metals

Article
Weldability and Lamellar Tearing Susceptibility of
High-Strength SN 490C Steel Plates
Donghyun Van 1 , Seung Hwan Lee 1, * , Kihyuk Kim 2 and Hoseop Sim 2
1 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, 76 Hanggongdaehang-ro,
Deokyang-gu, Goyang-si 10540, Korea; bandh@daum.net
2 A Plate Research Team of Dongkuk Steel R&D Center, 70 Geonposaneop-ro 3214 beon-gil, Daesong-myun,
Nam-gu, Pohang 37874, Korea; kihyuk.kim@dongkuk.com (K.K.); hoseop.sim@dongkuk.com (H.S.)
* Correspondence: seunglee@kau.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-2-300-0106




Received: 16 April 2019; Accepted: 9 May 2019; Published: 11 May 2019


Abstract: In this study, weldability and cracking susceptibility of SN 490C steel were firstly
investigated. For this study, SN 490C thick plates which had been developed for anti-seismic
steel of building structures were welded by flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) and submerged arc
welding (SAW) processes based on welding conditions of actual construction site. Weldments using
the plates with different thickness were produced using E71T-1C and EH14 filler wires, respectively.
For the weldability tests, various welded joints such as butt and T-joints were examined. After welding,
microstructure analysis was performed. Various microstructures were found depending on the
location of the weldments. Heat effects by multi-pass welding were correlated with the microstructure.
The microstructure was correlated with the hardness profile and the impact test result. In addition, the
through-thickness tensile test, window test, and Cranfield test were conducted to evaluate sensitivity
of lamellar tearing, which may occur during tensile restraint stress of welds. As a result of the tests,
it was found that the SN 490C steel was sufficiently resistant to lamellar tearing.

Keywords: anti-seismic steel; SN 490C; weldability; lamellar tear; window test; Cranfield test

1. Introduction
Concerns about the safety of buildings and steel structures are growing due to the occurrence of
severe earthquakes and typhoons worldwide, including Mexico, Indonesia, Italy, Chile, Japan, and
China. Many studies have been done to minimize damages caused by these disasters. In particular, a
study on the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the USA, the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan, and the 2008
Sichuan earthquake in China found that steel structures suffered relatively minor damage compared to
other structural materials such as concrete [1]. After years of continuous research, researchers have
confirmed that the properties of steel structures used in buildings are important factors that affect the
safety of structures in case of an earthquake. For these reasons, the seismic design and safety standards
regarding earthquakes are being reinforced by mandatory application of anti-seismic steel in areas
where earthquakes are likely [2–5]. Safety standards for building structures are being reinforced by
these social demands.
In order to meet the enhanced standards or code for anti-seismic performance, it is necessary to
develop and apply high-strength steels for building structures unlike typical carbon steel. In the 1980s,
high-strength structural steel for anti-seismic performance started to be developed due to frequent
earthquakes in Japan. Rolled steels for building structures, which is named “SN”, have been developed
to meet the higher safety standards for seismic resistance. The high-strength structural steel requires
higher quality than normal steel from the viewpoint of mechanical properties. In order to satisfy
the high quality level, high-strength steels for building structures are manufactured through special

Metals 2019, 9, 551; doi:10.3390/met9050551 www.mdpi.com/journal/metals

Metals 2019, 9, 551 2 of 16

technologies such as alloy composition adjustment and controlled rolling [6]. Moreover, it is necessary
to thoroughly examine weldability of the developed steel because the main steel structure used in
building construction is manufactured through welding of the steels [7,8]. The high-strength rolled
steels for building structures require more strict limitations than general steels, in relation to the yield
strength, the upper/lower limits of the tensile strength, and the yield ratio [9,10].
Specifically, the high-strength rolled steel for building structures should be constructed to control
the range of yield strength. The steel also has a low yield ratio (0.8 or less) for the improvement of
seismic performance. The yield ratio is the ratio of the yield strength to the tensile strength of the steel.
The reason for the yield ratio below a certain level is to maximize margin of time from the start of
plastic deformation of the steel to the final fracture. Therefore, the energy of the earthquake can be
absorbed into the building to minimize human casualties [11].
In addition to the properties of the steel mentioned above, weldability is an important property
required for enhanced seismic performance [10]. Weldability refers to the degree of capability which
satisfies its performance depending on its purpose, when the welded part is manufactured with a
specific welding method and material. Various tests are used to evaluate the weldability of the welded
steel structures. Carbon equivalent (CE) and weld cracking parameter (Pcm) were also used to estimate
the weldability. CE is an index which combines the effects of different alloying elements used in
carbon steels with an equivalent amount of carbon [12]. Pcm is an index that predicts the weld crack
susceptibility [13].
Weldability tests focus mainly on the evaluation of the metallurgical or mechanical properties of the
weldment. The test methods to evaluate metallurgical properties in the welded part include chemical
component analysis and macro- and micro-examination. The methods to evaluate the mechanical
properties of the welded part are tensile test, bending test, hardness test, and toughness test.
One of the most important considerations related to weldability is the crack that may occur in
the weldment. In order to satisfy the mechanical properties, the weldments should prevent various
cracks that may occur during the manufacturing process. Cracks can seriously degrade the mechanical
properties of weldments and can have a detrimental effect on the stability of structures. For this reason,
all weldments are required to have crack resistance. In particular, there have been many cases where
structures were destroyed due to the formation and progress of lamellar tearing [14]. In the case of
weldments, where strong tensile stress is formed perpendicular to the surface of the base material in
T-joints and fillet joints, cascade-shaped lamellar tearing is created parallel to the surface of the base
material in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and its adjacent zones. The lamellar tearing is known to be
caused by lack of ductility in the through-thickness direction [15]. There are various tests to evaluate
the weldability related to cracking. The tests for lamellar tearing susceptibility are through-thickness
tensile test [16], window test [17], and Cranfield test [18].
Sakino et al. [19] conducted a study on the weldability of SN 400B and SN 490B. Thermo-effects,
mechanical properties, and the microstructure of manufactured weldments were analyzed. In addition,
Sakino and Kim [20] manufactured single-layer and multi-layer weldments with SN 400 steel and
studied the impact toughness depending on welding conditions. In the case of the multi-layer welding,
the Charpy absorbed energy increased compared to the single-pass welding in both high-toughness
steel and low-toughness steel. Furuya et al. [21] utilized the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process
with SN 400 and SN 490 steel to produce single-layer and multi-layer welds. Weldability was
evaluated by microstructure analysis, hardness test, and impact toughness test on the weldments.
Qui et al. [15] investigated the effects of the welding thermal cycle and cold working on the ductility
of SN 490 steel. Using a simulation technique of the welding thermal cycle, they claimed that the
deterioration of ductility in SN490 by welding heat input is caused by the precipitation of a great deal
of carbides, and the effect of cold working only relates to the void growth and void coalescence in
SN490. Hasebe et al. [22] conducted tests on various steels to evaluate the susceptibility of lamellar
tearing. The through-thickness properties of the carbon steels were investigated. The results show that
the susceptibility to lamellar tearing of the plates can be arranged successfully by through-thickness
successfully
Metals 2019, 9, by
551through-thickness ductility and the content of sulfur in the steels. Miura [23] carried 3 of 16

