Chronology August 16, 1975 - November 15, 1975

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter, 1976), pp. 63-76
Published by: Middle East Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4325455 .
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 CHRONOLOGY

August 16, 1975-November 15, 1975

Aug. 20. Israeli planes bombed a Palestinian guerrilla

ArabIsraeliConflict
1975
Aug. 16: Sporadic artillery shelling was reported on the
Israeli Lebanese border. [NYT)
The Central Council of the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) denounced the US sponsored
Sinai negotiations and called for expediting the
establishment of a Syrian PLO joint command.
[NYT)
Egyptian officials welcomed the prospect of another
visit by US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for
negotiations. [NYT)
Aug. 17: The Israeli Cabinet authorized its negotiators
to work with US Secretary of State Kissinger during
a new round of negotiations with Kissinger acting
as mediator traveling back and forth between Egypt
and Israel. A Cabinet statement warned, however, that
major issues remained to be solved before an interim
agreement could be concluded. [NYT)
US President Gerald Ford authorized Kissinger to
undertake another trip to the Middle East. [NYT)
Aug. 18: Israel's Likud opposition leader Menachem
Begin charged the government with backing down on
its previous demand for a pledge of nonbelligerence
from Egypt in return for Sinai withdrawals. [NYT)
Zuhayr Muhsin, leader of the al-Sa'iqah Palestinian
guerrilla group denounced any new Sinai agreement
saying it would detach Egypt from the Arab con-
frontation with Israel. [NYT)
Aug. 19: The New York Times reported that Egypt,
Israel and the US agreed that if the UN peace force
were not renewed by the Security Council an inde-
pendent peacekeeping force would be established.
[NYT)
base in northeast Lebanon and 3 Arabs were killed
after they crossed the Lebanese border into Israel.
[NYTI
Aug. 21: Kissinger arrived in Israel to begin talks to
conclude a new Sinai agreement. [NYTI
Aug. 22: Kissinger flew from Israel to Egypt. Israeli
Premier Yitzhak Rabin said the impending accord
would commit both sides to nonbelligerence and
he denounced protests against the accord in Israel
as a "serious blow against the backbone of our life."
[NYTI
Kissinger met with Egyptian President Anwar
al-Sadat in Egypt. [NYT)
Aug. 23: Kissinger flew from Egypt to Syria where he
met with President HIafiz al-Asad and said Israel
was ready to negotiate a modest Jawlan withdrawal
after a Sinai accord is reached. [NYT)
Kissinger flew from Syria to Israel and met with
Premier Rabin and Foreign Minister Yigal Allon.
Allon said later that the talks were making progress.
[NYT)
Aug. 24: It was reported that all major obstacles to a
Sinai accord were resolved and Kissinger said he
hoped to conclude an agreement within a week.
[NYT]
Aug. 25: Kissinger flew from Egypt to Israel and said
progress was "continuing" on all issues and we still
had not run into unusual difficulties. [NYT)
Aug. 26: Kissinger met with Israeli leaders and the
talks were called "exceptionally productive." [NYT)
Aug. 27. Kissinger flew from Egypt to Israel. American
officials said only the language of the accord was still
under negotiation. [NYT)
The Arab Boycott of Israel Office removed 17
Western companies from the list but withheld their
names to protect them from "Zionist pressure."
[NYT)

List of Abbreviations
ARR, Arab Report and Record;AW, The Arab World; B, Brief; CSM, The Christian ScienceMonitor; CB, Cyprus
Bulletin; E, The Economist; FBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Report-Middle East and Africa;
G, The Guardian (weekly international edition); JP, The Jerusalem Post; KT, The Kabul Times; KI, Kayhan
(international edition); MEED, Middle East EconomicDigest; MEES, Middle East EconomicSurvey; LM, Le Monde
(weekly English edition); NYT, The New York Times; PO, Platt's Oilgram; TDN, Turkish Daily News; WP, The
Washington Post.

63
64 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Aug. 28. Israeli jets attacked targets in Lebanon. [NYT)
The Arab delegate caucus at the Conference of
Nonaligned Nations agreed not to press for a resolu-
tion calling for the expulsion of Israel from the UN.
[NYT)
Aug. 29: Allon said that the presence of American
technicians in the Sinai passes to operate electronic
warning systems was "one of the central conditions"
making possible Israel's consent to a new Sinai accord. Sept. 3: Palestinian guerrillas staged protests in
[NYTJ
Aug. 30: An Egyptian spokesman said the proposed US
presence in Sinai was an "important part" of the im-
pending agreement from Egypt's viewpoint. [NYT)
The Soviet Union's Pravda called the proposed
r6le of US technicians in the Sinai a "new complicat-
ing element" of the situation. [NYT)
The Conference of Nonaligned Nations meeting in
Lima, Peru, called on the UN Security Council "to
take all necessary measures" to compel Israel to
abide by UN resolutions on the Middle East.
[NYT)
Israeli Chief of Staff Mordechai Gur said the new
Sinai accord increased Israel's military advantage over
Egypt by putting more distance between the 2 armies.
[JP]
Aug. 31.' PLO leader Yasir 'Arafat called for an Arab
summit meeting to discuss "new American moves"
in the Middle East. [NYT]
Kissinger flew from Egypt to Israel and it was re- Sept. 4: Palestinian spokesmen said an Israeli force
ported that the issues were sufficiently resolved that a
return to Egypt would not be necessary. [NYTI
Israel reported that 2 Arab guerrilla attempts to
infiltrate from Lebanon were halted and 4 Arabs
killed. CNYT)
Sept. 1: Egypt and Israel initialed a new Sinai agree-
ment which included the following points: Egyptian
forces would advance to the Israeli line and Israeli
forces would withdraw to the east of the Mitla and
Gidi Passes; a UN buffer zone force would occupy the
zone in between and would be renewed annually; the
two sides would agree to resolve their differences by
peaceful means and not resort to force or threat of
force; Egypt would permit the passage of non-military
cargoes bound for Israel through the Suez Canal
and the US would man surveillance posts in the
Mitla and Gidi Pass regions. [NYT)
President Ford appealed to the US Congress to Sept. 5: Rabin said there was "virtually no chance"
approve use of US civilians to monitor the Sinai re-
gion. [NYT)
Libyan head of state Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi
said the Arab Israeli conflict would "never" be
settled by an agreement and pledged "unlimited
support" for the continuation of the Palestinian
"revolution". [NYT)
Sept. 2: Kissinger met in Taif with Saudi leaders who
endorsed the Sinai accord. He then flew to Jordan
to discuss the agreement with King Husayn. [NYT)
President Sadat said he would visit the US in
October. [NYTI
Israeli Defense Minister Shimon Peres said nego-
tiations with Syriawere months away and a final peace-
ful solution "a matter of years and years." [NYT)
The official Saudi press agency reported that
Kissinger told King Khalid that "there will be nego-
tiations between Syria and Israel" for an interim
accord in the Jawlan region. [JPI
Israeli planes attacked targets in south Lebanon.
[NYTI
Lebanon against the Sinai accord. {NYT}
Kissinger met with King Hlusayn in Jordan and
with President Asad in Syria before flying back to the
US. He assured both that the US would seek further
Arab Israeli accords but US officials said he was
received cooly. [NYT)
Syria called the Sinai agreement a "setback to the
march of Arab struggle" which made the US a "party"
in the conflict and established "secure borders for
Israel inside Egyptian territory." [NYTI
Some US Congressional leaders, including Senator
John Stennis and House Speaker Carl Albert, ex-
pressed concern that the use of US personnel in the
Sinai would be reminiscent of the early days of US
involvement in Viet Nam. [NYT)
The Israeli Knesset approved the Sinai agreement
by a vote of 70 to 43. [NYT)
Israeli planes bombed a Palestinian refugee camp
near Tyre, Lebanon. [NYT)
attempted to land near Saida but was driven off.
[NYT)
Sadat accused the USSR of trying to split the
Arabs by not attending the signing of the Sinai accord.
He also denounced anti-Egyptian demonstrations in
the Arab world. [NYT)
Demonstrations were held in Damascus protesting
Egypt's new agreement with Israel. [NYT)
Rabin said some Soviet-American cooperation
would be needed "in order to achieve an overall
settlement." [NYT)
Ford asked the US Congress to approve within
21/2 weeks the stationing of US technicians in the
Sinai so the accord could go into effect. [NYT)
Israeli and Egyptian representatives formally
signed the Sinai accord in Geneva. US and Soviet
representatives did not attend. [NYT)
for an interim accord with Syria because Israeli
settlements in the Jawlan region were "not estab-
lished in order to be evacuated" and that the room
for withdrawal was often only 100 to 200 yards.
