical engineers
• design and manufacture products that can • Thermometer • Radioactivity
– monitor physiologic functions or – 1603, Galileo – 1896, Curie
– display anatomic detail
– 1625, body temperature measurement – 1903, in therapy
• Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals
– biosensors
• Optical lens • Electrocardiograph
– biomedical instrumentation – 1666, Newton – 1887, Waller, capillary meter
– Medical imaging – 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz – 1903, Einthoven,
• assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients • Stethoscope – galvanometer 1928, vacuum tube
– Computer analysis of patient-related data – 1819, hollow tube • Electroencephalograph
– clinical decision making – 1851, binaural stethoscope – 1924, Berger
– medical informatics
– artificial intelligence
• Hypodermic syringe • pH electrode
• supervise biomedical equipment maintenance technicians, – 1853, Wood – 1906, Cremer
• investigate medical equipment failure, • X-ray • Electrical surgical unit, 1928
• advise hospitals about purchasing and installing new equipment – 1895, Roentgen
– 1896, in diagnosis and therapy
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…Important milestones in the development of Some Branches of BME…

medical instruments
• Biomechanics
• Cyclotron, artificial • Computed tomography
– application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems
radionuclides – 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield
– study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials,
– 1936, Lawrence • Electrical heart defibrillator muscle forces
• Assisting ventilator – 1956, Zoll – design of artificial limbs
– 1928, "iron lung" – 1980, implanted • Biomaterials:
– 1945, positive pressure • Implanted electrical heart – study of both living tissue and artificial synthetic biomaterials
• Ultrasonic imaging pacemaker (polymers, metals, ceramics, composites) used to replace part of a living
– 1960, Greatbatch system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue (implants)
– pulse-echo, 1947
– biomaterials:
– Doppler, 1950s • Heart valves, 1975 • nontoxic,
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Cardiac catheter, 1975 • non-carcinogenic
(MRI) • Artificial kidney (dialysis), • chemically inert
• stable
– NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946 1960 • mechanically strong
– MRI, 1982
• Artificial heart, 1984
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…Some Branches of BME… …Some Branches of BME…

• Biomedical sensors • Biomedical signal processing and analysis
– physical measurements, biopotential electrodes, – collection and analysis of data from patients
electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, bioanalytic sensors
– bioelectric, physical, chemical signals
• Bioelectric phenomena: – online (embedded) and off-line processing and analysis
– origin in nerve and muscle cells
• Medical imaging and image processing:
– generation in nerves, brain, heart, skeletal muscles
– provision of graphic display of anatomic detail and
– analysis, physiological functions of the body
– modelling, – medical imaging methods and devices
– recording and • physical phenomena + detectors + electronic data processing+
– diagnosis graphic display = image
• x-ray, gamma photons, MRI, Ultrasound

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 …Some Branches of BME… …Some Branches of BME…
• Medical instruments and devices: • Cell and tissue engineering:
– design of medical instruments and devices to – utilization of anatomy, biochemistry and
monitor and measure biological functions mechanics of cellular and subcellular structures to
understand disease processes and to be able to
– application of electronics and measurement
intervene at very specific sites.
techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis
and treatment of disease – design, construction, modification, growth and
• biopotential amplifiers maintenance of living tissue (bioartificial tissue
• patient monitors
and alteration of cell growth and function)
• electrosurgical devices • Rehabilitation engineering:
• Biotechnology – application of science and technology to improve
– technology at cellular level the quality of life for individuals with physical and
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cognitive impairments (handicaps) 20

…Some Branches of BME… …Some Branches of BME

• Prostheses and artificial organs • Physiologic modelling, simulation and control
– design and development of devices for replacement of damaged – use of computer simulation to help understand physiological
relationships and organ function, to predict the behavior of a system of
body parts interests (human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical
• artificial heart, devices)
• circulatory assist devices, – developing of theoretical (computational, analytical, conceptual etc)
• cardiac valve prostheses, models
• artificial lung and blood-gas exchange devices, • Medical informatics:
• artificial kidney, pancreas – hospital information systems, computer-based patient records, computer
• Clinical engineering: networks in hospitals, artificial knowledge-based medical decision
making
– medical engineering in hospitals, managementand assessment
• Bioinformatics
of medical technology, safety and management of medical
– The application of information technology to problem areas in
equipment, product development healthcare systems, as well as genomics, proteomics, and mathematical
modelling.
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Medical devices Diagnostic devices

• Medical devices can be grouped according to • Types of diagnostic devices
the three areas of medicine: – recording and monitoring devices
– measurement and analysis devices
• Diagnosis
– imaging devices
– diagnostic devices
• importance of diagnostic devices
• Therapy – enhance and extend the five human senses to improve to
– therapeutic devices collect data from the patient for diagnosis
– the perception of the physician can be improved by
– application of energy
diagnostic instrumentation in many ways:
• Rehabilitation • amplify human senses
• place the observer's senses in inaccessible environments
– Application of Assisting orthotic-prosthetic devices
• provide new senses