out tensile tests at high temperatures ranging from 450 to 650 °C using SN 400B and SN490B steel
plates. They
ductility andsuggested anofapproximation
the content equation,
sulfur in the steels. Miurawhich can predict
[23] carried yield tests
out tensile and at
tensile
high strengths
temperaturesin
this temperature range. Tenderan
◦ et al. [24] evaluated anti-seismic performance
ranging from 450 to 650 C using SN 400B and SN490B steel plates. They suggested an approximation using the steel
moment-resisting
equation, which can frames (SMRFs)
predict yield manufactured from SN
and tensile strengths 490Btemperature
in this steels. Theyrange.
generated a thumb
Tenderan et al.rule
[24]
for ductile fractures
evaluated which
anti-seismic can be generated
performance during
using the steelan earthquake. Kayamori
moment-resisting frames et al. [25] manufactured
(SMRFs) modified the
crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) design curve used for fracture assessment. They considered
from SN 490B steels. They generated a thumb rule for ductile fractures which can be generated during
the yield to tensile ratio into the CTOD design curve for better estimation of a fracture. Choi et al. [26]
an earthquake. Kayamori et al. [25] modified the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) design curve
performed various experiments to estimate thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and
used for fracture assessment. They considered the yield to tensile ratio into the CTOD design curve for
specific heat using SN 400 steel plates. They compared the experimental results conducted at room
better estimation of a fracture. Choi et al. [26] performed various experiments to estimate thermal
temperature and high temperature.
properties such as thermal conductivity and specific heat using SN 400 steel plates. They compared the
Even though many studies have been conducted related to cracks, fractures, and thermal
experimental results conducted at room temperature and high temperature.
properties on the SN series steel, none of those studies evaluated the mechanical properties of rolled
Even though many studies have been conducted related to cracks, fractures, and thermal properties
steels for building structures, especially weldability and crack resistance to lamellar tearing of SN
on the SN series steel, none of those studies evaluated the mechanical properties of rolled steels for
490C steel.
building structures, especially weldability and crack resistance to lamellar tearing of SN 490C steel.
In this study, the weldability of an SN 490C plate was comprehensively estimated including
In this study, the weldability of an SN 490C plate was comprehensively estimated including
lamellar tearing susceptibility for the first time. In order to evaluate weldability of the steel, tensile
lamellar tearing susceptibility for the first time. In order to evaluate weldability of the steel, tensile
test, bending test, hardness test, and toughness test were conducted on the welded part manufactured
test, bending test, hardness test, and toughness test were conducted on the welded part manufactured
through a flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) process and a submerged arc welding (SAW) process. We
through a flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) process and a submerged arc welding (SAW) process.
investigated the microstructure of the welded part. In addition, crack formation was examined for all
We investigated the microstructure of the welded part. In addition, crack formation was examined for
of the welds, and additional lamellar tearing susceptibility was evaluated. Through-thickness test,
all of the welds, and additional lamellar tearing susceptibility was evaluated. Through-thickness test,
window test, and Cranfield test were conducted to evaluate the lamellar tearing susceptibility.
window test, and Cranfield test were conducted to evaluate the lamellar tearing susceptibility.

2.2.Experimental
ExperimentalProcedures
Procedures
SNSN490C
490Cplates,
plates,manufactured
manufacturedby bycontrolled
controlledrolling
rollingwere
wereused
usedininthis
thisstudy.
study.The
Thethicknesses
thicknessesofof
the
the plates were 30 and 70 mm, respectively. The FCAW and SAW processes were used to to
plates were 30 and 70 mm, respectively. The FCAW and SAW processes were used produce
produce the
the weldment of the SN 490C. In case of the plate with 30 mm thickness, the type of the
weldment of the SN 490C. In case of the plate with 30 mm thickness, the type of the weld joint was weld joint
was single
single bevel
bevel grooved
grooved buttbutt
jointjoint as shown
as shown in Figure
in Figure 1a. 1a.

Figure1.1.(a)(a)
Figure Single
Single beveled
beveled groove
groove of the
of the 30 mm
30 mm thickthick
plate;plate; (b) double
(b) double V groove
V groove of the of
70 the
mm70 mm
thick
thick plate.
plate.

The bevel angle was 35◦ and the width of the root gap was 8 mm. Welding was performed in the
The bevel angle was 35° and the width of the root gap was 8 mm. Welding was performed in the
flat position (1G) with the conditions listed in Table 1.
flat position (1G) with the conditions listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) conditions for the 30 mm thick plate.
Table 1. Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) conditions for the 30 mm thick plate.
Wire Size Current Voltage Speed Interpass Heat Input
Pass Process Polarity Wire Size Current Voltage Speed Interpass Heat Input
Pass Process Polarity (mm) (A) (V) (cm/min) Temperature (◦ C) (kJ/cm)
1 FCAW DCRP
(mm)1.4
(A)
420
(V)
40
(cm/min)
25
Temperature
36
(°C) (kJ/cm)
40
1 2 FCAW
FCAW DCRP
DCRP 1.41.4 420
420 40
40 25
25 36
60 4040
2 3 FCAW
FCAW DCRP
DCRP 1.41.4 420
420 40
40 25
25 60
88 4040
4 FCAW DCRP 1.4 420 40 25 126 40
3 FCAW DCRP 1.4 420 40 25 88 40
5 FCAW DCRP 1.4 420 40 25 130 40
4 6 FCAW
FCAW DCRP
DCRP 1.41.4 420
420 40
40 25
25 126
196 4040
5 7 FCAW
FCAW DCRP
DCRP 1.41.4 420
420 40
40 25
25 130
25 4040
6 8 FCAW
FCAW DCRP
DCRP 1.41.4 420
420 40
40 25
25 196
113 4040
7 FCAW DCRP 1.4 420 40 25 25 40

3
Metals 2019, 9, 551 4 of 16

A flux cored wire, E71T-1C with a diameter of 1.4 mm, corresponding to AWS A5.20 [27] was
used. In the case of the plate with 70 mm thickness, the type of the weld joint was double V bevel
grooved butt joint as shown in Figure 1b. The bevel angles in the upper and lower grooves were 60◦
and 70◦ , respectively. The width of the root gap was 0 mm. Welding was performed in the flat position
(1G) with the conditions shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Submerged arc welding (SAW) conditions for the 70 mm thick plate.

Wire Size Current Voltage Speed Interpass Heat Input

Pass Process Polarity
(mm) (A) (V) (cm/min) Temperature (◦ C) (kJ/cm)
1 FCAW DCRP 1.2 250 30 32 80 15
2 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 85 60
3 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 96 60
4 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 120 60
5 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 150 60
6 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 120 60
7 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 159 60
8 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 181 60
9 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 123 60
10 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 151 60
11 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 179 60
12 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 140 60
13 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 153 60
14 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 178 60
15 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 196 60
16 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 146 60
17 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 175 60
Back Gouging
18 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 162 60
19 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 198 60
20 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 150 60
21 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 178 60
22 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 192 60
23 SAW AC 4.8 850 38 32 200 60

A solid wire, EH14 with a diameter of 4.8 mm, corresponding to AWS A5.17 [28] was used.
The chemical composition of the E71T-1C and EH14 wires is listed in Table 3. The 30 mm thick
weldments were manufactured with multi-layer welds of eight passes, and the 70 mm thick weldments
were manufactured with multi-layer welds of 32 passes. Tensile test, bending test, hardness test, and
toughness test were carried out for each weld. For the tensile test, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted
using a universal testing machine (Z1200 of Zwick Roell company, Ulm, Germany). An extensometer
was used for the study. For the bending test, in both 30 mm thick and 70 mm thick plates, test samples
were machined to the width of 30 mm, the thickness of 30 mm, and length of 250 mm. The specimens
were bent by a former with a diameter four times the thickness of the plates using a three-points
bending machine.

Table 3. Chemical composition of the filler wires.

C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Cu Fe
Process Specification
wt.%
FCAW E71T-1C 0.03 0.08 0.013 0.005 0.10 0.56 0.02 0.45 Bal.
SAW EH14 0.07 1.85 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.021 0.016 0.014 Bal.