[NYT)
Syria called the Sinai pact "strange and shameful."
A high PLO official, Zuhayr Muhsin, called Sadat a
"traitor and conspirator" for signing the accord.
[NYT)
Sept. 7: Israeli military officials said Israeli raids against
Palestinian guerrillas in Lebanon were stepped up
after the Sinai pact to prevent guerrilla attempts
to interrupt the agreement. [WP)
 CHRONOLOGY 65
The PLO paper in Beirut, al-Thawrah,said the demands and the terrorists flew to Algiers with their
PLO "regards the US presence in Sinai as an enemy hostages who were then released. The PLO said it
target that should be shot by every struggler." was not responsible for the attack. [NYT]
[CSM] Egypt and Israel continued their talks in Geneva.
Sept.8: Egyptian Foreign Minister Ism.'il Fahmi said [NYTI
Israel and Syria would begin negotiating an interim Ford said US commitments to aid Israel did not
agreement on the Jawlan region "next month." constitute a security treaty and that assurances to
[WP] supply advanced military equipment, such as the
Israel's UN Ambassador Chaim Herzog told the Pershing missile, were not firm commitments. [NYT)
UN that Israel was willing to open its ports to The 4 terrorists who occupied the Egyptian
Arab transit trade and to turn its Negev arid zone Embassy in Madrid were turned over to PLO of-
research center into a regional project for all Mid- ficials in Algiers by Algerian authorities. [NYTI
east countries. [CSMJ Sept. 17. Rabin said an interim agreement with Syria
The US said it was resuming talks with Israel was unlikely. [NYT)
on the sale of F-15 jets and other arms. [NYTI Israeli Defense Minister Peres told reporters in
Asad said Syria was prepared to accept demilitari- Washington that Israel needs Lance and Pershing
zation of the Jawlan region as long as it was reciprocal. missiles to deter the Arabs from using missiles and
[MEED] he said Israel would guarantee that they would not be
Sept.9: Egyptian and Israeli delegations met in Geneva used for nuclear warheads. [NYT)
to discuss means of implementing the Sinai agree- Sept. 19: The New York Times reported that Arab
ment. [NYT] countries, including Saudi Arabia, Libya, Algeria,
Sept.10: Rabin told the Israeli Cabinet that no decision Iraq, Kuwayt and Abu Dhabi, pledged to provide
had been reached on negotiating an interim agree- UNESCO with $25 million to replace funds being
ment with Syria but that Israel was ready to nego- withheld by the US. [NYT)
tiate an overall peace settlement with all Arab neigh- Sept. 21: The Israeli Cabinet approved Israel's initial-
bors, including Syria. [NYT] ling the agreement reached with Egypt in Geneva,
Syria told the UN that the Sinai accord proved but delayed formal signing until the US Congress
"that the aim of Zionism and colonialism is to freeze approved sending US technicians to the Sinai. [NYTI
the statusquo in the region." [NYTI US Defense Secretary James Schlesinger said even
Egypt and Israel continued their talks in Geneva if the US agrees to sell Israel the Pershing missile
and a spokesman said they were now dealing with it could not come off the production line until 1978.
"concrete" issues. [NYTI [NYT)
Sept. 11: Egypt closed down the PLO's radio station, Sept. 22: Kissinger suggested that an "informal meet-
"Voice of Palestine" which broadcast from Cairo. ing" of interested nations be arranged to discuss peace
[CSM] in the Middle East and clear the way for further
The New YorkTimesreported that the US made progress. [NYT)
secret assurances to Egypt, as part of the Sinai Sept. 23: Egyptian and Israeli diplomats completed
accord, that the US would attempt to bring about an agreement in Geneva detailing the procedures for
Israeli-Syrian negotiations and would consult with implementing the Sinai accord and the Geneva
Egypt if Israel should violate the accord. [NYT) agreement was initialled by both sides. [NYT)
Egyptian and Israeli representatives met in Geneva Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko said
for 5 hours to continue discussion of the Sinai the Geneva Peace Conference was the "appropriate
agreement. [NYT) mechanism" for solving the Middle East question.
An official of the "Voice of Palestine" radio in [NYTI
Cairo said that Egypt had taken over the station and Sept. 24: Allon met at the UN for 3 hours with Soviet
sent the staff home. [NYT) Foreign Minister Gromyko to discuss the Middle East
Israeli jets raided targets near Tyre in southern problem. [CSM}
Lebanon. [NYT) Speaking in the General Assembly, Iraq called for
Sept.15: UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim warned the expulsion of Israel from the UN. [NYT)
against complacency in the Middle East peace effort Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim Khaddam
and said an agreement should be sought which would said Syria does "not agree to hold talks on Golan"
include "recognition of the rights of the Palestinian and that reports of "bilateral and multilateral talks
people." [NYT} are not true." [NYT)
Sadat said no amount of pressure from the Soviet Sept. 26: France told the UN that it would be willing
Union or the Palestinians could force Egypt to alter to participate in military safeguards of a Middle
her policies. [NYT) East peace agreement. [NYT)
Sept. 16: Four Palestinians seized hostages in the A White House spokesman said the US would con-
Egyptian Embassy in Madrid and threatened to blow sider Egypt's request for arms "to increase Egypt's
up the Embassy unless Egypt repudiated the Sinai confidence in its course" as part of the US peace
accord. Sadat said Egypt would not bow to the effort. [NYT)
66 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Sept. 27: The Arab League warned the US against Oct. 27: A bomb exploded in a parked car in Jerusalem
supplying Israel with large quantities of weapons
which would "encourage Israel toward new aggres-
sion" and consolidate Israel's occupation of Arab
territory. [NYT)
Israel reported killing 3 Arab guerrillas who in- Oct. 28: Sadat urged the US to open a dialogue with
filtrated from Lebanon. [NYT)
Sept. 28: Israel said 55 Arabs were arrested in the Oct. 29: Israel reported that 2 Arab guerrillas were
West Bank on suspicion of being terrorists. [NYT)
Sadat said the US sent technicians to Israel to
help in the October 1973 War. [NYT)
Sept. 29: A Greek tourist ship, Stella Solaris, sailing
directly from Egypt, arrived in Ashdod, Israel.
[NYT)
Sept. 30: Syria told the UN that she would not
participate in interim talks with Israel unless they
aimed at "unconditional withdrawal" of Israeli
troops from all land occupied in 1973. [NYT)
Oct. 3: A bomb exploded in Tel Aviv wounding 2
people. Police said an Arab suspect was detained.
[NYT)
Oct. 8: The US House of Representatives approved
stationing US technicians in Sinai by a vote of 341
to 69. [NYT)
UNESCO's Board voted by 23 to 3 to ease the anti-
Israel action taken in November 1974. [NYT)
Oct. 9: The US Senate voted by 70 to 18 to send US
technicians to Sinai. [NYT)
Oct. 13: Ford signed a Congressional resolution author-
izing the US to put technicians in Sinai. [NYT)
Oct. 15: Syria charged that Israel was building up military
forces in the Jawlan area. Israel denied the charge. Nov. 3: PLO delegate Faruq Qaddiimi opened the
[NYT)
Oct. 177:Egypt reported that it had withdrawn its air-
forces which were stationed in Syria. [NYT)
An Israeli spokesman said Israel extracted 224m
barrels of oil from Abu Rudays oil field since
occupying it in 1967. [MEED]
Oct. 18: Sadat said new American arms sales to Israel
"does not fit the new American role in the Middle
East." [NYT)
Asad said Syria would soon receive new Soviet Nov. 8: The PLO was granted observer status in the
weapons and he rejected "American offers to medi-
ate" an interim accord with Israel. [NYT)
Oct. 20. Syria reported that her troops clashed with an Nov. 10.' The Israeli Knesset passed a resolution
Israeli patrol. Israel said shots were exchanged across
the frontier. [NYT)
Oct. 21: The US said that a UN draft resolution
equating Zionism with racism "must not pass the
General Assembly." [NYT)
Oct. 22: Egyptian and Israeli military officers met in
the Sinai to discuss implementing the Sinai accord.
