Chronology April 16, 1976-August 15, 1976

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 519-538
Published by: Middle East Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4325541 .
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 CHRONOLOGY

April 16, 1976-August 15, 1976

Arab Israeli Conflict Israeli troops clashed with Arab students waving
a Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) flag in
Nablus. [NYT)
1976 Apr. 25: The New York Times reported that Israeli
Apr. 17: A 6 year old Arab boy was killed when Israeli Foreign Minister Yigal Allon had postponed a
troops clashed with demonstrators following a quarrel scheduled trip to the US in order to attend policy
among Arab residents in Ramallah. [NYTI meetings in Israel on Jewish settlements in the West
US Senator Jacob Javits met with Egyptian Bank. [NYT]
President Anwar al-Sadat in Cairo and later said Apr. 26: Israeli military governors in the West Bank
Sadat was "diligently seeking to bring conditions of met with newly elected municipal councillors in major
peace to the area." [NYT] towns to confirm them in office. [NYTI
Apr. 18: The slain Arab boy and a man killed in a previous Apr. 27: Syria addressed the UN Economic and Social
incident were buried at Ramallah. [NYT) Council and said that the ties between the "racist
About 30,000 Israelis participated in a 2 day march regimes of Pretoria and Tel Aviv" proved the UN
through the West Bank sponsored by the militant resolution equating Zionism with racism was jus-
Jewish group Gush Emunim. Arab counter demon- tified. [NYT]
strations in Nablus and Ramallah were broken The New York Times reported that the new mayors
up. [NYT} of Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarim had been con-
Apr. 19: Israeli soldiers killed one Arab and wounded firmed in office by Israeli military occupation
2 in Nablus during a demonstration against the authorities. [NYT]
march. [NYTI Apr. 28: The Soviet Union called for the resumption
The march ended at Jericho. [NYT) of the Geneva peace conference in 2 stages, with
Apr. 20: Israeli security forces wounded 2 during a Palestinian participation in both stages. [NYT)
demonstration in Nablus. Demonstrations also A time bomb exploded inJerusalem killing 2 people
occurred in Jenin and Jerusalem. [NYT) and injuring 4. [NYT}
A curfew was imposed on Tulkarim. Nineteen Apr. 29: Italian President Giovanni Leone pardoned
demonstrators and curfew violators were arrested 3 Arabs arrested in March at Rome's Fiumicino
there and sentenced to prison terms. [NYT) Airport with weapons in their luggage. [JP)
Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin toured the Jordan May 1: Israeli soldiers killed an Arab protestor during
Valley and assured Jewish settlers in 16 villages that a demonstration in Nablus and a curfew was imposed
the settlements "are here to stay for a long on the town. Protests also broke out in Tulkarim
time." [NYT) and Jenin. [NYT)
Apr. 21. Clashes took place between Israeli troops and Egyptian President Sd-at called on Syria to "reckon
Arabs in East Jerusalem. [NYT) with the interests of all the Arabs" when deciding
Shopkeepers closed their shops in Tulkarim. A on whether to extend the mandate of the UN observer
curfew was in effect in the city center. [NYT) force in the Jawlan region. [NYT)
Apr. 24: IsraeliJustice Minister Haim Zadok said Israeli May 3: A bomb exploded on a commercial thorough-
militants such as those in the Gush Emunim move- fare near Zion Square in Jerusalem, injuring 30.
ment "are undermining democracy and should be Jewish youths set fire to buses in an Arab quarter of
opposed." [NYT) the city in retaliation. [NYT)
List of Abbreviations
ARR, Arab Report and Record; AW, The Arab World; B, Brief; CSM, The Christian Science
Monitor; CB, Cyprus Bulletin; E, The Economist; FBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information Service
Daily Report-Middle East and Africa; G, The Guardian (weekly international edition); JP, The Jeru-
salem Post; KT, The Kabul Times; Kl, Kayhan (international edition); MEED, Middle East Eco-
nomic Digest; MEES, Middle East Economic Survey, LM, Le Monde (weekly English edition);
NYT, The New York Times; PO Platt's Oilgram; TDN, Turkish Daily News; WP, The Washington
Post.

519
520 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
An Arab march from Ramallah to Jerusalem,
planned in response to the march by Gush Emunim,
was prevented by Israeli authorities from being held.