In addition to the butt joint weldment, T-joint weldments were also tested because the T-joint
is often used in building structures. Two types of T-joint weldments were tested to evaluate the
weldability of SN 490C. In the first case, a full-penetration weldment was produced in the horizontal
(2G) position by an FCAW process. The shape of the weld joint was a single beveled T-joint as shown
in Figure 2a. The bevel angle was 35◦ and the width of root gap was 7 mm. In the second case, two
 Metals 2019, 9, 551 5 of 16

in Figure 2a. The bevel angle was 35° and the width of root gap was 7 mm. In the second case, two
partial-penetration weldments were produced in the horizontal (2F) position by an FCAW process.
partial-penetration weldments were produced in the horizontal (2F) position by an FCAW process.
The shape of the weld joint is the double-fillet T-joint as shown in Figure 2b. In each weldment,
The shape of the weld joint is the double-fillet T-joint as shown in Figure 2b. In each weldment,
macro-examination and hardness tests were conducted.
macro-examination and hardness tests were conducted.

Figure
Figure2.2.(a)
(a)Single
Singlebeveled
beveledT-joint;
T-joint;(b)
(b)double-fillet
double-filletT-joint.
T-joint.

For
Foraatensile
tensiletesttestof
ofthe
theweldment,
weldment,flat-shaped
flat-shapedand andround-shaped
round-shapedspecimensspecimenswere weremachined,
machined,
according
accordingtotoASTM ASTMA370.A370.ASTM ASTMA370 A370includes
includeshow howtotoproduce
producethe thespecimens
specimensfor foraatensile
tensiletest,
test,aa
guided bend test, and a Charpy V-notch impact test as well. Therefore, in order to conduct guided
guided bend test, and a Charpy V-notch impact test as well. Therefore, in order to conduct guided bend
bend test for this weldment, face and root bend test specimens were produced according to ASTM
test for this weldment, face and root bend test specimens were produced according to ASTM A370.
A370. In addition,
In addition, specimens
specimens of theofCharpy
the Charpy
V-notch V-notch
impact impact test were
test were producedproduced according
according to ASTM
to ASTM A370.
A370. Once the specimens were ready, according to ASTM E8/E8M-13a, ASTM E190, ASTM E23, and
Once the specimens were ready, according to ASTM E8/E8M-13a, ASTM E190, ASTM E23, and ASTM
ASTM
E92, the E92, the tensile
tensile test, thetest,
guided the bend
guided bend
test, the test, the toughness
toughness test and the testhardness
and the test
hardness test were
were conducted,
conducted,
respectively. respectively.
All tests wereAllconducted
tests were using
conducted usingofthe
the plates plates of
thickness 30thickness
and 70 mm. 30 and 70 study,
In this mm. InZ1200
this
study, Z1200 of the Zwick Roell company was used for the tensile test and the guided bend test. PSW
of the Zwick Roell company was used for the tensile test and the guided bend test. PSW 1000 of the
1000
Zwick of Roell
the Zwick
company Roell
wascompany
used for was used for
the Charpy the Charpy
V-notch impactV-notch
test. Theimpact
averagetest. The average
of Charpy of
absorbed
◦ C. In the hardness test, the average of
Charpy absorbed energy was obtained as a result of three measurements at 0 °C. In the hardness test,
energy was obtained as a result of three measurements at 0
the average
Vickers of Vickers
hardness hardness
was calculated as awas
resultcalculated as a result of
of three measurements three temperature
at room measurements withata load
roomof
temperature
0.98 N usingwith a load(Mitutoyo,
a HV-114 of 0.98 N using a HV-114
Kawasaki, (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan).
Japan).
Polishing and machining of weldment were performed
Polishing and machining of weldment were performedtotoobserveobservethe themicrostructure
microstructureofofthe the
weldment [29]. The weldment was then etched with 3% Nital (3% nitric acid + 97% ethanol) etchant.
weldment [29]. The weldment was then etched with 3% Nital (3% nitric acid + 97% ethanol)
Using
etchant. a Using
Leica aWBS-600AN
Leica WBS-600AN opticaloptical
microscope
microscope(Leica microsystems,
(Leica microsystems, Wetzlar,
Wetzlar,Germany),
Germany),the the
microstructure of the weldment was observed.
microstructure of the weldment was observed.
Additionally,
Additionally,various
varioustests
testswere
werecarried
carriedout outto toevaluate
evaluatethe thelamellar
lamellartearing
tearingsusceptibility
susceptibilityof ofthe
the
base metal and the weldment. First, through-thickness tensile tests were conducted according to
base metal and the weldment. First, through-thickness tensile tests were conducted according to ASTM
ASTM
A770. A770. Full-penetration
Full-penetration welds wereweldsmanufactured
were manufactured by FCAW by andFCAW and the test
the window window test was
was conducted.
conducted. Partial-penetration
Partial-penetration welds were welds were manufactured
manufactured by FCAW andby theFCAW
Cranfieldandtest
thewas
Cranfield test was
conducted.
conducted.
3. Results
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure Analysis

3.1. Microstructure Analysis

Table 4 indicates chemical composition, CE, and Pcm depending on thickness and positions of
the SN 490C plates. The CE and Pcm of the base metal suggested by the industrial standard vary
Table 4 indicates chemical composition, CE, and Pcm depending on thickness and positions of
depending on the thickness. The 30 mm thick plate has a CE of 0.44 or less and a Pcm of 0.29 or less.
the SN 490C plates. The CE and Pcm of the base metal suggested by the industrial standard vary
The 70 mm thick plate has a CE of 0.46 or less and a Pcm of 0.29 or less. The base metal used in this
depending on the thickness. The 30 mm thick plate has a CE of 0.44 or less and a Pcm of 0.29 or less.
study shows that the CE and Pcm satisfy the industry standards for all thicknesses [3].
The 70 mm thick plate has a CE of 0.46 or less and a Pcm of 0.29 or less. The base metal used in this
Before welding, the microstructure of control-rolled steel plate shown in Figure 3 was observed
study shows that the CE and Pcm satisfy the industry standards for all thicknesses [3].
using an optical microscope. Figure 3 shows optical micrographs of a base metal plate with 30 mm
thickness. The pictures were taken with 200 magnifications and 500 magnifications at t/4 and t/2
Table 4. Chemical composition, carbon equivalent (CE), and weld cracking parameter (Pcm)
of plate thickness
depending (t). Similarly,
on thickness Figureof4 the
and positions shows pictures
SN 490C taken under the same condition for a base
plates.
material with a thickness of 70 mm. Optical microscope observation of the base material shows the
ferrite and pearlite C in carbon
Si steel.MnThe elongation
P ofSthe grain
Thickness (mm) structure typically found
Position CEwas shown
Pcm in
wt.%
a rolled direction. The grain size varied approximately from 10 to 50 µm, and was generally uniform.
t/4 0.14 0.37 1.48 0.012 0.004 0.41 0.23
As a result,30there was no difference in the microstructure of the base metals depending on thickness.
t/2 0.15 0.37 1.48 0.012 0.004 0.42 0.24