[NYT)
Israeli military authorities reinstated Rashid al-
Shawa as Mayor of Gaza. [NYT)
Oct. 23. The UN Security Council extended the peace
force in Sinai for 1 year by a vote of 16 to 0. [NYT)
Oct. 26: Israeli military authorities said infiltrators
from Jordan were driven off by Israeli forces. [NYT)
injuring 5. tNYTI
Sadat met in Washington with Ford who said the
US would not "tolerate stagnation or stalemate" in
the Middle East. [NYT}
the PLO. [NYT)
killed and 5 captured after they infiltrated from
Syria. [NYT)
In a speech to the UN General Assembly, Sdiat
urged the UN to help in reconvening the Geneva
Conference. [NYT)
Oct. 31: Sadat criticized the US foreign aid bill which
would give $1.5 billion in military aid to Israel and
none to Egypt. [NYTI
France authorized the PLO to open an office in
Paris. France said the move was taken to prompt
"the PLO to take a responsible and moderate stand."
[NYT)
Egyptian officials processed a Greek freighter to
carry a cargo of cement through the Suez Canal to
Eilat, Israel. [NYT}
Nov. 2: Rabin charged that the US was reneging on
the aid agreement which was part of the Sinai pact
because Ford's aid bill called for $2.24 billion for
Israel rather than $2.3 billion. [NYT)
The Greek ship carrying cargo to Israel passed
through the Suez. [NYT)
Ford and Sadat met in Florida and discussed the
Middle East situation and the Lebanese crisis. [NYT)
UN Assembly debate on the Palestine issue. [NYT)
Nov. 4: Egypt proposed in the UN that the PLO be
invited to participate in the Geneva Conference "on
an equal footing" with the other parties. [NYT)
Nov. 7: The US told the UN General Assembly that
the US would work for a settlement taking into
account the legitimate right of the Palestinians.
[NYT)
Food and Agriculture Organization. The US and
Israel objected. [NYT)
rejecting the UN resolution on Zionism and saying
Israel should not participate in the Geneva talks
if the PLO were invited to attend. [NYT)
Israeli troops dispersed Palestinians demonstrating
in Ramallah against Israeli occupation of the West
Bank. Dozens of students were reported arrested.
[NYT)
The UN General Assembly passed a resolution
defining Zionism as "a form of racism or racial
discrimination." The vote was 72 to 35 with 32
abstentions and 3 absences. The US Ambassador,
Daniel Moynihan, said: "The United States . . .
does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will
never acquiesce in this infamous act." [NYT)
 CHRONOLOGY
Nov. 11: Kissingersaid the US would ignore the UN
resolutionon Zionism. [NYT]
UN GeneralAssemblyPresidentGastonThornin
Luxembourgsaid the UN resolution destroyed the
atmosphere of conciliation established in recent
months. [NYT)
Nov. 13: A large bomb exploded in Jerusalem'sZion
Squarekilling6 people andwounding40. [NYT)
Nov. 14: Israel withdrew from the Sadr oil fields in
Sinai. [NYT)
Nov. 15: Two Israeli cars on the West Bank were
bombed. [NYT)
General
1975
Sept. 8. The Washington Post reported that more than
1,000 inhabitantsof Diego Garciawere evicted to Oct.5: Senegal'sPresidentLeopold
Mauritiusbefore 1972 to makeway for an American
base on the island. [WPI
Oct. 10: The UN General Assembly admittedthe 42 Oct. 22:
member Islamic Conference as a permanent ob-
server. [NYT)
Nov. 2: The centralbanksof Bahrayn,Kuwayt,Qatar
and the UAA concluded a 2 day meeting and said
they had set up a committeeto harmonizeexchange
ratesas a firststep towarda unifiedcurrency.[MEED)
Afghanistan
1975
Oct. 17: Iran signed an agreementto provide aid and
technical assistance to expand Afghanistan'srail
systemandKabulairportandto builda meatprocess-
ing plant. [MEED]
Nov. 21: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedthat the
followingCabinetwas appointedin October:
MuhammadDawud:President, Premier, Defense and
ForeignAffairs
MuhammadHasanSharaq:1st Deputy Premier
SaidAbdul Ala:2nd Deputy Premier andFinance
Abdul Qadir:Interior
AbdulTawebAsefi:Mines & Industry
AzizullahWasifi:Agriculture
Abdul KarimAttahi:Communications
Ali AhmadKhurram:Planning
NazarMuhammadSkandar:Public Health
Sardar Abdul Majid:Justice
Abdul RahimNawin:Information
FaizMasoud:Frontier Affairs
Middle East EconomicDigest reportedthat the first
commerce agreement with Turkey was signed.
[MEED)
67
Algeria
(Seealso, Arab IsraeliConflict,Morocco)
1975
Aug. 17: An Algerianofficialwas seized in Franceby a
group of Algerian exiles. They said that Algerian
refugees from the Algerian war for independence
shouldbe allowedto travelto Algeriaanddemanded
that Franceopen talks with Algeriato achieve this.
[NYT)
Aug. 18: French police freed the hostage held by
Algerianexiles in France.[NYTI
Sept.11: SaudiOil MinisterAhmadZaki Yamanimet
with President Houari Boumediennein Algiers to
discuss policies for the Organizationof Petroleum
ExportingCountries.[MEED}
Sept. 15: Rumania signed an industrialcooperation
agreement.[MEED)
Senghormade a 1
day visit for talks with PresidentBoumedienneon
increasingeconomicrelations.[MEED)
Yemen's Foreign Minister 'AbdallahAsnad
arrivedfor talkswith Boumedienne.[MEED]
Bahrayn
(Seealso, General)
1975
Aug. 23: It was announcedthat a numberof Bahraynis
were arrestedfor conspiraciesplotted with groups
outside the country.[JP)
Aug. 24: Amir Shaykh 'Isa bin Salman al-Khalifah
asked resigning Premier Shaykh Khalifah bin
Salmanal-Khalifahto form a new government.[JP}
The Cabinetresigned chargingthat the National
Assembly was obstructingthe Cabinet'sefforts to
govern. [JP)
Aug. 25.' A new Cabinetwas announced:
Khalifahbin Salmanal-Khalifah: Premier
Hamadibn 'Isaal-Khalifah: Defense
MuhammadHusaynHumaydan:Communications
Jawad Salim al-'Urayyid: Statefor Cabinet Affairs
HusaynMuhammadal-Bakharinah: State
Khalidibn 'Abdallahal-Khalifah:
Housing
Tariqal-Mu'ayyad:Information
'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad al-Khalifah:Edu-
cation
'AbdallIhibn Khalid al-Khalifah:
Justice & Awqaf
and Agriculture
'Ali Muhammadal-Kakhru:Health
'Isaibn Muhammadibn 'Abdallih:Labor
MajidJawadal-Habashi:PublicWorks
Muhammadibn Muhammadal-Khalifah: Interior
68 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Muhammad ibn Mubaraq: Foreign
Mahmad al-'Alawi: Finance
Yusuf al-Shiriwi: Development
Sept. 6: Ibrihim 'Abd al-Karim was named Minister
of Trade, Agriculture & Economy. [FBIS)
Sept. 13: Finance Minister Mahmuid 'Alawi arrived in
the People's Republic of China for a 10 day visit to
develop bilateral relations. [MEED)
Sept. 26: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that the
US agreed to a raise in rent from $600,000 to $4m
annually for naval facilities. [MEED)
Oct. 3: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that the
government officially informed the US that the US
naval facility would be closed down by mid-1977.
[MEED]
Oct. 24: Tunisia's Premier Hedi Nouira concluded a
visit after signing an agreement to cooperate in
industry and tourism. [MEED]
Nov. 4: The government concluded its first economic
agreement with Iraq. The accord calls for Iraq to
provide Bahrayn with aid in agriculture and industry.
[MEED)
Cyprus
(Seealso, Syria)
1975
Aug. 20: It was reported that the Greek military com-
mand seized several million dollars worth of Ameri-
can ammunition during the Cyprus crisis in the
summer of 1974. [NYT)
Aug. 22: The government announced an Emergency
Economic Action Plan to spend $1 34m in fiscal
year 1975/76 with the main objectives of creating
employment and replacing production lost in 1974.
[MEED)
Sept. 8: The official opening of negotiations in New
York was delayed again but UN Secretary General
Kurt Waldheim met unofficially with Turkish Cypriot
leader Rauf Denkta? and Greek Cypriot negotiator
Glafkos Clerides.
