Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kids Inhaler Tube OET Reading
Kids Inhaler Tube OET Reading
Text A
Inhalers may do nothing to help more than one in 10 children with asthma
who have been found to carry a mutated gene. A British study of nearly
1200 youngsters found children with a genetic variation called Arg16 are
twice as likely as other asthmatics not to respond to Ventolin inhalers, the
most common treatment for asthma. But experts, including Dr Noela
Whitby, of the National Asthma Council of Australia, have said children
need to continue using inhalers.
Text B
BREATHTAKING NEW DISCOVERY OF ASTHMA GENE
Researchers in the UK have uncovered a gene that triggers asthma. Bill
Cookson and colleagues’, from London’s Imperial College, compared the
genes of 1000 children with asthma and 1000 healthy ‘controls’ to track
down genes that were more common in the asthmatics and might
therefore provoke the condition. To do this the team used a system of
genetic markers called SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms. These
flag certain genetic sequences. By analysing large numbers of people
with a disease, and comparing them with people who don’t have the
condition, you can see SNPs, and hence DNA hotspots, that crop up
more often in the diseased individuals than in the healthy ones.
Using this technique, the team were able to home in on several DNA
hotspots on chromosome 17, and also identify a new gene, called
ORMDL3, which was much more common in the children with asthma
than the healthy controls. ‘This gene occurs in about 30% of children with
asthma,’ says Cookson. ‘It seems to have a fundamental role in the
working of the immune system, but we don’t know what it does yet.’ So
the next step will be to study where in the body it operates and how it
works. This could well open up new avenues for the treatment or even
prevention of asthma. But the fact that only 30% of the asthmatic children
were carrying it shows that there’s much more to asthma than just
genetics, and that mystery still needs to be solved.
Text C
Turbuhaler Instructions
Before using your Turbuhaler, please read these instructions and follow
them carefully. Turbuhaler is a breath-activated inhaler. This means that
when you inhale from the Turbuhaler the medication is drawn into your
lungs. Unlike aerosol sprays, no propellants are necessary to deliver your
medication. This means that you will probably not feel anything as you
inhale the medication. If you carefully follow the four simple steps you can
be confident you have received the correct dose of medication. If you
require, further information about your medication ask your doctor or see
your pharmacist for a Consumer Medicine Information leaflet. You may
also like to contact the Asthma Foundation in your state (Australia) or
region (New Zealand) for further information about asthma.
Text D
How to use your Turbuhaler
1. REMOVE THE CAP
Unscrew and lift off the
cap.
2. LOAD THE TURBUHALER
Hold your Turbuhaler upright. Hold it by the white body, with the coloured
base at the bottom. Turn the coloured base in one direction as far as it will
go. Then turn it back in the opposite direction. During this procedure you
will hear a click.
3. INHALE THE MEDICATION
Breathe out gently away from the Turbuhaler. Hold the coloured base and
place the tip of the mouthpiece (sloping part) between your lips. Breathe in
forcefully and deeply through your mouth. Do not chew or bile the
mouthpiece. Remove your Turbuhaler from your mouth before breathing
out. If you require a second dose, simply repeat steps 2 and 3.
4. REPLACE THE CAP
Remember to screw the cap back on.
NOTE- If you are using Pulmicort Turbuhaler rinse mouth with water after
each use.
PART A -QUESTIONS
Questions 1-7
For each of the questions, 1-7, decide which text (A, B, C or D) the
information comes from. You may use any letter more than once
Questions 8-13
Answer each of the questions, 8-13, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts.
Each answer may include words, number of the both. Your answers should be correctly
spelled.
11. Which Turbuhaler users are required to rinse mouth with water after
each use?
12. How many steps are there to ensure the proper usage of Turbuhaler?
13. How many subjects’ genes were compared with healthy controls by
researchers in UK?