5
 t/4 0.15 0.39 1.42 0.012 0.004 0.41 0.23
70551
Metals 2019, 9, 6 of 16
t/2 0.16 0.39 1.44 0.010 0.004 0.42 0.24
t/4 0.15 0.39 1.42 0.012 0.004 0.41 0.23
70
t/2 0.16 0.39 1.44 0.010 0.004 0.42 0.24
Before
Table 4.welding,
Chemicalthe microstructure
composition, of control-rolled
carbon equivalent steel
(CE), and weldplate shown
cracking in Figure
parameter 3 was
(Pcm) observed
depending
usingon
anthickness
optical microscope.
and positions Figure
of the SN3 shows optical micrographs of a base metal plate with 30 mm
490C plates.
Before welding, the microstructure of control-rolled steel plate shown in Figure 3 was observed
thickness.
using anThe pictures
optical were taken
microscope. with
Figure 200 magnifications
3Cshows optical
Si andP500
micrographs
Mn of amagnifications
base
S metal plate at with
t/4 and t/2 of
30 mm
plate thickness (t). Similarly,
Thickness (mm)
Figure
Position
4 shows pictures
thickness. The pictures were taken with 200 magnifications taken under the same condition
CE
for
Pcm
wt.% and 500 magnifications at t/4 and t/2 of
a base
material with a thickness
plate thickness of 70 mm.
(t). Similarly, Optical microscope observation of the base materialforshows the
t/4 Figure0.144 shows0.37pictures1.48
taken under
0.012 the0.004
same condition
0.41 0.23 a base
ferrite and pearlite
material structureoftypically
with30a thickness found in
70 mm. Optical carbon steel.
microscope The elongation
observation of the
of the base grain shows
material was shownthe
t/2 0.15 0.37 1.48 0.012 0.004 0.42 0.24
in aferrite
rolled direction.
and The grain
pearlite structure size varied
typically found approximately fromelongation
in carbon steel. The 10 to 50 of μm,
theand
grainwas
wasgenerally
shown
t/4 0.15 0.39 1.42 0.012 0.004 0.41 0.23
uniform. As a direction.
in a rolled result,
70 there
Thewas
grainno size
difference
varied in the microstructure
approximately from 10 ofto
the50base
μm,metals
and wasdepending
generallyon
uniform. As a result, there t/2
thickness.
0.16
was no difference 0.39 1.44 0.010
in the microstructure 0.004
of the 0.42
base metals 0.24
depending on
thickness.

Figure
Figure
Figure 3.Optical
Optical
3.3.Optical micrographsof
micrographs
micrographs ofofthe
the30
the 3030mm
mmthick
mm thickplate:
thick plate:(a)
plate: (a)1—pearlite,
(a) 1—pearlite, 2—ferrite;
1—pearlite, 2—ferrite; (b)
2—ferrite;(b) 1—elongation
(b)1—elongation
1—elongationof
oftheofgrain;
the the grain;
grain; (c)(c)(c) 1—pearlite,
1—pearlite,
1—pearlite, 2—ferrite;
2—ferrite;
2—ferrite; (d)
(d)(d) 1—elongation
1—elongation
1—elongation of
ofof the
the
the grain.
grain.
grain.

Figure 4. Optical micrographs of the 70 mm thick plate: (a) 1—pearlite, 2—ferrite; (b) 1—elongation of
6 of the grain.
the grain; (c) 1—pearlite, 2—ferrite; (d) 1—elongation
6
 Figure 4. Optical micrographs of the 70 mm thick plate: (a) 1—pearlite, 2—ferrite; (b) 1—elongation
Metalsof2019,
the grain;
9, 551 (c) 1—pearlite, 2—ferrite; (d) 1—elongation of the grain. 7 of 16

Figure 5; Figure 6 show the microstructures of the weldment manufactured by the FCAW and
Figure 5; Figure 6 show the microstructures of the weldment manufactured by the FCAW and
SAW processes under the conditions listed in Table 1; Table 2, respectively. The entire weld bead
SAW processes under the conditions listed in Table 1; Table 2, respectively. The entire weld bead shapes
shapes can be found from the inset of Figures 5a and 6a in the following two cases: 30 mm thick plate
can be found from the inset of Figures 5a and 6a in the following two cases: 30 mm thick plate with
with eight multi-passes and 70 mm thick plate with 32 multi-passes. No cracks or defects were
eight multi-passes and 70 mm thick plate with 32 multi-passes. No cracks or defects were observed in
observed in Figures 5 and 6. Generally, the microstructure of the weldment comprises the weld metal,
Figures 5 and 6. Generally, the microstructure of the weldment comprises the weld metal, the heat
the heat affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal. The HAZs are sometimes subdivided into coarse-
affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal. The HAZs are sometimes subdivided into coarse-grained
grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine-grained HAZ (FGHAZ). When welding SN 490C, the fine-grained
HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine-grained HAZ (FGHAZ). When welding SN 490C, the fine-grained ferrite
ferrite and pearlite in the base metal are heated above the temperature in which the welding heat
and pearlite in the base metal are heated above the temperature in which the welding heat partially
partially transforms the original microstructure into the austenite phase. The microstructure of the
transforms the original microstructure into the austenite phase. The microstructure of the weld metal
weld metal produced by the FCAW and SAW processes was partially similar to that of typical arc
produced by the FCAW and SAW processes was partially similar to that of typical arc welding.
welding.

Figure
Figure5.5.Optical
Opticalmicrographs
micrographs ofof
thethe
weldment
weldment with a butt
with a buttjoint manufactured
joint manufactured by FCAW
by FCAW on the 30
on the
mm
30 mmthickthick
plate: (a) The
plate: (a) weldment;
The weldment;(b) the(b)
fusion line: 1—grain
the fusion boundary
line: 1—grain ferrite, 2—acicular
boundary ferrite;
ferrite, 2—acicular
(c) fusion
ferrite; (c)line + 1 mm:
fusion line + 1—upper bainite; (d)
1 mm: 1—upper fusion(d)
bainite; linefusion
+ 2 mm: line1—fine
+ 2 mm:pearlite,
1—fine 2—fine polygonal
pearlite, 2—fine
ferrite; (e) fusion line + 3 mm: 1—degenerated pearlite, 2—polygonal ferrite;
polygonal ferrite; (e) fusion line + 3 mm: 1—degenerated pearlite, 2—polygonal ferrite; (f) (f) fusion line + 5fusion
mm:
1—lamellar
line + 5 mm: pearlite, 2—polygonal
1—lamellar pearlite, ferrite; (g) fusion
2—polygonal line (g)
ferrite; + 10fusion
mm: 1—lamellar
line + 10 mm: pearlite, 2—polygonal
1—lamellar pearlite,
ferrite.
2—polygonal ferrite.

7
Metals 2019, 9, 551 8 of 16

Figure
Figure 6.6. Optical
Opticalmicrographs
micrographsof ofthe
theweldment
weldmentwith withbutt
buttjoint
jointmanufactured
manufacturedby bySAW
SAW onon the
the 70
70 mm
mm
thickness: (a) The weldment; (b) the fusion line: 1—acicular ferrite, 2—grain boundary
thickness: (a) The weldment; (b) the fusion line: 1—acicular ferrite, 2—grain boundary ferrite; (c) fusion ferrite; (c)
fusion
line + 1line
mm: + 11—grain
mm: 1—grain
boundaryboundary
ferrite,ferrite,
2—upper 2—upper
bainite;bainite; (d) line
(d) fusion fusion
+ 2line
mm:+ 1—upper
2 mm: 1—upperbainite,
bainite, 2—intragranular ferrite; (e) fusion line + 3 mm: 1—upper bainite, 2—fine
2—intragranular ferrite; (e) fusion line + 3 mm: 1—upper bainite, 2—fine pearlite; (f) fusion line pearlite; (f) fusion
+5
line + 5 mm: 1—fine lamellar pearlite, 2—fine polygonal ferrite; (g) fusion line + 10 mm:
mm: 1—fine lamellar pearlite, 2—fine polygonal ferrite; (g) fusion line + 10 mm: 1—lamellar pearlite, 1—lamellar
pearlite,
2—polygonal2—polygonal
ferrite. ferrite.