Sept. 9: UN Secretary General Waldheim was unable
for the second day to convene talks in New York
between Clerides and Denkta?. Both sides accused
the other of stalling. Denkta? said the Greeks wanted
only to make propaganda to prevent the US Congress
from lifting the arms embargo against Turkey.
Clerides charged that the Turks were unprepared to
discuss territorial compromise. [NYT)
Sept. 10: Waldheim announced in New York that "in
the absence of concrete proposals, the talks were ad-
journed" and he added that he would remain in con-
tact with both parties. [NYT)
Sept. 23: President Archbishop Makarios left for New
York to address the UN and he said he had the means
to oppose a declaration of independence by the
Turkish sector. [MEED)
The Turkish Cypriot Assembly voted to give
Denkta?the authorityto declarethe Turkishsector
a separate state if the circumstanceswarranted.
[MEED)
Oct.2: Machinegun fire was reportedalong the Green
Line in Nicosia. ?NYTJ
Oct. 7: ArchbishopMakariostold the UN General
Assemblythat there should be "wide and effective
internationalguarantees"of any Cyprussettlement.
[NYTI
Oct. 10: Middle East Economic Digest reported that
Denkta? founded a new political party called the
NationalUnity Party.[MEEDI
Egypt
(Seealso, ArabIsraeliConflict,UAA)
1975
Aug. 18: It was announced that Culture Minister
Yuisufal-Siba'iwas given the portfolio of Minister
of Information, replacing Jamanl'Abd al-Majd.
[MEED]
Aug. 27: Middle East News Agency reported that a
Libyanarmy jeep crossing the border on Aug. 25
clashedwith Egyptiantroops. [JP]
Sept. 10: The Voice of Palestine broadcasting from
BaghdadsaidPresidentAnwaral-Sadathad survived
an assassinationattempt "lastweek" in Alexandria.
EgyptianspokesmanTahsin Bashir said the report
had "nofoundation."[NYT)
Sept. 13: Lloyd'sof Londonreduced by 33% the war
risk tax on vessels passingthroughthe Suez Canal.
[NYT)
Oct.12: PresidentSadatconfirmedthe deathsentenceon
2 men convictedof an attackon a militaryacademy
in April 1974. INYT)
Oct. 19: Jordan's Premier Zayd Rif'ii met with
Sadatin Cairo.[MEED]
Oct. 23: People's Assembly Member MahmuidAbu
Wafi'announcedthe creationof a "socialdemocratic
platform"withinthe ASU. [JP)
Oct.26: Sadat arrivedin the US for an officialvisit.
He said it was importantthat the US agree to sell
armsto Egypt.[NYT)
Oct. 28: Sadat and the US signed 4 economic and
culturalexchangeagreementsin Washington.INYT)
Oct.29: PremierMamduihSalim said the government
plansto develop Cairointo "oneof the world'smajor
money markets."[MEED)
Nov. 5: Sadataddresseda joint session of Congressin
the US and an accord was initialled agreeing "in
principle"for the US to supplyEgyptwith 2 nuclear
reactors.[NYT)
Nov. 8: Sa.datconcluded a 3 day visit to Britain. It
was reported that the UK agreed to sell Egypt $2
billionworth of militaryequipment.[NYT)
 CHRONOLOGY
Nov. 9: Sidat returned from France after talks with
French leaders which concluded a 10 day tour of the
US and 3 days in Britain. [NYTI
Iran
(Seealso, Jordan, Oman, Tunisia, Turkey,
Yemen, Petroleum Affairs)
1975
Aug. 26: Talks were concluded with an Iraqi delega-
tion on sharing water and shipping in the Shatt Nov. 1: A US intelligence official said the American
al-'Arab. [MEED)
Aug. 27. The Shah received Yemen's head of state,
IbrThim al-Hamidi, who arrived on an official visit.
[FBIS}
Sept. 1: Oman's Sultan Qabus arrived for talks with the
Sh5h. [MEED)
Sept. 6: Oman's Sultan Qabuis ended a visit after talks
with the Shah. [FBISJ
Sept. 8: The Shah said Iran's oil revenues would reach
$21.9 billion in 1975 compared with $2 billion 4
years earlier. [CSM)
Sept. 11.' Iraq's Minister of Education arrived to discuss
educational, scientific and cultural cooperation.
[MEED}
Sept. 12: Air Force Commander Muhammad Khatami
was killed in an accident. [MEED]
Sept. 13. The Shah appointed Fazael Taday Commander
of the Air Force. [MEED}
Sept. 16: Turkey's Energy Minister Selahattin Kilic
arrived to discuss cooperation. [MEED]
Nov. 5: Syria's Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim
Khaddam arrived for an official visit. [MEED)
Iraq
(Seealso, Arab Israeli Conflict, Bahrayn, Iran)
1975
Aug. 23: It was announced that the government had
agreed in principle to loan Yemen $15m. [MEED]
Aug. 26: The government issued a protest to Syria
charging that Syrian war planes were violating Iraqi
airspace. [JP)
Aug. 31: Karl Moersch, West Germany's Minister of
State for Foreign Affairs, arrived for talks on expand- Sept. 22: An unofficial delegation, including 2 Members
ing economic ties. [MEED]
Sept. 1. The government again protested alleged
Syrian violations of Iraqi airspace. [JP)
Sept. 8. France announced that an accord was initialled
providing for cooperation in nuclear energy develop- Sept. 30: Workers for El Al held a 2 hour strike to
ment. [MEED]
Sept. 11: Vice President Siddim Husayn al-Takriti Oct. 7: The leader of the Ashdod port workers union,
returned from France after confirming that France
agreed to the sale of arms such as the Mirage jet.
[MEED]
69
Sept. 18: Turkish Energy Minister Selahattin Kilig con-
cluded a visit and a communiqu6 said a committee
would be set up to promote energy and resources
policy coordination. [MEED)
Sept. 21: Saudi Oil Minister Zaki Yamnir arrived to
discuss "Arab relations." [MEED}
Oct. 13. India's naval commander in chief S. N. Kohli
arrived for talks on the regional situation. [MEED]
Oct. 26: Tunisian Premier Hedi Nouira arrived for
talks on bilateral relations. [MEED]
Oct. 29: Information Minister Tariq 'Aziz flew to Mos-
cow for talks reported to concern Iraqi Syrian rela-
tions. [MEED]
Central Intelligence Agency supplied the Kurds with
millions of dollars worth of arms in 1972 at the
request of the Shah of Iran. [NYTI
Nov. 3: The Iraq News Agency said an Israeli spy, Alex-
ander Harun, who worked with the Kurdish rebels
was hanged. [NYT)
Israel
(Seealso, Arab Israeli Conflict, Iraq, Lebanon)
1975
Aug. 20: Demonstrators protesting the expected con-
clusion of a new Sinai agreement with Egypt broke
into the home of Foreign Minister Yigal Allon and 7
were arrested. [NYT)
Aug. 21: Demonstrations were held throughout the
country protesting the arrival of US Secretary of
State Henry Kissinger for talks on a new agreement
with Egypt. [NYT}
Sept. 6. Officials said the US ban on arms sales to
Israel was lifted after the Sinai accord was signed on
Sept. 4. [NYTI
Sept. 8: Energy Advisor Tzevi Dinstein said Israel was
flooded with offers to supply oil at market prices.