Questions 14-20
Complete each of the sentences, 14- 20, with a word or short phrase from one of the
texts. Each answer may include words, number or both. Your answers should be
correctly spelled
14. You will probably not feel anything as you inhale the medication from
________
15. During the completion of loading procedure of Turbuhaler, you will
hear________
16. Genetic markers help to flag certain ____________
17. While inhaling the Turbuhaler, you have to hold____________
18. Researchers in UK were able to home in on several DNA hotspots
on_______
19. After using Turbuhaler, do not forget to _________________ back on
20. ______________ seems to have a fundamental role in the working of
the immune system against asthma
In this part of the test, there are six short extracts relating to the work of health
professionals .
For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which you think fits best
according to the text. Write your answers on the separate Answer Sheet
Questions 1-6
1. What does this manual tell us about local anaesthetic agents?
A. for both epithermal and central nerve blocks
B. work by dispersing across the myelin sheath or neuron
membrane
C. are used by anaesthetists and other experienced medical
practitioners
Rehabilitation aids
Active rehabilitation most frequently involves activity, which may be
preformed with or without aids to facilitate movement. Today, there are
many types of aids that facilitate patient mobility and make the work of
staff easier.
The following examples of rehabilitation aids are used to facilitate mobility
in the patient:
• Walkers – solid, underarm, two, three and four-wheel
• Crutches, walking sticks
• Wheelchairs – mechanical, electrical
• Verticalization tables
• Suitable for fitness exercises: Exercise bike, rehabilitation pedal
exerciser to strengthen the lower limbs, and similar.
5. The notice is giving information about
A. ways of checking that breathing exercises has been done
correctly.
B. how breathing exercises are performed and recommended.
C. which staff should perform breathing exercises.
Breathing exercises
Breathing exercises can be performed separately or they can be part of
fitness or specially targeted exercises. Breathing exercises (breathing
gymnastics) have preventative and therapeutic importance. These are
included if it is necessary to increase lung ventilation, improve
expectoration of secretions from the respiratory tract, etc. Exercise
should be according to the current medical condition of the patient; the
usual recommendation is 20 times, at least 4 – 5 times a day.
In this part of the test, there are two texts about different aspects of healthcare.
For questions 7-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text. Write your answers on the separate Answer Sheet
Part C -Text 1
Acupuncture
If you’re in pain, the last thing you may want is someone sticking needles
in you. But plenty of people turn to acupuncture for pain relief. So what is
the evidence? If the idea of someone sticking needles into you sounds
painful, imagine having it done when you are already in pain. It may sound
counterintuitive, but many people turn to acupuncture for pain relief.
You can also think of acupuncture as a way of defusing pain trigger points,
says Cohen. “If you can find a trigger point that reproduces the pain you’re
experiencing... that’s a point where you put the needle [to relieve it],” he
says. Interestingly, these acupuncture ‘trigger’ points are not always in the
same spot as your pain. For example, says Cohen, people who have eye
pain often find a tender spot between their first and second toes. The
acupuncture point for frozen shoulder, a painful condition that immobilises
the shoulder joint, is on your chin. Scientific evidence
For chronic lower back pain, a 2007 German study of 1162 participants
found that the effectiveness of acupuncture after six months was almost
twice that of conventional therapy (drugs, physical therapy and exercise).
A 2009 American study of 638 people found similar results. However, the
most current reviews pooling all available evidence on chronic lower back
pain don’t paint such a conclusive picture: they found that while
acupuncture is a useful addition to conventional therapies, there isn’t
sufficient evidence that it’s any more effective than other treatments.
If you do decide to try acupuncture for your pain, it is important that you
still initially seek medical treatment so that you do not miss any underlying
conditions. Nevertheless, many pain specialists caution against becoming
overly reliant on acupuncture, or any other treatment, to help you manage
pain. Dr Paul Wrigley, senior staff specialist at the Pain Management
Research Institute in Sydney, suggests that learning ways to self-manage
your pain – for example by pacing yourself and learning to reduce your
anxiety levels – can help reduce the degree to which pain interferes with
your life. Therefore, while acupuncture helps some people manage their
pain, in the end, you need to figure out what works best for you.