The
The overall
overall microstructure
microstructureof ofthe
theweldment
weldmentin ineach
eachthickness
thicknessisisdepicted
depictedin inFigures
Figures5a 5aand
and6a.6a.
In
In the weld metal
the weld metalwhere
whereepitaxial
epitaxial growth
growth occurs,
occurs, solidification
solidification of grains
of the the grains occurred
occurred toward toward the
the center
center
of the of the weldment
weldment as shown
as shown in Figures
in Figures 5a and 5a6a.
andIn6a.
theInweld
the weld
metalmetal
(WM) (WM)
shown shown in Figures
in Figures 5b
5b and
and 6b, grain
6b, the the grain boundary
boundary ferriteferrite
(GBF)(GBF) structure
structure with white
with white and the and the acicular
acicular ferritewere
ferrite (AF) (AF)mainly
were
mainly found
found [30]. [30].AF
More More
wasAF wasinfound
found Figurein6b Figure
compare6b compare
with AF with AF in
in Figure 5b.Figure
This is5b. This isthe
because because
EH14
the EH14
filler wirefiller wire has
has more Mn more
wt.% thanMn wt.%
that ofthan
thethat of thefiller
E71T-1C E71T-1C
wire. filler
This wire.
caused This
thecaused
decrease theofdecrease
the GBF
of
in the GBF6bincompared
Figure Figure 6btocompared
the GBF intoFigure
the GBF in Figure
5b [31]. 5b [31]. The coarse-grained
The coarse-grained microstructure microstructure
usually exists
usually
near theexists
fusionnear
linethe fusion
(FL) in theline
HAZ.(FL)Asinseen
the HAZ. As seen
in Figures 5c andin Figures
6c,d,e, the5c and
upper 6c,d,e,
bainitethewas
upper bainite
developed
was developed
in CGHAZ area.inItCGHAZ area. Itthat
was observed wasthe observed
average that the average
bainitic packetbainitic
size becamepacket size became
smaller from the smaller
FL to
from the FL tointhe
the FGHAZ theFGHAZ
CGHAZ inproduced
the CGHAZ byproduced
SAW. Since bythe
SAW.heat Since
input theofheat
the input
SAW of the SAW
process wasprocess
higher
was
thanhigher
that ofthan that ofprocess
the FCAW the FCAW [32], process
the average[32],bainitic
the average
packet bainitic
size in packet
Figure size
6c is in Figure
about 2006c µm,is about
which
200 μm, which
is bigger than theis bigger
size of than
100 µm theseen
size inof Figure
100 μm5c.seen in Figure
In the case of5c.theIn the case of the
control-rolled control-rolled
steel, it is known
steel, it ismartensite/austenite
that the known that the martensite/austenite
constituent (MA) constituent
is generated(MA) due tois the
generated
welding due
heatto depending
the weldingonheat the
depending
amount of on the amount
carbon of carbon
in the steel when in thethe steelbainite
upper when the upper is
structure bainite
formed structure
[33–35].isTherefore,
formed [33–35].in the
Therefore,
CGHAZ, the in the CGHAZ,
hardness was the hardness
expected was expected
to increase due to totheincrease
existence due to the
of the existence
upper bainite.ofThethe area
upperof
bainite. The area of the CGHAZ produced by SAW was wider
the CGHAZ produced by SAW was wider than that of the weldment produced by FCAW due to thethan that of the weldment produced
by FCAW due to the amount of the heat input. Meanwhile, in the FGHAZ, the ferrite–pearlite
structure of the grain which is finer than that of the base material is observed, as shown in Figures 5d
and 6e,f. Specially, in Figure 5, the amount of the polygonal ferrite became larger from the fusion line
8
Metals 2019, 9, 551 9 of 16

amount of the heat input. Meanwhile, in the FGHAZ, the ferrite–pearlite structure of the grain which
is finer than that of the base material is observed, as shown in Figures 5d and 6e,f. Specially, in Figure 5,
the amount of the polygonal ferrite became larger from the fusion line to the base metal. The finer
structure can be explained by the repetitive heat input of the multi-pass welding [36]. Therefore, it is
expected that the FGHAZ will improve the mechanical properties such as toughness.

3.2. Mechanical Properties

The tensile test results depending on thickness and position of the SN 490C plates formed by
controlled rolling are shown in Table 5. In the case of the 30 mm thick plate, the tensile tests in the
transverse direction showed that the tensile strength was 546 MPa and the yield ratio was 71%. In the
case of the 70 mm thick plate, the tensile strength was 526 MPa and the yield ratio was 73%.

Table 5. Tensile test results depending on thickness and position of the SN 490C plates.

Thickness Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Yield Ratio

Direction Position
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%) (%)
30 Transverse Full 388 546 25.9 71
70 Transverse t/4 384 526 32.0 73

The yield strength of the 30 mm thick plate, regulated by the industry standard for seismic design
ranges from 325 to 445 MPa and that of the 70 mm thick plate ranges from 295 to 415 MPa. The tensile
strength has to be between 490 and 610 MPa at all thicknesses. The yield ratio needs to be less than
0.8 and the elongation needs to be more than 21% for 30 mm thickness and 23% for 70 mm thickness.
The base metal used in this study satisfies all these requirements [3].
The tensile test results for the welded joints are listed in Table 6. For the welded joint in the 30 mm
thick plate, the average tensile strength was 547 MPa, which is close to the tensile strength of the base
material. For the welded joint in the 70 mm thick plate, the average tensile strength was 560 MPa,
which is higher than the tensile strength of the base material. During the tensile tests of the welded
joint, the fracture occurred in the HAZ of the base metal, not in the weld metal. This was because the
weld joint was designed to be over-matched.

Table 6. Tensile test results of the welded joints. HAZ—heat affected zone.

Thickness Specimen Tensile Strength (N/mm2 ) Location of

Process Position
(mm) Type the Fracture
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
HAZ of the
30 FCAW Full Flat 546 547
base metal
HAZ of the
70 SAW t/4 Round 559 560
base metal

The guided bend test results of the welded butt joints are listed in Table 7. No cracks or defects
were found on the root and face parts of the weldment.

Table 7. Guided bend test results of the welded butt joints.

Thickness (mm) Process Specimen No. Discontinuity Length (mm)

1 (Face) No defect
2 (Face) No defect
30 FCAW
1 (Root) No defect
2 (Root) No defect
1 (Face) No defect
2 (Face) No defect
70 SAW
1 (Root) No defect
2 (Root) No defect
 Metals 2019, 9, 551 10 of 16

Regarding the base metal, SN 490C, the Vickers hardness was measured at intervals of 3 mm
in the thickness direction, and the result was 144–168 HV. Regarding butt-joint welds, as shown in
Figure
Figure7,7,the
theVickers
Vickershardness
hardnesswas wasmeasured
measuredatat11mm mmintervals
intervalsfrom
fromthetheweld
weldtotothe
thebase
basemetal
metalbased
based
ononthe
thefusion
fusionline.
line. For
For the
the welded joint in
welded joint in the
the 30
30mm
mmthick
thickplate,
plate,the
theVickers
Vickers hardness
hardness was
was 160–220
160–220 HV
HV as shown
as shown in in Figure
Figure 7a.7a.The
Thehardness
hardnessofofthe theface
facearea
area was
was slightly
slightly higher
higher than
than that
thatof
ofthe
theroot
rootarea
area
because
becausethe theaccumulated
accumulatedheat heatby bymulti-pass
multi-passwelding
weldingtransformed
transformedthe themicrostructure
microstructurenearnearthe
theroot
root
area.
area.For
Forthethewelded
weldedjoint
jointininthe
the7070mm
mmthick
thickplate,
plate,the
theVickers
Vickershardness
hardnesswas was164–214
164–214HV HVasasshown
shown
ininFigure
Figure7b. 7b.TheTheminimum
minimumhardness
hardnesswas wasalso
alsomeasured
measuredon onthe
thebase
basematerial,
material,andandthe
themaximum
maximum
hardness
hardnesswas wasmeasured
measuredon onthetheHAZ.
HAZ.As Asmentioned
mentionedininSection
Section3.1,
3.1,the
theformation
formationofofrapidly
rapidlycooled
cooled
microstructures
microstructuressuch suchasasupper
upperbainite
bainiteand
andMA MAininthe
theCGHAZ
CGHAZcausedcausedthis thisresult.
result.