[WP}
The pound was devalued by 2%. [WP}
The Israeli Shippers Council reported that the re-
opened Suez Canal was not an economical route for
Israeli trade. [NYT]
of Parliament, arrived in the Soviet Union for a 10
day visit. [NYT)
Sept. 28: The Cabinet announced a 10% devaluation of
the pound and a series of tax increases. [NYTI
protest the recent devaluation. [NYT}
Yehoshua Peretz, was sentenced to 2 months in jail for
illegally closing the port in July. Workers protested
the ruling throughout Israel. [JP}
70 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Oct. 19: An El Al strike entered its 4th day and a Sept. 5: Middle East EconomicDigest cited press reports
companyspokesmansaid it had alreadycost El Al as saying Deputy Premier Jabir al-'Ali al-Sabah
$2m. [NYT] announced arms were being purchased from the
Nov.2: ZevulunHammerwasnamedthe thirdReligious Soviet Union under an agreement reached early
PartyMinisterin the Cabinet.[NYT) in 1975. [MEED)
Nov. 3: A 19 day strike againstEl Al Airlines ended. Sept. 15: Palestinians and Kuwayti supporters held a
[NYTI 1 day strike to protest the signing of an Egyptian
Israeli accord on the Sinai. The government called the
strike "unwarrantedabsenteeism." [MEED)
Sept. 26: Middle East Economic Digest reported that
Jordan Defense Minister Shaykh Sa'd al-'Abdallah said
(Seealso, Arab IsraeliConflict,Egypt,Oman, Kuwayt does not want to join in a Gulf military
Pakistan,SaudiArabia,Syria) alliance. [MEED]

1975
Aug.22: It was announcedthatagreementwas reached Lebanon
with Syria to form a Supreme Syrian-Jordanian (Seealso, Arab Israeli Conflict)
CommandCouncilto coordinateforeignandmilitary
policy. [MEED} 1975
Aug. 23: Yemen's Head of State IbrThimal-Hamdi Aug. 24: Civil disturbances occurred in Zahle between
began talks with King Husayn on promoting eco- some city residents and people from the village of
nomic cooperationbetween the 2 countries.[JP) Sa'd Nayil. [FBIS)
Sept.18: The governmentrejecteda US offer to supply Aug. 28: Shooting incidents broke out in Zahle,
Hawk missiles which would limit the use of the reportedly between Palestinians and Phalangists.
missiles to "defensive and non-mobile antiaircraft [FBIS)
weapons."The governmentsaid the offer was "in- Four persons were killed and 20 wounded in
sultingto nationaldignity."[NYT) skirmishes between the Christian town of Zahle and
Sept. 19: The US State Department said intensive the Muslim town of Sa'd Nayil. [NYTI
negotiations"clearedup" misunderstandingsabout Aug. 30: Clashes between Christians and
Muslims were
the Hawk missileoffer and thatJordanhadaccepted reported in Zahle and Sa'd Nayil and in the Beirut
the conditionsof saleandwouldpurchasethe missiles. suburbs. [NYT}
[NYT) Sept. 2: An auto accident touched off communal
Sept. 22: It was announcedthat a joint civil aviation skirmishes with small arms in Tripoli.
companywould be establishedwith Syria.[MEED) Sept. 3: Fighting was reported in the suburbs of
Sept.25: The US State Departmentsaid Iranwas pre- Beirut. [NYT]
paring to transfer 12 American built jet fighters Sept. 7: Fighting in the north escalated after Christian
to Jordan.[NYT) gunmen ambushed a bus in Zaghorta. [WP]
Oct. 2: The New York Times reported that 37 inter-
Sept. 8: Heavy fighting continued in the Tripoli area and
nationalcompaniestold the governmentthatthey will an emergency Cabinet session failed to arrive at a
move their headquartersfrom Beirut to Amman. settlement plan. [WPI
[NYT)
Sept. 9: Heavy fighting continued around Tripoli.
Oct. 27: The Joint SyrianJordanianCommittee con- Premier Rashid Karami said that agreement was
cluded 3 days of talksafter decidingon measuresto reached with President Sulaymin Franjiyyah on
cooperate in phosphate development, electricity, "effective measures" to bring peace. [NYT)
transportation
and communications.[MEED] Sept. 10: Premier Kar6mi announced that the army was
Nov. 14: An amnestywas announcedfor all political ordered to take up positions between Christians and
prisoners.[MEED] Muslims in the Tripoli area and that army commander
Iskandar Ghanim was replaced by Hanna Sa'id.
Kuwayt [NYT)
Sept. 1'1: Army troops began occupying positions in
(Seealso, General,Pakistan,Syria,Tunisia, Tripoli and Zaghorta. Leftist leader Kamal Jumblat
PetroleumAffairs) said there would be a general strike on the 15th to
protest the use of army troops. [NYT]
1975 Karami said the Cabinet agreed on the details
of an army "reform bill" in its "final form." [NYTI
Aug. 29: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedLondon Sept. 12: US officials said Libya had sent "tens of
officials as saying that Britain agreed to provide millions" of dollars to support leftist groups in
technicalaid for a nuclearenergy program.[MEED] Lebanon in the previous 6 months. [NYT]
 CHRONOLOGY 71

Tripoli and Zaghortawere reported quiet after Oct.8: The latestceasefirewasbrokenby heavyfighting
2,000 armytroopswere deployedin the area.[NYT) in Beirut which killed 25 people. Karanmi met with
Sept. 14: Scattered fighting broke out in Beirut. Franjiyyahto discussthe crisis. [NYT)
Karami announced the leftist leaders agreed to Oct. 9: Kar5miwent to Syria to seek help in ending
calloff ageneralstrikescheduledforthe 15th. [NYT) civil strife while heavy fightingcontinuedin Beirut
Sept.15: Skirmishingbroke out in Tripoli and Beirut. and Tripoli. Karami met with Syrian President
After a Cabinet meeting InteriorMinister Camille Hifiz al-'Asadand 'Arafatin Damascus.'Arafatre-
Chamounsaid "firmmeasures"were adoptedto end turnedto Beirut with Kar5mito attemptto end the
the fighting and that the army would be called in fighting.[NYT}
if necessary.[NYT) Oct. 11: Fightingcontinuedin Beirut and Tripoli and
Sept. 17: Fighting escalated in Beirut and Tripoli. the ArabLeaguesummonedits membersfor anurgent
Phalangistleader PierreJumayyilcalled on Kar5imi meeting on October 14 to discussLebanon.[NYT)
and PalestinianleaderYasir'Arafatto agreeon a firm Oct. 12: Beirutwas reportedquiet and the government
position to end the conflict.[NYT) urgedcivil servantsto returnto work. [NYT}
After a 2 hour Cabinetmeeting it was announced Oct. 13: Only sporadicsniperfirewasreportedin Beirut
that the governmenthadpostponeda decisionto call and some governmentemployees returnedto work.
in the armyand would attemptto bringthe warring [NYT)
factions together in a Committee of National Oct. 15: An ArabLeagueconferenceopened in Cairoto
Reconciliation, headed by Kar5mi and including discuss the crisis in Lebanon.Syria, Libya and the
InteriorMinisterChamoun.[NYT) Palestine LiberationOrganization(PLO) boycotted
Sept. 18: Heavy fighting broke out in Beirut. the meeting. [NYT}
Franjiyyahmet with Cabinet members but no Fightingresumedin Beirut and 12 persons were
decisionswere announced.[NYT) killed. [NYT)
Sept. 19: Fightinggrew worse in Beirut and Syrian Oct. 16. The Arab League concluded its meeting on
Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim Khaddamarrived Lebanon and warned Israel not to interfere in
for talks with Franjiyyahin an attemptto mediate southernLebanon.[NYT)
the dispute. [NYT) The Cabinetmet to discussa 5 point peace pro-
Sept. 20: Israeli Foreign Minister Yigal Allon said posal made by the PLO and police tore down barri-
Israelwould not interferein Lebanon"so long as it cades as civiliansreturnedto work in an effort to
is a dispute between the Lebanese themselves . . . I restoreBeirut life to normal.[NYT)
should not like Syriato interpretthe new situation Oct. 18: Light skirmishingwas reported in Beirut as
in which no great power intervenesas giving her a political leaders met informallyto discuss reforms.
license to interveneherself."[NYT) [NYT}
A ceasefire agreementwas worked out with the Oct. 20: Heavy fightingbroke out and spreadinto Ras
help of a Syrianmediationteam. [NYT) Beirut, the foreignquarterof Beirut. fNYT)
Sept. 21: Syrian Foreign Minister Khaddamsaid his Thirteen people were killed and 40 wounded in
mediationmission would remain in Lebanon"until increasingstreet fighting.[NYT)
the crisis is solved."Relative calm was reported in Oct. 22: Two Americanemployeesof the US Informa-
Beirutas a ceasefireagreementwasin effect. [NYTr tion Agencywere kidnappedin Beirut. [NYT)
Sept.23: The ceasefireappearedto be breakingdown as Oct. 23: Kar5miaccused Chamoun'sNational Liberal
fightingresumedin Beirut. [NYT) Partyof prolongingthe fighting.[NYT)
Sept. 24: Karimi announced that a 20 member Oct. 24: Army units were positioned in Beirut in an
committeewas formed to work out a settlementand attemptto halt the street fightingwhich continued.