a. yes
b. no
c. not given
d. only for few disease
a. chin
b. a point in toes
c. a point face
d. all the above
a. painkillers
b. part of brain
c. only (a) or only (b)
d. both a and b
a. head aches
b. acute pain
c. migrants
d. none of the above
Part C -Text 2
Skin cancer is by far the most common cancer in Australia. The most
common and important skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma (BCC),
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and malignant melanoma. In 2015, there
were estimated to be 374 000 cases of BCC plus SCC. The age-
standardised incidence of BCC alone in men was 1150/100 000; more than
10 times that of prostate cancer, the next most common cancer. Most
BCCs and SCCs occur in older Australians, causing considerable
morbidity, but little mortality. In 2013–2014, they were also the most
expensive cancer to treat, costing $264 million, followed by breast cancer
at $241 million. Melanoma is the most common cancer among those aged
15–44 years, and the second most common cause of cancer death in that
age group, and it accounts for 3% of all cancer deaths in all ages (1199
deaths in 2014).
Skin cancers are the most common cancers managed by general
practitioners, with more than 800 000 patient encounters each year.
While historically GPs have managed most skin cancers, in recent years,
with the rapid growth of “skin cancer clinics”, there has been a dramatic
change. Little is known about these clinics; some include large
“corporate” chains and others comprise smaller independent operators.
Anecdotally, most doctors working in these clinics seem to be GPs, or at
least non-specialist doctors, from a variety of backgrounds.
Some concerns have been raised about the type and quality of work
performed within these clinics from other sectors of the profession.
The pros and cons of “the fragmentation of general practice”, typified by
skin cancer clinics, travel medicine clinics, women’s health clinics and
others have been considered previously.
Currently, in Australia, there are:
In August this year, the Skin Cancer Society of Australia was formed to
provide one mechanism to redress some of these deficiencies.
Two of us (AD, PB) have worked in the skin cancer field for over 20
years, and A D has provided formal training for 15 years. When one of
us (DW) decided to start working in this field at the beginning of 2018,
there was no barrier to taking a position in a skin cancer clinic, and no
formal assessment of competency. There was also no barrier to
accessing the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item numbers that
relate specifically to the management of skin cancer, including some
that relate to fairly significant plastic surgical procedures. There were
no easily accessible training opportunities, or postgraduate awards for
general practitioners in skin cancer medicine.
Without doubt, some dermatologists believe that they are the doctors
best placed to diagnose and manage patients with skin cancer.
However, there are hardly enough dermatologists to cope with current
demand for their general services, let alone enough to manage the
majority of skin cancers in Australia. Furthermore, some plastic
surgeons believe that patients receiving surgical treatment for skin
cancer should be treated exclusively by them, but the geographic
distribution of dermatologists and plastic surgeons in Australia
precludes their managing most patients. The perception may exist
among some GPs that skin cancer doctors are taking a lucrative
(procedural) aspect of their practice away. At least some of this debate
seems to be vested in professional self-interest, rather than a
dispassionate consideration of what is best for the patient.
Most patients with skin cancer can be competently diagnosed and
treated by appropriately trained, non-specialist primary care physicians,
whether they are working in skin cancer clinics or in mainstream
general practice. We also believe that consultants, such as
dermatologists and plastic surgeons, have a crucial role to play in
helping manage the more complex cases, as well as providing training.
However, much more needs to be done if we are to collectively ensure
that patients enjoy maximal health outcomes, and that doctors are well
trained and supported.
20. Which is the right heading for the first section of the
article?
a) Where does the divide lie?
b) The problem
c) Skin cancer in Australia
d) Skin cancer in general practice: emergence of new models of
care
21. Which is the right heading for the last section of the
article?
a) Where does the divide lie?
b) The problem
c) Skin cancer in Australia
d) Skin cancer in general practice: emergence of new
models of care
22. Which is not one among the most common type of skin cancers in
Australia?
a) basal cell carcinoma
b) actinic keratoses
c)squamous cell
carcinoma
d) malignant melanoma