Figure
Figure7.7.Hardness
Hardness test results:
test TheThe
results: butt-joint manufactured
butt-joint by FCAW
manufactured by FCAW withwith
the 30
themm thickthick
30 mm plate,plate,
(a)
face;
(a) face; (b) .root.
(b) root The butt-joint manufactured
The butt-joint by SAW by
manufactured with
SAWthewith
70 mmthethick
70 mmplate,
thick(c)plate,
face; (c)
(d)face;
root.(d) root.

AsAsshown
shownininTable
Table8,8, the
the Charpy
Charpy V-notch impact
impact test
test depending
dependingon onthe
thethickness
thicknessand
andpositions
positionsof
◦ C to evaluate the toughness of the weldment. The specimen
of the SN 490C plates was conducted at 0 °C
the SN 490C plates was conducted at 0 toughness of the weldment. The specimen
was
wassampled
sampledatatthe
thet/4
t/4position
positionofofthe
thebase
basemetal
metalwith
withlateral
lateraldirection.
direction.The
TheCharpy
Charpyabsorbed
absorbedenergy
energy
was 207 J for the 30 mm thick sample and 188 J for the 70 mm thick sample.
was 207 J for the 30 mm thick sample and 188 J for the 70 mm thick sample.

Table
Table8.8.Charpy
CharpyV-notch impact
V-notch testtest
impact results depending
results on the
depending onthickness and positions
the thickness of the of
and positions SNthe
490C
SN
plates.
490C plates.

Thickness (mm) (mm)Direction

Thickness Direction Position
Position TestTest
Temperature
Temperature Average
Average (J)(J)
30 30 Lateral Lateral t/4 t/4 0 °C0 ◦ C 207
207
70 Lateral t/4 0 °C ◦ 188
70 Lateral t/4 0 C 188

The results of the Charpy impact test in the butt joint welds are depicted in Figure 8. For the
absorbed
The energy in the
results of the Charpy
30 mm impact
thick plate welded
test in byjoint
the butt FCAW,welds Figure 8a shows
are depicted in that the8.Charpy
Figure For the
absorbed energy varied from 37 to 164 J depending on the distance from the fusion line. For the
absorbed energy in the 30 mm thick plate welded by FCAW, Figure 8a shows that the Charpy absorbed
absorbed energy
energy varied in the
from 37 to70164
mm thick plateonwelded
J depending by SAW,
the distance fromitthe
is fusion
shownline.
thatFor
thethe
Charpy absorbed
absorbed energy
energy varied from 177 to 235 J depending on the distance from the fusion line. Specifically, in the
WM and FL of Figure 8a, the energy was low (below 100 J), compared with the zone between 2 and
4 mm away from the FL. However, the corresponding location in Figure 8b shows higher energy.
This is related with the higher wt.% of Mn in the SAW filler wire than that in the FCAW filler wire as
10
 Metals 2019, 9, 551 11 of 16

in the 70 mm thick plate welded by SAW, it is shown that the Charpy absorbed energy varied from 177
to 235 J depending on the distance from the fusion line. Specifically, in the WM and FL of Figure 8a,
the energy was low (below 100 J), compared with the zone between 2 and 4 mm away from the FL.
shown
However, in Table 3. The higherlocation
the corresponding Mn increases
in Figurethe8bamount
shows of acicular
higher ferrite
energy. Thiswhich increase
is related withtoughness
the higher
as shown
wt.% of Mn in in
Figures
the SAW 5 and 6 [31,37].
filler wire than Additionally, the energy
that in the FCAW abruptly
filler wire changed
as shown between
in Table 3. TheFL + 1 mm
higher Mn
shown
and
increasesin Table
FL + 2the mm 3. The higher
of Figure
amount Mn
8a. This
of acicular increases
was which
ferrite the
because amount
of upper
increase of acicular ferrite
bainite and
toughness which
MA produced
as shown increase
in Figuresin5 the toughness
andCGHAZ
6 [31,37].
as shown
[38]. in Figures
It is consistent
Additionally, 5 andthe
with
the energy 6 [31,37]. Additionally,
resultschanged
abruptly that the between theFLenergy
toughness of+the
1 mm abruptly
and FLischanged
CGHAZ +lower
2 mmthanbetween
of FL
that of8a.
Figure +This
other 1 areas
mmwas
and FL
[39,40]. + 2
The mm of
Charpy Figure
absorbed 8a. This was
energy ofbecause
all of
specimensupper bainite
showed and
higher MA
value
because of upper bainite and MA produced in the CGHAZ [38]. It is consistent with the results thatproduced
than the in the
minimum CGHAZ limit
[38].
of It is consistent
theabsorbed
toughness energy, with
of the 27 J,the
CGHAZ results
suggested that
is lower the toughness
bythan industrial of the
standard
that of other areasCGHAZ
[3]. isThe
[39,40]. lower than that
Charpy of other
absorbed areasof
energy
[39,40]. The Charpy
all specimens showed absorbed
higher energy of all
value than thespecimens
minimumshowedlimit of higher
absorbedvalue than27
energy, theJ, minimum
suggested limit
by the
ofindustrial
absorbedstandard
energy, 27 J,
[3]. suggested by the industrial standard [3].

Figure 8. Charpy impact test results: (a) The face area of the butt joint with the 30 mm thick plate
welded by FCAW; (b) the face area of the butt joint with the 70 mm thick plate welded by SAW.
Figure
Figure8.8.Charpy
Charpyimpact
impacttest
testresults:
results:(a)(a)
The face
The area
face areaofofthe
thebutt
buttjoint
jointwith
withthe
the3030mm
mmthick
thickplate
plate
On thebyother
welded
welded by hand,
FCAW;
FCAW; (b) there
(b) the
thefacewere
face area positions
area of
of the butt in the
the butt jointjoint HAZ
with
with the 70
the where
70 mm the absorption
mm thick
thickplate weldedenergy
plate welded by SAW.
by was higher
SAW.
than those of the base metal and the weld metal. This is related with a finer grain size in the FGHAZ
Onthe
On theother
otherhand,
hand, there were positions ininthe HAZ
HAZwhere thethe
absorption energy waswas higher than
by multi-pass welding asthere
shown were positions
in Figures 5 and the
6. Based where
on Figures absorption
5 and 6, theenergy
FGHAZ appears higher 2
those of the
than basebase
metal andand the weld metal. This is related with a finer grain size inin
the FGHAZ by
and those
4 mmof the
away frommetal
the fusionthe weld
line, metal. This
respectively. is related
This tendencywithis asimilar
finer grain
to thesize the
toughness FGHAZ
results.
bymulti-pass
multi-pass welding
weldingasasshown in in
Figures 5 and 6. 6.
Based onon
Figures 5 and 6, the FGHAZ appears 2 and
It is also consistent with ashown
research Figures 5 and
result that Based
toughness Figures
is improved 5 as
and 6, the
grain FGHAZ
is refined inappears
the HAZ 2
4
and mm away from the fusion line, respectively. This tendency is similar to the toughness results. It is
[41].4 mm away from the fusion line, respectively. This tendency is similar to the toughness results.
Italso consistent
is also
Figure
with
consistent
9a shows
a research
with a research
the
result thatthat
result
macro-examination
toughness
toughness is improved
results ofis the
improvedas grain is refined
T-jointasmanufactured
grain in the
is refined
byinthe
HAZ [41].
theFCAW
HAZ
[41]. Figure 9a shows the macro-examination results of the T-joint manufactured by the FCAW process
process in the 2G position as shown in Figure 2a. Figure 9b enlarges the bottom of the bead shown in
in the 2G position
Figure 9a showsas shown
thepartsin Figure 2a. Figureresults
macro-examination 9b enlarges
of the theT-joint
bottommanufactured
of the bead shown in Figure 9a.
Figure 9a. The welded consist of multi-layer welding. No cracks or defects by were the FCAW
found by
The
processwelded parts consist of multi-layer welding. No cracks or defects were found
in the 2G position as shown in Figure 2a. Figure 9b enlarges the bottom of the bead shown in by macro-observation.
macro-observation.
Figure 9a. The welded parts consist of multi-layer welding. No cracks or defects were found by
macro-observation.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure9.9.(a)
(a)Macrography
Macrographyof ofthe
thewelded
weldedT-joint
T-jointof
ofthe
the30
30mm
mmthick
thickplate,
plate,and
and(b)
(b)inset—magnification
inset—magnification
(a) (b)
around the fusion line of the welded T-joint.
around the fusion line of the welded T-joint.
Figure 9. (a) Macrography of the welded T-joint of the 30 mm thick plate, and (b) inset—magnification
Figurethe
around 10 fusion
showsline
theofhardness
the welded measurement
T-joint. profile on the weldment shown in Figure 9. The ‘h’
in Figure 10 is the distance from the outer face of the weldment to the point where the hardness is
Figure 10
measured. Theshows the hardness
hardness measurement
of the HAZ was higher profile
than on
thatthe
ofweldment shown inorFigure
the base material weld 9. The ‘h’
metal. As
inshown
Figurein10 is the distance from the outer face of the weldment to the point where the hardness
Figure 10, the maximum hardness is 326 HV in the HAZ of the rightmost weld toe. Even is
measured. The hardness of the HAZ was higher than that of the base material or weld metal. As
Metals 2019, 9, 551 12 of 16