that all parties agreed to a new ceasefire effective [NYT)
at 5:00 p.m. [NYT] Oct. 26: Fiercefightingwas reportedto have escalated
Sept.25: Isolated shooting incidentswere reportedin to engulf the hotel district of Beirut. Karimi met
Beirut. [NYT) at the Parliamentwith 45 deputies. [NYT)
Sept.30: Fightingbroke out in Beirut but some banks After heavy fightingin Beirut Kar5miannounced
and stores opened. [NYT) that a new ceasefirewas agreed on but it was not
Oct. 1: Fighting spread in beirut and all banks and obeyed. 'Arafatcut short a visit to Rumaniaand
stores were closed again.[NYT) returnedfor mediationefforts. [NYT)
Oct. 3. Another ceasefireagreementwent into effect Oct. 27: Heavy fighting continued in Beirut. Karami
aftera meetingof the 20 memberNationalReconcili- announced another ceasefire but it was ignored.
ation Committee.[NYT) [NYT]
Oct. 4: Four men were foiled by securityforces in an Oct. 28: Heavy fighting continued and the National
attackon the Beirut airportin an apparenteffort to Assembly was attacked.Karanmi announced that a
hijackan Egyptianplane. [NYT) 10 mancommitteeof politicalleaderswould meet at
Oct. 6: Sporadic skirmishing continued in Beirut. his residence continuouslyuntil peace was restored
[NYT) but only 3 committeemembersshowedup. [NYT)
72 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Oct. 29: The US said it had urged "interested govern- A US Congressman disclosed that the US State
ments" not to intervene in Lebanon. [NYT) Department barred the training of Libyan airmen in
Oct. 30: The US State Department said the US was the US and the shipment of 8 C-130 cargo planes
giving "absolutely no consideration" to military to Libya because of Libya's opposition to US peace
intervention in Lebanon. [NYT) efforts in the region. [NYT)
Fighting subsided in central Beirut but continued Aug. 27: Col. Jabir denied that he made any statements
heavy in the suburbs. Karkmi announced that a new to the press about a coup attempt. [FBIS]
ceasefire was arranged but it had little effect. INYTI Sept. 3: Le Monde quoted Revolutionary Command
Oct. 31: Karami said the crisis was easing and that Council Chairman Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi as
additional political moves would be taken to restore saying: "It is necessary to purge the popular as-
calm but fighting became heavy again in the evening. semblies . . . " of Libya which contained "treason-
[NYT) ous" elements along with the army. [MEED}
Nov. 1. Fighting worsened in Beirut's suburbs and Sept. 7: The Sunday Times of London reported that
foreign embassies began evacuating staff. [NYTl Libya annexed a uranium rich part of northern Chad
Nov. 2: Fighting subsided as political leaders tried to along the Libyan border. [WP}
enforce a new ceasefire. [NYT) Sept. 8: An official spokesman denied that Libya had
Nov. 3: The US said it would supply the government annexed any territory of Chad. [NYT}
with $500,000 worth of medical aid for the crisis. Sept. 10: Transport Minister Mansur Badr said Libya
[NYT) was embarking on a program to possess "a strong
Sniper fire and light skirmishing marred the latest commercial fleet." [MEEDI
ceasefire. [NYT) Sept. 16: OccidentalPetroleum filed notices of arbitra-
Nov. 4: Syria praised the return of calm to Lebanon tion in The Hague against "continuous breaches by
and reported that 30,000 Lebanese had become the Libyan government of its oil concession agree-
refugees in Syria. [NYT) ments and its exploration and production sharing
Gunmen began pulling out of positions in Beirut agreement." [MEED)
and Karami said members of the security "coordina- Sept. 19: South Yemen's Planning Minister 'Abd al-
tion committee" were confiscating weapons. [NYT) 'Aziz 'Abd al-Wall arrived seeking economic coopera-
Nov. 5: The Cabinet met for the first time in 2 weeks tion. [MEED)
and Franjiyyah praised Karami for arranging the Sept. 21: The London Daily Telegraph reported that
ceasefire. Some shops opened and Beirut was quiet. there were 700 Soviet military advisors in Libya and
[NYT) that the number would rise to 1,600 by 1976.
Nov. 6: Beirut was quiet but a shipload of arms was [MEED}
delivered to Christian forces and Karami threatened Sept.24.' A 5 year housing development plan to cost $4.5
to resign because the army did not prevent its un- billion was announced in Tripoli. [MEED]
loading. [NYT) Oct. 2: Occidental Petroleum Corp. said Libya was
Nov. 10. It was reported that 200 kidnappings in the preventing 520 of its non-Libyan employees from
1st week of the truce was endangering the ceasefire. leaving the country. [NYT)
[NYT) Oct. 20: Libya was elected to a 2 year term on the UN
Nov. 12. The Cabinet agreed to accept a French offer Security Council. [MEED]
to mediate the domestic crisis. [MEED] Oct. 23: Tunisia's Premier Hedi Nouira concluded an
Nov. 13. Firing resumed in Beirut and Karimi called official 4 day visit and talks on economic coopera-
an urgent meeting of the ad hoc security committee. tion. [MEED}
[NYT} Oct. 24: The US protested to Libya over the transfer
Nov. 14: Karimi rejected a proposal that the army be of 7 American built F-5A jets to Turkey. [NYT)
used to enforce the ceasefire. [NYT)
Nov. 15: Karami announced that Franjiyyah agreed to
discuss proposals to reform Lebanon's political
system. [NYT) Morocco
1975
Libya Aug. 21: King Hasan said Morocco was awaiting the
World Court's decision on the Spanish Sahara and if
(Seealso, Arab Israeli Conflict, Egypt, Lebanon, South
Yemen, Sudan, Turkey) the Court did not reach the correct conclusion "only
an armed struggle will remain" and Morocco would
1975 "reoccupy the Sahara before the end of the year."
[MEED)
Aug. 25: Beirut's Bayrit al-Masai' quoted Chief of Sept. 11: It was reported that Morocco refused at the
Staff AbCuBakr Yuni as saying RCC member 'Umar UN to take part in a 4 nation conference with Spain,
Muhayshi was involved in an aborted coup "last Algeria and Mauritania to discuss the future of the
month" but escaped to Tunisia. [JP) Spanish Sahara. [MEED]
 CHRONOLOGY
Sept. 21: Mauritanian Foreign Minister Hamdi Mak-
nass arrived for talks on the Spanish Sahara ques-
tion. [MEED)
Oct. 16: The World Court ruled in a consultative
opinion that evidence presented by Morocco did not
establish "any tie of territorial sovereignty" between
Morocco and the Spanish Sahara at the time of
Spanish colonization. The Court said some ties of
tribal allegiance existed but added that the Saharans
should be allowed to choose their own future. [NYT)
King Hasan said he would lead a peaceful march
of 350,000 Moroccans into the Spanish Sahara to
claim the territory. [NYT)
Oct. 18: Spain requested a Security Council meeting to
discuss Morocco's planned march into the Spanish
Sahara. Members of the Polisario Front in Sahara said
they would prevent the Moroccans from entering the
territory. [NYT]
Oct. 21: The first convoy of marchers left for the
border staging town of Tarfaya. The UN Security
Council met but came to no conclusion on how to
deal with the issue. [NYT)
Oct. 25: Foreign Minister Ahmad Laraki concluded
talks in Spain and said the 2 sides were on "the road
to agreement" over the Spanish Sahara. [NYT)
Oct. 27: UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim arrived
in Spain to mediate the Spanish Sahara question.
[NYT}
Oct. 30: Negotiations with Spain on the Sahara ques-
tion broke off and the Moroccan and Mauritanian
delegations left Madrid. [NYT)
Oct. 31. An Algerian delegation arrived in Spain and
warned that Algeria might go to war to prevent
Morocco from annexing the Sahara. [NYT}
Nov. 1: The UN Security Council met in emergency
session to discuss the Sahara question. [NYT)
Nov. 2. Spanish Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon, the
acting head of state, flew into the Spanish Sahara and
promised to protect the "legitimate rights" of the
people and the "honor and prestige" of the Spanish
army. [NYT)
The Security Council met to discuss the Sahara.
Spain told the Council it would repel "with all
means" the Moroccan civilian march into the Sahara.
