Chapter 10

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

10.2 DNA

James Watson & Francis Crick – 1953 – won Nobel Prize for
discovering DNA structure
______________________________________________________double helix is
twisted ladder
similar to a _______________________________ or spiral staircase
• DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid

make up sides/backbone
- deoxyribose and phosphate _______________________________

stairs/rungs
- nitrogenous base makes up _______________________________
studies xrays
Rosalind Franklin – 1952 – ____________________________________ to get pattern from
structure of DNA

Structure of DNA
– Repeating nucleotides
• Deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen containing base
DRAW AND LABEL

4 possible nitrogenous bases

Adenine or guanine
- purines: ________________________________
 cytosine or thymine
- pyrimidines: ______________________________

Chromosome structure
• Chromatin = DNA that is
tightly packed around proteins
____________________________________________________

packed chromosomes
- during cell division, chromatin form _________________________

Chargaff – studied amounts of nitrogenous bases in DNA

• % guanine
_____________________ = % cytosine
• thymine
% adenine = % _______________________________

base pairing rule

This is known as ___________________________: A=T and C=G

10.3 DNA Replication

• replication
______________________________ = process of copying DNA

S phase
- occurs during ____________________________ of Interphase

- process:

seperated
1. DNA is ________________________into two strands by an
enzyme helicase
_____________________________________

free nucleotides
2. __________________________ are added according to
base repairing rule by the enzyme DNA
_________________________________
polymerse
DNA Replication
• start at one end and proceeds
Replication does not ___________________________________ to the other.
DNA polymerse bind simultaneously
• Many ________________________________________________ along many
points of the chromosome
• very accurate
______________________________ one error in every 10,000.

Accuracy and Repair

• Very accurate one error in every 10,000.
• equals a mutation
One error ___________________________
 be fatal, silent
– Can _______________________or some where in the middle
• Lactose intolerance, sickle cell anemia
• proofread and repair
Enzymes ___________________________________DNA
– 1 in 1 billion
Errors reduced to ________________________
• chemicals and ultraviolet radiation
DNA can be damaged by ____________________________(Sun)
DNA Replication
• or model
Each strand of DNA serves as a template, _________________, for the new strand.
10.4 RNA
RNA structure
• ribose
Has _______________ as a sugar instead of deoxyribose
• single - stranded
Is generally _____________________
• uracil
Has _______________________ instead of thymine

Types of RNA
• All types control protein synthesis in a cell
• 3 main types
messenger rna
- mRNA = __________________ – copies of instructions from DNA

rRNA
- _______________ = ribosomal RNA – part of ribosomes

transfer RNA
- tRNA = ___________________ – transfers amino acids to ribosome
 RNA

can be

Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer

RNA

also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to

Bring
Combine
mRNA Carry instructions rRNA tRNA amino acids to
with proteins
ribosome

from to to make up

DNA Ribosome Ribosomes

Transcription
• dna into mRNA
Transcription = process of copying __________________________
• run by enzyme called RNA polymerase

Protein Synthesis
• 1 or more
Proteins are polymers of __________________________ Polypeptides consist of a
amino acids
sequence of ______________________
• sequence
_________________ of amino acids determine shape and properties of the protein

The Genetic Code

• Proteins are chains of amino acids

20 different
- __________________amino acids

the order
- ____________________or sequence of amino acids determines properties of the protein
3 nucleotides together that
- codon = _____________________________= one single amino acid

- one amino acid can have multiple codons

Codons: Triplets of Bases
• The flow of information from _____________________is
gene to protein based on a
triplet code: a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words
smallest units
• These triplets are the ________________________ that can code for all
the amino acids
• Example: ________________at
AGT a particular position on a DNA strand
serine
results in the placement of the amino acid __________________ at the
corresponding position of the polypeptide to be produced
RNA Decoding Chart
 • Translation
• mrna into trna
Translation = copying______________________ to make a protein
• Occurs on ribosomes

Process:

1. mRNA binds to ribosome

brings appropriate amino acid to ribosome

2. tRNA____________________________________– (tRNA has anticodon that is
complementary to codon on mRNA; begins with specific start codon -
AUG
___________________)

bonds are formed

3. _______________________between amino acids

stop codon
4. assembly line continues until a _________________________.

Why bother?
• Transcription and translation keep master plans (DNA) safe in the nucleus, while blueprints
(RNA) are sent to the worksite (ribosomes)
• Proteins are needed to act as enzymes that produces the color of your skin, the type of blood
cell, the rate of growth