Figure 10 shows the hardness measurement profile on the weldment shown in Figure 9. The ‘h’
though the10
in Figure heat input
is the of thisfrom
distance T-joint
theweld
outerwas the
face ofsame as that of to
the weldment thethe
butt join where
point weld, astheexplained
hardnessinis
the previousThe
measured. section, the peak
hardness of thehardness
HAZ washas a considerable
higher than that ofdifference. This was
the base material orcaused by theAs
weld metal. changes
shown
between the cooling rate which was induced by welding position 1G and 2G, respectively.
in Figure 10, the maximum hardness is 326 HV in the HAZ of the rightmost weld toe. Even though the
heat input of this T-joint weld was the same as that of the butt join weld, as explained in the previous
though the heat input of this T-joint weld was the same as that of the butt join weld, as explained in
section, the peak hardness has a considerable difference. This was caused by the changes between the
the previous section, the peak hardness has a considerable difference. This was caused by the changes
cooling rate which
between wasrate
the cooling induced
whichby
waswelding
inducedposition 1Gposition
by welding and 2G,1G respectively.
and 2G, respectively.

Figure 10. Hardness distribution of the welded T-joint with the 30 mm thick plate preheated up to 50
°C. Figure
Figure 10. Hardness
10. Hardness distributionof
distribution ofthe
the welded
welded T-joint
T-jointwith
withthe 3030
the mm thick
mm plate
thick preheated
plate up to up
preheated 50 to 50
◦ C. °C.

Figure 11 shows the macro-examination results of the weldment produced by a single-pass

FCAW Figure
process.
Figure 11
The
11 shows shows the macro-examination
double-fillet results
T-joint configuration
the macro-examination results of of
the the
using weldment produced
the 30produced
weldment mm by
thickbyplatea single-pass
was shown
a single-pass FCAWin
FCAW process. The double-fillet T-joint configuration using the 30 mm thick plate was shown in
Figure 2b. The A side and B side were preheated up to 150 and 50 °C, respectively, since these
process. The double-fillet T-joint configuration using the 30 mm thick plate was shown in Figure 2b.
Figure 2b. The A side and B side were preheated up to 150 and 50 °C, respectively, since these
operating
The A sideconditions are used
and B side were in theup
preheated actual field
to 150 andof50building
◦ C,
structures
respectively, sinceforthese
preventing
operating defects. No
conditions
operating conditions are used in the actual field of building structures for preventing defects. No
cracks
are usedor defects
in were
the actual found
field ofby macro-examination.
building structures for Hardness
preventingwas measured
defects.
cracks or defects were found by macro-examination. Hardness was measured on the points where on
No cracks theorpoints
defectswhere
were
the numbers
foundtheby are are
marked
macro-examination.
numbers marked in in
Figure 11.
Hardness
Figure 11.Table 99 shows
was measured
Table shows thethe result
onresult ofof
the points thethe hardness
where
hardness distribution
thedistribution
numbers are of the
marked
of the
double-fillet
double-fillet T-joint welded in the FCAW process. The base material had a hardness from 153 to 156 156
in Figure 11. T-joint
Table 9welded
shows in
the the FCAW
result of theprocess.
hardnessThe base material
distribution of had
the a hardness
double-fillet from
T-joint 153 to
welded in
HV
the on both sides. The weld metal had a hardness from 243 to 261 HV. The hardness
HV on both sides. The weld metal had a hardness from 243 to 261 HV. The hardness in all the HAZs
FCAW process. The base material had a hardness from 153 to 156 HV on both in all
sides. the
TheHAZs
weld
varied
metal fromafrom
varied
had 283 to 340
283
hardness HV.
to 340
fromHV.243 to 261 HV. The hardness in all the HAZs varied from 283 to 340 HV.

Figure 11. Hardness measurement positions of the welded double-fillet T-joint of the 30 mm thick
plate.
Figure
Figure 11.
11. Hardness measurementpositions
Hardness measurement positionsofofthe
the welded
welded double-fillet
double-fillet T-joint
T-joint of 30
of the themm
30 thick
mm thick
plate.
plate.