Morocco said it would use all peaceful means to
assert its rights. The Council urged all sides to
avoid actions that would "escalate" tensions. [NYT)
Nov. 3: Premier Ahmad Osman flew to Spain to renew
talks on the Sahara question. [NYT}
Nov. 4: Premier Osman met in Madrid with Spanish
leaders and said the "green march" of 350,000
Moroccans into the Sahara would go on even as talks
continued. [NYT)
Spain said it had established a "disuasion line" of
mines and troops 15 kilometers from the Moroccan
border. [NYT)
Nov. 5: Hasan said the march into Sahara would begin
on the 6th from the staging point of Tarfaya near
the border. He warned that the armywould defend the
marchers "against all those who would wish you
harm." [NYT)
73
Nov. 6: The UN Security Council called on Morocco to
withdraw its marchers from the Sahara. [NYTI
Spain said it received a note from Morocco saying
"the march will continue tomorrow unless the Spanish
government agrees to undertake bilateral negotiations
dealing with the transfer of sovereignty" of the
Sahara. [NYT}
Thousands of marchers moved across the border
into the Saharabut advance groups halted when they
reached Spanish troops and minefields. [NYT)
Nov. 7: Algeria reported that Moroccan troops and
Saharan Polisario nationalists were fighting in north-
east Sahara. The civilian Moroccan marchers re-
mained encamped near the Spanish "dissuasion
line". [NYT)
Nov. 8: Hasan resumed talks on the Saharawith Spanish
Minister of Presidential Affairs Carro Martinez who
arrived from Spain. [NYT)
Nov. 9: Hasan called on the Moroccan marchers in
the Sahara to return to their Moroccan base at
Tarfaya. He said their objective was achieved and
that negotiations with Spain must proceed in an at-
mosphere of "brotherliness and remote from any
pressure by either side." [NYTI
Nov. 1'1: Foreign Minister Laraki and Premier Osman
flew to Spain to continue the Saharan negotiations.
[NYT)
Nov. 12. Algeria sent an urgent message to Spain to pro-
test any agreement giving the Sahara to Morocco.
[NYT)
Nov. 14: Spain reached agreement with Morocco and
Mauritania to share administration of the Saharauntil
the end of February 1976 when Spain would with-
draw. [NYT]
Oman
(Seealso, Iran)
1975
Sept. 19: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that the
first contingent of Jordanian troops stationed in
Oman had been withdrawn. [MEEDJ
Sept. 21: The last contingent of Jordanian troops
arrived in Amman after leaving Oman. [MEED)
Oct. 1. Military salaries were increased 12.5%.
[MEED)
Oct. 18: Iran said Iranian forces were "mopping up"
after they captured a key rebel stronghold in Dhufar
province. {NYT}
74 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Pakistan
(Seealso, Saudi Arabia)
1975
Aug. 16: A Jordanian trade delegation arrived for an
extended visit to explore the possibilities of expand-
ing economic cooperation. [MEED)
Sept. 14: A seven man Syrian delegation led by Informa-
tion Minister Ahmad Iskandar arrived for talks.
[MEED)
Oct. 3: It was announced that diplomatic relations were
established with Bangladesh. [JPJ
Oct. 19: President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto left for official
visits to France and Rumania. [NYT)
Oct. 31: The Supreme Court upheld the dissolution of
the National Awami Party on charges it was working
for the secession of Baluchistan and the North West
Province. [NYT)
Middle East EconomicDigest reported that Kuwayt's
Interior Minister Sa'd 'Abdallah arrived for official
talks. [MEEDI
Qatar
(Seealso, General, UAA)
1975
Oct. 24: The United Arab Amirates' Foreign Minister
Ahmad Suwaydi arrived for talks. [MEED] Oct.20: Crown Prince Fahd met with British Prime
A trade agreement was signed after the arrival of MinisterHaroldWilsonin London.[NYT)
Tunisia's Premier Hedi Nouira. [MEED) Oct.22: Britainsigned an agreementto increasetrade
Oct. 27: Amir Shaykh Khalifah bin Hamad al-Thani
arrived in Paris for an official 2 day visit. [MEED)
Oct. 31: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that the
riyal was revalued by 2.7% against the dollar.
[MEED)
Saudi Arabia
(Seealso Arab Israeli Conflict, Algeria, Iraq, Sudan,
Syria, Yemen, Petroleum Affairs)
1975
Aug. 17: Sudan's President Ja'far al-Numayri met
with King Khalid at the beginning of a 4 day visit. Nov. 7: Middle East Economic Digest reported that
[MEED}
Sept. 1. Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto arrived from a tourof Kuwayt,Bahraynandthe United Arab
for official talks. [MEED]
Sept. 2. Financier 'Adnan Khashoggi was quoted by
The Washington Post as admitting he pocketed a
$250,000 bribe from the Northrop Corporation of
the US for arranging an arms contract. [WI'
Sept. 6: Beirut's Al-Anwa-r reported that Finance
Minister Musayd Ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz resigned and 1975
that a Cabinet reshuffle was imminent. [MEED)
Sept. 29: Jordan's Premier Zayd Rifa'i paid an unex-
pected visit and delivered a message from King
Husaynto King Khalid.UJP)
Oct. 9: Riyadh Radio announced that Gen. 'Uthman
al-H.amidwas appointedChief of Staffof the Armed
Forces. [MfEED]
Oct.13: A new Cabinetwas announced:
King Khalidibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:Premier
Fahdibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:DeputyPremier
Sul,tn ibn 'Abdal-'Aziz:DefenseandAviation
Mut'ibibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:Public Works& Housing
Nayif ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:Interior
Majidibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:Urban & Rural Affairs
Sa'fudibn Faysalibn 'Abd al-'Aziz:Foreign
Hasanibn 'Abdallh 'Al al-Shaykh:HigherEducation
Muhammadal-'AliAbaal-Khayl:Economy andFinance
AhmadZaki Yamanin: Petroleum
Ibr.himibn Muhammad'Al al-Shaykh:Justice
Muhammad'UmarTawfiq:Communications
'Abd al-'AzizKhuwaytir:Education
Ibrahim ibn 'Abdalla.hal-Anqari:Labor & Social
Affairs
Hishamal-Din Nazir:Planning
'Abd al-Wahab'Abd al-Wasi':Awqaf& Pilgrimmage
'Abd al-Rahmanibn 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Hasan 'Al
al-Shaykh:Agriculture
Muhammad'AbduYamini:Information
Husayn'Abd al-Razzaqal-Jazi'iri:Health
Sulaymanal-'Abdal-'Azizal-Sulaym:Commerce
'AlawilDarwishKayyal:PTT
Gh.zi 'Abd al-Rahmanal-Qusaybi:Industry
MuhammadIbr.himMas'id:State
'AbdallahMuhammadal-'Umran:State
Muhammad'Abdal-Latifal-Milhim:State
as CrownPrinceFahdended his visit. [NYT]
South Yemen
(Seealso, Libya)
1975
Oct. 5: Former Premier Muhammad'Ali Haytham
was wounded in an assassinationattempt in Cairo.
[JP]
Oct.22: A Libyantrade delegationarrivedto discuss
increasingeconomicties. [MEED)
Oct.26: IndustryMinister 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Waliflew
to Iraq to discussexpandingeconomiccooperation.
[MEED]
Foreign Minister MuhammadMutiyyah returned
Amirates.[MEED)
Sudan
(Seealso, SaudiArabia,Yemen)
Aug.21: A 25 yearplanwas announcedto make Sudan
the "breadbasket" of the Arab world. In the first
 CHRONOLOGY
10 years $6.3 billion would be needed for investment
under the plan. [MEED)
Aug. 27: The following Cabinet appointmentswere
announced:
SulaymanGhandur:Interior
'Abbas 'Abd al-Maild: State for Agriculture
Fatimah 'Abd al-Mahmud: State for Social Welfare
Mubarak 'Uthman Rahmah: State for Supply
Sharif al-Qasim: State for Budget
Karamallah al-'Awadi: State
Sept. 5: Rebel army officers led by Col. Hasan Husayn
'Uthman captured Omdurman Radio station and
announced that the government was overthrown.
Loyal troops put down the coup attempt within
hours. The government said the rebels included
Communists and Muslim Brotherhood members.
[NYT)
Sept. 6: The government reported that most of the
rebels had been captured and that the leader, Col.