News coverage was not permitted. [NYT}
A curfew was imposed for several hours on Tul-
karim after an Arab demonstration against the Israeli
occupation. [NYTI
Military sources said an Israeli army major would
be tried in connection with the death of an Arab who
had been arrested after a West Bank demonstration
in March. [NYTI
May 4: Former US Secretary of Defense James
Schlesinger said President Gerald Ford was under-
mining American "moral support" for Israel by putting
undue pressure on it to make concessions to the
Arabs. [NYT)
The Security Council opened a debate on the
Middle East. Egypt called for the adoption of a
resolution condemning "Israel's brutal and illegal
actions in the occupied territories." [NYTI
May 5: Israel charged in the Security Council that Egypt
had resorted to "double-faced hypocrisy" by support-
ing Palestinian extremists. [NYT}
Israeli troops wounded 2 Arabs in Nablus during
demonstrations against Israeli occupation of the West
Bank. [NYT)
May 6: Syria called on the World Health Organization
(WHO) to impose "appropriate sanctions" on Israel
because the rights of the Palestinian people had been
"grossly disregarded." [NYTI
May 8: Several thousand Israelis participated in a
demonstration organized by the Mapam Party and
called for the ejection of 125 Gush Emunim settlers
from Camp Kadum, a military base in the West
Bank. [NYT]
Israel said it was investigating reports that Arabs
in the West Bank had offered to stage demonstrations
in exchange for payment from foreign news-
men. [NYTI
May 9: Representatives of foreign news organizations
denied allegations that Arabs on the West Bank had
been paid to stage demonstrations. [NYT)
The Israeli Cabinet called for intensified settlement
on the West Bank. It also decided that the Gush
Emunim settlers at Camp Kadum must move to an
unspecified new site. [NYT)
May 10: Settlers at Camp Kadum said they would not
agree "to any decision that will mean the dismantling
of the settlement," but a spokesman for the group
said later they would move to another site if it were
in the "heartland of Samaria."[NYTI
Soviet delegate to the UN Yakov Malik charged
in the Security Council that Israel had resorted to
"racialgenocide" in putting down unrest in the West
Bank. [NYT]
May 11: African nations blocked an Algerian initiative
in the UN Economic and Social Council that would
have linked Zionism with racism in 2 Economic and
Social Council resolutions. [NYT)
A small bomb exploded in a Tel Aviv movie theater
slightly injuring 3 people. [NYT)
May 12: Israeli delegate to the UN Chaim Herzog
said that Soviet charges of "racial genocide" on the
West Bank were "baseless." [NYTI
Delegations from 7 Arab countries walked out as
the Israeli delegate to the UN Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD) in Nairobi, Kenya,
rose to speak. [NYT]
May 15: An Arab youth was wounded by Israeli
soldiers when he defied a curfew in Jenin. [NYTI
May 16: An Israeli soldier shot a teenage Arab girl to
death in an apartment house in Nablus. An official
military announcement said the shot had been
accidentally discharged. Two Arabs protesting the
shooting were later wounded. [NYT}
May 17: Demonstrations took place in Jenin, Nablus,
Ramallah and other West Bank towns. An Arab youth
was shot to death by Israeli soldiers at Kalan-
dia. [NYT]
The WHO voted by 65 to 18 with 14 abstentions
not to consider an expert committee report which
said that health services in the occupied Arab
territories had undergone "slow but steady" improve-
ment since 1967, because Israel had not allowed the
committee to enter the territories as a unit. [NYTl
May 18: Israeli border policemen fired on a crowd of
Arab demonstrators in East Jerusalem and 1 man
was killed. [NYT)
Three Arab terrorists were killed on the Israeli
border with Jordan. [JPJ
May 19: The WHO voted by 57 to 16 with 16 abstentions
to accept a resolution which condemned Israel for not
having allowed the expert committee to enter the
occupied territories as a unit, and called on Israel to
let the committee move freely to "all parts of the
occupied Arab territories." [NYT)
Israeli Arab protestors at Hebrew University in
Jerusalem were attacked by Jewish counterdemon-
strators led by American Rabbi Meir Kahane of the
Jewish Defense League. Six people were wounded.