12

12
Metals 2019, 9, 551 13 of 16

Table 9. Hardness distribution of the double-fillet T-joint welded in FCAW process. WM—weld metal,
BM—base metal.
Table 9. Hardness distribution of the double-fillet T-joint welded in FCAW process. WM—weld
Position A Side (HV, Preheating: 150 ◦ C) B Side (HV, Preheating: 50 ◦ C)
metal, BM—base metal.
1. WM (Face) 254 261
Position
2. WM (Root) A Side (HV, Preheating:
250 150 °C) B Side (HV, Preheating:
243 50 °C)
1. WM3.(Face)
BM (Web) 254 156 261
156
2. WM 4. (Root)
BM (Flange) 250 153 156
243
5. HAZ Face (Web) 302 331
3. BM (Web) 156 156
6. HAZ Face (Flange) 283 306
4. BM (Flange) 153 156
7. HAZ Root (Web) 313 324
5. HAZ Face Root
8. HAZ (Web)(Flange) 302 318 331
340
6. HAZ Face (Flange) 283 306
7. HAZ Root (Web) 313 324
8. HAZ
The welds Rootpreheated
(Flange) to 150 ◦ C generally
318 showed lower hardness than340 the welds preheated to
50 ◦ C. This is because of the difference in cooling rate of the welds depending on the preheating
The welds
temperature. preheated
On both sides,tothe
150hardness
°C generally
in showed
the HAZ lower
of thehardness
flangethan
rootthe
waswelds preheatedIn
the highest. to addition,
50
°C. This is because of the difference in cooling rate of the welds depending on the
higher hardness values were obtained with single-pass welding than with multi-pass welding. This is preheating
temperature. On both sides, the hardness in the HAZ of the flange root was the highest. In addition,
due to rapid cooling by the web and the flange plate during the single-pass welding.
higher hardness values were obtained with single-pass welding than with multi-pass welding. This
Consequently, as shown in Figure 10 and Table 9, the full-penetration butt T-joints and the
is due to rapid cooling by the web and the flange plate during the single-pass welding.
partial-penetration
Consequently,fillet
as T-joints
shown inshowed
Figure the highest
10 and Tablehardness values in the butt
9, the full-penetration HAZ. The results
T-joints and the of these
hardness tests show the
partial-penetration same
fillet tendency
T-joints showedwith the various
the highest studies
hardness that
values conducted
in the HAZ. Thehardness
results of tests
these on the
hardness
weldment tests show the same tendency with the various studies that conducted hardness tests on the
[42].
weldment [42].
3.3. Lamellar Tearing Susceptibility
3.3. Lamellar Tearing Susceptibility
A through-thickness tensile test was performed to evaluate the lamellar tearing susceptibility.
A through-thickness
Consequently, the reduction tensile test was performed
in cross-sectional to evaluate
area was the lamellar
calculated as 51% tearing
for thesusceptibility.
30 mm thick plate,
Consequently, the reduction in cross-sectional area was calculated as 51%
SN 490C. For the plate of 70 mm thickness, the reduction in the area was calculated for the 30 mm thick plate, It was
as 61%.
SN 490C. For the plate of 70 mm thickness, the reduction in the area was calculated as 61%. It was
reported that the lower reduction of area indicates the higher chance of cracking [43]. In both cases,
reported that the lower reduction of area indicates the higher chance of cracking [43]. In both cases,
the test results were above 25%, which is the limit by the industrial standard [3].
the test results were above 25%, which is the limit by the industrial standard [3].
As As
seen in Figure 12, two full-penetrated weldments were manufactured to perform a window
seen in Figure 12, two full-penetrated weldments were manufactured to perform a window
test.test.
TheTheweldments
weldmentswere
wereproduced
produced by by multi-layer
multi-layerwelds.
welds. Figure
Figure 12a,b
12a,b represents
represents the weldments
the weldments
manufactured by the FCAW process depending on the thickness of 30 and 70 mm, respectively.respectively.
manufactured by the FCAW process depending on the thickness of 30 and 70 mm, There
Therewaswasno cracks or lamellar
no cracks tearing
or lamellar in eachincase.
tearing each case.

Figure
Figure 12.12.Window
Windowtest
test results:
results: (a)
(a)the
the3030mm
mmthick plate;
thick (b) the
plate; (b) 70
themm
70 thick plate. plate.
mm thick
13
 Metals 2019, 9, 551 14 of 16

Moreover,
Moreover, as shown
shownininFigure
Figure
13,13,
twotwo partial-penetrated
partial-penetrated weldments
weldments were manufactured
were manufactured to
to perform
perform the Cranfield test. The weldments were produced by multi-layer welds. Figure 13a,b
the Cranfield test. The weldments were produced by multi-layer welds. Figure 13a,b represents
represents the weldments
the weldments manufactured
manufactured by theprocess
by the FCAW FCAW depending
process depending on the thickness
on the thickness of 30
of 30 and 70 and
mm,
70 mm, respectively.
respectively. Consequently,
Consequently, there
there was no was noor
cracks cracks or lamellar
lamellar tearing tearing
in each in each thickness.
thickness.

Figure 13. Cranfield test results: (a) the 30 mm thick plate; (b) the 70 mm thick plate.
Figure 13. Cranfield test results: (a) the 30 mm thick plate; (b) the 70 mm thick plate.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
In this study, the weldability and cracking susceptibility of welded SN 490C which had been
In
developedthis study, the weldability
for anti-seismic steel ofand cracking
building susceptibility
structures of welded
were firstly SN 490CThe
investigated. which had beenof
weldments
developed
SN 490C steel were manufactured by FCAW and SAW processes. Various tests were conductedofto
for anti-seismic steel of building structures were firstly investigated. The weldments
SN 490C steel
evaluate were manufactured
the weldability and lamellar by FCAWtearingand SAW processes.
susceptibility of theVarious
SN 490Ctests were
steels. conducted
The conclusions to
evaluate
from thethe weldability
various tests areand lamellar tearing
summarized susceptibility of the SN 490C steels. The conclusions
as follows.
from the various tests are summarized as follows.
1) 1)SN SN 490C490Chashasthethe characteristics
characteristics of of typical
typical carbon
carbon steel
steel andand satisfies
satisfies the
the industrialstandard
industrial standardin
in terms of the chemical composition, yield strength, tensile strength, yield ratio, elongation, and
terms of the chemical composition, yield strength, tensile strength, yield ratio, elongation, and
Charpy absorbed
Charpy energy.
absorbed This This
energy. was was confirmed
confirmed through
through chemical
chemicalcomposition
composition analysis, tensile
analysis, tensiletest,
test,
impact toughness test, and microstructure analysis on the SN 490C.
impact toughness test, and microstructure analysis on the SN 490C.
2) 2)TheThe weldability
weldability of SNof490C
SN 490C steelevaluated
steel was was evaluated by theby the tensile
tensile test, toughness
test, impact impact toughness test,
test, hardness
hardnesstest,test,
andand microstructure
microstructure analysis.
analysis. Fortests,
For the the tests, the butt-joint
the butt-joint weldments
weldments were produced
were produced by FCAW by
FCAW and SAW processes depending on thickness. The weldability in T-joints was also evaluated.
and SAW processes depending on thickness. The weldability in T-joints was also evaluated.
The samples
The samplesof the various types of
of the various T-joints,
types which which
of T-joints, are oftenareused
ofteninused
the manufacturing
in the manufacturingfield tofield
buildto
steel structures,
build steelwere produced
structures, werebyproduced
the FCAW byprocess.
the FCAW process.
3) 3)In the In the hardness
hardness testtest of the
of the weldment,
weldment, thethe reason
reason thatthat
thethe
HAZ HAZ shows
shows higher
higher hardness
hardness than
than the
the basebasemetal
metal or or
thetheweld
weldmetal
metalis the formation
is the formation of of
thetheupper
upper bainite
bainitemicrostructure
microstructureininthe theCGHAZ.
CGHAZ.
The packet size ofsize
The packet the ofupper bainitebainite
the upper become smallersmaller
become towardtoward
the FGHAZthe FGHAZ from the fusion
from line. This
the fusion line.
was correlated with the toughness
This was correlated test results.
with the toughness testAdditionally, the wt.%the
results. Additionally, of wt.%
Mn in ofthe
Mndifferent filler
in the different
wires was
fillerfound to befound
wires was the cause
to be for
the different
cause for Charpy
differentimpact
Charpyabsorbed energies energies
impact absorbed in the weld
in themetal.
weld
Specifically,
metal. the Mn content
Specifically, therelated
Mn contentwith the formation
related with the of formation
the acicular of ferrite causesferrite
the acicular the increase
causes theof
the hardness
increaseinofthe theweldment.
hardness in the weldment.
4) 4)Three Three
kindskinds of tests
of tests werewerecarriedcarried out.through-thickness
out. The The through-thickness tension tension of thematerial
of the base base material
showed
showed satisfactory
satisfactory reductionininsectional
reduction sectionalarea.area.TheThe window
window and and Cranfield
Cranfield teststests were
wereperformed
performedon on
weldments with thicknesses of 30 and 70 mm. The macro-examination
weldments with thicknesses of 30 and 70 mm. The macro-examination result of the weldment result of the weldment showed
no cracks
showedor lamellar
no cracks tearing in eachtearing
or lamellar thickness.in each thickness.
Author Contributions: D.V. and S.H.L. conceived and designed the study. D.V., K.K. and H.S. performed the
experiment. D.V. and S.H.L.
Author Contributions: D.V.drafted this paper.
and S.H.L. conceived and designed the study. D.V., K.K. and H.S. performed the
experiment. D.V. and S.H.L. drafted this paper.
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

14
Metals 2019, 9, 551 15 of 16

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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