'Uthman, was under guard in a military hospital
after being wounded. [NYT]
Sept. 7: Police announced that arms and ammunition
were seized in a police raid on the University of
Khart.m. [WP}
Sept. 8. President Ja'far al-Numayri said evidence
was found indicating that Libya had supported the
recent coup attempt. [WPI
Sept. 22. It was announced in Khartu6m that Saudi
Arabia donated $10m for flood disaster relief in
the northeastern region. [MEEDI
Sept. 26: Sudan signed an agreement with Libya estab-
lishing a joint agricultural company with capital of
$19.2m to undertake projects in Sudan. [MEED}
Sept. 27: Chief of Staff 'All Bashir said the USSR
agreed to resume supplies of military equipment and
spare parts. [NYTI
Oct. 10: Severe flooding was reported in the Bahr
al-Ghazal region. [MEED)
Syria
(Seealso, Arab Israeli Conflict, Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
Lebanon, Pakistan, Yemen)
1975
Aug. 17: Syrian Arab News Agency reported that it was
agreed with Jordan to abolish airport and border
taxes on each other's nationals. IMEEDJ
Aug. 18: Jordan's King Ijusayn arrived for an official
visit. [MEEDI
Aug. 19.' Cypriot Commerce Minister Michael Colocas-
sides arrived for talks on means to expand bilateral
trade. [MEED]
Aug. 20: A Czechoslovak airliner crashed near Damascus
killing 126 passengers. [NYT)
Aug. 22: Jordan's King Ijusayn concluded a 5 day visit
and it was announced that the 2 sides agreed to
form a "supreme command" to coordinate foreign
policy, information and military affairs. [NYTI
1975
Aug. 27. Yemen's Head of State, Ibraihm al-Hamidi Aug. 22: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that a
concluded talks with President Hafiz al-Asad and
a joint communique said the 2 agreed on the need to
75
"follow up" on the satisfactory development of bi-
lateral economic and technical cooperation. [FBIS]
Aug. 31: President Asad met in Damascus with Saudi
Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zaki Yamrni. [JP)
Sept. 8: Asad began an official visit to Czechoslovakia.
[WPJ
Sept. 10: Asad flew to Moscow for an unscheduled
1 day visit. [MEEDI
Sept. 1.1: Asad left Czechoslovakia after an official visit
and signing of 4 economic cooperation agreements.
[MEEDI
Sept. 23: Jordan's King Husayn met in Damascus with
Asad. [MEED]
Oct. 9: Asad flew to Moscow for talks. [MEEDI
Oct. 14: Premier Zayd al-Rifa'i of Jordan arrived for
consultations on bilateral cooperation. [MEED)
Oct. 15: An agreement was signed withJordan providing
for cooperation in air transport. [MEED]
Oct. 17: Kuwayt's Finance Minister 'Abd al-Rahman
al-'Atiqi arrived for a 4 day visit to discuss eco-
nomic cooperation. [MEEDI
Oct.26: Defense Minister Mustafa Tlas flew to Hungary
for talks. [MEED)
Nov. 4: Chicago Daily News reported that Saudi
aircraft using Jordanian air bases took part in Syrian
manuevers. [JPJ
Nov. 5. Saudi Chief of Staff 'Uthman al-Humayd arrived
for an official visit. [JP}
Tunisia
(Seealso, Bahrayn, Iraq, Libya, Qatar)
1975
Sept. 8: A conference with EEC officials opened in
Tunis in an attempt to improve trade relations.
[MEED]
Sept. 15: West German Interior Minister Werner
Maihofer concluded talks on expanding economic
ties. [MEED)
Oct. 18: Iran's Director of the Plan and Budget Majid
Majidi ended an 8 day visit after discussing
possible Iranian financial aid and investment in
Tunisia. [MEED)
Oct. 21: President Habib Bourguiba called for an in-
crease in production and a reduction in levels of con-
sumption. He said salaries could not go up until this
was done. [MEED)
Oct. 22. Kuwayt signed an agreement to loan $13.3m
to expand the Tunis airport. [MEED]
Turkey
(Seealso Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq)
joint bank with Libya would be set up in Istanbul
with capital of $15m. [MEED]
76 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Aug. 24: Following the visit of a Libyan trade delega-
tion, an official of the Chamber of Industry in Izmir,
Naim Karaosman, said Libya might recruit 100,000
Turkish construction workers for Libyan develop-
ment projects. [MEED)
Aug. 28: The lira was devalued 1.72% against the
dollar. [MEED}
Sept. 6: A heavy earthquake struck the eastern town of
Lice. The death toll was expected to reach 1,700.
[WP]
Sept. 9. Residents of Lice accused the government of
acting too slowly to aid earthquake victims. [NYT}
Sept. 10. The government promised to provide earth-
quake resistant housing in Lice. The death toll from
the quake reached 2,200. [NYTI
Sept. 17: An earthquake destroyed 80 homes in the
southeastern town of Hani. [NYT}
Sept.28: The government announced that farmers would
be permitted to double the acreage used for poppy
production. [WP]
Oct.2: The US House of Representatives voted by 237
to 176 to ease the US arms ban against Turkey.
[NYT]
Oct. 3. The US Senate approved a bill easing the
embargo. President Gerald Ford said the US would
move to rebuild the security relationship with
Turkey. A Turkish spokesman praised the action but
said American bases would not be reopened im-
mediately. [NYT}
Oct. 7: President Ford signed into law the bill easing
the US arms embargo. [NYT)
Oct. 12: Midterm Parliamentary elections were held for
54 Senate seats and 6 vacant Assembly seats. [NYT)
Oct. 17: Iran announced a loan of $1.7 billion to im-
prove Turkish roads, railroads and industry. [NYT}
Oct. 22: Unknown assailants killed Ambassador to
Austria Danis Tunaligil in Vienna. [NYT}
Oct. 24: Ambassador to France Ismail Erez was assas-
sinated in Paris by unknown gunmen who escaped.
[NYT]
Oct. 25: Over 4,000 people demonstrated in Istanbul
to protest the assassinations of 2 Ambassadors. They
blamed "the Greeks" for the killings. [NYT)
Nov. 2: The Shah of Iran concluded a 5 day state
visit. [TDN)
Nov. 3. France said Turkey had submitted a list of
French military arms Turkey wished to buy as part
of a policy of diversifying its sources of arms. [JPJ
United Arab Amirates
(Seealso, General, Qatar)
1975
Sept. 27: Egypt's Finance Minister Ahmad Abu Ism.'il
began talks on expanding bilateral economic rela-
tions. [MEED}
Yemen
(Seealso, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Syria)
1975
Aug. 16: Beirut's al-Nahar reported that a pro-royalist
coup attempt was broken up and Shaykh Bazil al-
Wahij arrested as he was leaving for Saudi
Arabia. [NYT)
Sept. 1: Saudi Arabia announced a $5m gift to aid relief
work in flood stricken areas in the north. [JP]
Sept. 5: After Chief of State Ibrahim al-Hamndi
returned from visits to Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Iran,
Bahrayn and Saudi Arabia, Middle East Economic
Digest reported Iran and Syria agreed to extend
economic aid to Yemen. [MEEDI
Sept. 20: Sudan's President Ja'far al-Numayri, on a 4
day visit, signed an agricultural and industrial co-
operation agreement. [MEED]
Oct. 3: Command Council Chairman Haamadiissued a
decree establishing committees to carry out financial
and administrative reforms. [MEED)
Petroleum Affairs
(Seealso, Libya)
1975
Aug. 26: Kuwayt's Finance Minister 'Abd al-Rahman
al-'At6qi said OPEC would probably raise the price
of oil by 10%. [MEED]
Aug. 30: Kuwayt's Finance Minister al-'Atiqi said
the signing of a new Sinai accord would cause the
oil producing countries to be "more helpful and con-
siderate" in reevaluating oil prices when the price
freeze expired on Sept. 30. [NYT}
Sept. 2: Iran's Interior Minister Jamshld Amiuzgar told
the UN that OPEC would probably raise oil prices
by less than 25% and that "the real issue is whether
or not the world is willing to realize that the era of
cheap and abundant energy is over." [NYTI
US Treasury Secretary William Simon told a World
Bank conference that a new oil price increase "would
seriously jeopardize the balance upon which global
economic recovery depends." [NYT]
Sept. 6. The Middle East EconomicSurvey reported that
Middle East oil production was down 14% in the
first half of 1975 compared with the same period in
1974. [MEES]
Sept. 23. The Shih of Iran proposed that OPEC
nations set aside a small percentage of revenue from
each barrel of oil sold for a low interest develop-
ment fund for the "least developed" nations. [NYTI
Sept. 27: OPEC agreed to a 10% increase in the price
of oil effective Oct. 1. [NYT)
Oct. 14. Saudi Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zaki
Yam5ni said his country favored freezing the new
oil price level until the end of 1976. [NYTI