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 Therapeutic devices Assistive or rehabilitative devices
• Objective of therapeutic devices:
– deliver physical substances to the body to treat disease • Objective of rehabilitative devices
• Physical substances: – to assist individuals with a disability
– Voltage, current • The disability can be connected to the troubles to
– Pressure – perform activities of daily living
– Flow – limitations in mobility
– Force – communications disorders and
– Ultrasound – sensory disabilities
– Electromagnetic radiation • Types of rehabilitative devices
– Heat – Orthopedic devices
• An orthopedic device is an appliance that aids an existing function
• Therapeutic device categories:
– devices used to treat disorders – Prosthetic devices
• A prosthesis provides a substitute
– devices to assist or control the physiological functions 25 26

Some characteristics of BME Some characteristics of BME

• methods and devices are used to solve medical • deals with biological tissues, organs and organ systems
problems and their properties and functions
– problems are difficult, diverse, and complex • bio-phenomena:
– bioelectricity, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics
– solution alternatives are limited and specific to a
certain problem • requires their deep understanding and analysis
• Therefore we must know • Accessibility of data is limited,
– what we are measuring or studying • Interface between tissue and instrumentation is needed
• Procedures:
– what we are treating
– non-invasive
– which methodologies are available and applicable
– minimally invasive
– invasive
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Physiological measurements important physiological parameters recorded

• important application of medical devices • parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics:
– blood pressure
– physiological measurements and recordings
– blood flow
• important for biomedical engineer – blood volumes, cardiac output
– to understand the technology used in these recordings but • biopotentials:
also – electrocardiogram (ECG),
– the basic principles and methods of the physiological – electroencephalogram (EEG),
recordings – electromyogram (EMG)

• medical fields where physiological recordings play an • respiratory parameters:

– lung volumes and capacities,
important role
– air flow
– clinical physiology
• blood gases:
– clinical neurophysiology – pressures of blood gases
– cardiology – oxygen saturation
– intensive care, surgery – pH and other ions
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 Relationship with Physics Medical Terminology
• BME is closely related to physical sciences • Importance of common language
• Medical Physics – essential for a meaningful communication,
• especially between people representing different disciplines, like
– applies physics in medicine
medicine and engineering.
– physical background of medical imaging methods used in
radiology and nuclear medicine: • Physicians language is often regarded as obscure
• the production and safety issues of ionizing radiation, • Medical terms are international, derived from the
• interaction of the radiation with matter, Greek and Latin!
– the physics of magnetic resonance phenomenon, • construction of the medical terms:
ultrasonics, light etc.
– root (word base)
– physical background of radiotherapy
– prefixes
• use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer
– suffixes
– linking or combining vowels
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Examples Some common prefixes

• “Pericarditis“ • a(n)- without, not anemia, anesthesia
– prefix: peri- = “surrounding” • anti- against antibiotic
– root: cardi = “heart” • bi-,di- double,two bipolar, dipolar
– suffix: -itis = “inflammation” • dys- bad, faulty dysfunction
• = an inflammation of the area surrounding the heart, or an • endo- within, inward endoscope, endocardium
inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, anatomically known as
• epi- outside epicardium
the pericardium
• extra- outside extrasystole
• “Phonocardiography“
• hemi- half hemisphere
– phono = sound;
• hyper- abnormally high hypertrophy, hypertension
– cardi = heart;
• hypo- abnormally low hypothermia, hypoxia
– graph = write
• = graphic recording of heart sounds

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Some common prefixes Some common suffixes

• inter- between intercellular, intercostal • -esthesia feeling anesthesia
• intra- within intracellular, intravascular
• para- beside, faulty paralysis
• -genesis origination neurogenetic
• patho- disease pathology • -ia abnormal state claustrophobia
• per- through peroral, percutaneous • -pathy disease myopathy
• peri- around pericardium, peritoneum
• poly- many polyarthritis
• -plegia paralysis hemiplegia
• retro- backward retrograde • -scope viewing microscope,
• sub- under subcutaneous, subacute endoscope
• -trophy development hypertrophy

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 Examples of some medical and clinical
Terms for indicating location, direction abbreviations
• Superior - inferior • AP anteroposterior • I.V. intravenous
• AV atrio-ventricular • LAO left anterior oblique
• Distal - proximal • BP Blood pressure • LV left ventricular
• medial - lateral • CO Cardiac output • MRI magnetic resonance
• CT computed tomography imaging
• anterior (ventral) - posterior (dorsal) • NMR nuclear magnetic
• ECG electrocardiogram
• superficial - deep • EMG electromyogram resonance
• PA posteroanterior
• afferent - efferent • ERG electroretinogram
• FVC forced vital capacity • RAO right anterior oblique
• descending - ascending • GI gastrointestinal • RR Riva-Rocci, blood
pressure
• frontal - sagittal • GSR galvanic skin resistance
• SA Sinuatrial
• HVL half value layer
• internal - external • VF, VT ventricular fibrillation,
• ICU intensive care unit tachycardia
• dexter - sinister
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