[NYT]
Israeli soldiers broke up an Arab demonstration in
East Jerusalem with tear gas. [NYTJ
The UN Committee on the Exercise of the In-
alienable Rights of the Palestinian People adopted
by consensus a set of recommendations stressing the
Palestinians' "right to return" to their home-
land. [NYT)
May 20: An Israeli official said Israeli troops would
keep away from future West Bank demonstrations
except in cases where road communications between
cities were threatened. [NYT}
A bus was stoned by Arab youths in East
Jerusalem. [NYT]
Soldiers in Tulkarim dispersed demonstrators with
tear gas. The mayor of Tulkarim said demonstrations
would continue "as long as the Israelis build Jewish
settlements on our lands." [NYT)
May 23: The head of the 350,000 member Zionist
organization Hadassah criticized "Jewishpersonalities
who have taken it upon themselves to publicly
criticize certain policies of Israel at this critical
juncture." [NYT}
 CHRONOLOGY
Israel formed a Committee of Ministers to study
Arab grievances and said it would set up a joint council
with Jewish and Israeli Arab members to speed in-
tegration of Israeli Arabs into the society. [NYT)
May 24: Israeli Premier Rabin refused a request by
Israeli Arab leaders to cancel plans to take over Arab
land in Galilee for development and turned down
demands for a special inquiry into the Galilee riots
of March. [NYTI
The Executive Board of the UN Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
voted by 26 to 1 with 10 abstentions to extend an
"urgent appeal" to Israel to insure educational and
cultural rights in Israeli occupied Arab territories.
[NYTI
May 25: A suitcase bomb exploded at Ben-Gurion
International Airport in Israel, killing the owner and
a customs official and wounding 7. A second suitcase
exploded minutes later. [NYT)
May 26: At the end of a debate on the Middle East,
the Security Council presented a majority statement
deploring Israeli measures altering the demographic
character of the occupied territories. The US
dissociated itself from the statement. [NYTI
UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim arrived in
Syria seeking extension of the mandate for the UN
observer force in the Jawlan region. [NYTI
May 27: UN Secretary General Waldheim said that
Syria had agreed to extend the mandate of the UN
observer force in the Jawlan region for another 6
months. A UN official informed Israel that no con-
ditions were attached to the Syrian decision. [NYT)
May 28: The Security Council extended the mandate
of the UN observer force in the Jawlan region by
a vote of 13 to 0, with 2 nations not parti-
cipating. [NYTI
May 29: The governing body of the International Labor
Organization (ILO) voted by 24 to 23 with 4 ab-
stentions to bar the PLO from representation at the
ILO sponsored World Employment Conference.
[NYTI
May 30: A rally in support of Israel drew an estimated
100,000 people in Paris. [NYTI
May 31: A Foreign Ministry spokesman said Egypt had
asked the Arab League to admit the PLO as a full
member. [NYT)
June 4: The ILO governing body voted by 31 to 23 with
1 abstention to reverse its previous decision and
admit the PLO. [NYT)
June 5: Israeli troops clashed with Arab demonstrators
in Nablus. [NYT)
June 6: Israel said it would boycott an upcoming meeting
of the UN Security Council which had been called to
discuss a plan for creating a Palestinian state in
Israeli occupied territory. [NYTI
June 8: The US and Israeli delegations walked out of
the ILO World Employment Conference as the PLO
observer rose to speak. [NYT)
June 9: Israeli troops in the West Bank used tear gas to
disperse Arabs demonstrating against the Syrian
intervention in Lebanon after the protestors began
stoning Israeli patrols. [NYT)
521
June 11: The UN Conference on Human Settlement
ended in Vancouver, Canada. A "Declaration of
Principles" embracing the General Assembly resolu-
tion equating Zionism with racism was approved by
a vote of 89 to 15 with 10 abstentions. [JP)
June 19: A small bomb exploded in the Old City of
Jerusalem wounding 1 Arab. [NYT)
June 21: The US State Department confirmed that the
US had sent by indirect channels a message of thanks
to the PLO leadership for its help in a sea evacuation
of Western nationals from Lebanon. [NYTI
June 24: The Jerusalem Post reported that Israel had
protested the US expression of thanks to the PLO for
help in the evacuation. [JP)
June 27: A Jetliner on its way from Tel Aviv to Paris
with 257 persons aboard was hi jacked after a stopover
in Athens. It was flown to Libya and refuelled. [NYT)
June 28: The hijacked plane was flown to Entebbe
Airport in Uganda. [NYTI
Uganda radio broadcast a statement by the
hijackers, identifying them as members of the Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine. (PFLP). [NYT)
June 29: Arab merchants in the West Bank called for
a strike to protest a new Israeli value added tax that
would raise prices by 8% starting July 1. [NYT)
The Israeli Treasury decided to postpone imposi-
tion of the new tax in the West Bank until August
1. [JPJ
The hijackers demanded that Israel and 4 other
countries release 53 imprisoned Palestinians and pro-
Palestinians by July 1 and fly them to Uganda. [NYT)
June 30: The hijackers released 47 hostages but said
they would blow up the aircraft and remaining
hostages if their demands were not met. Ugandan
President Idi Amin said negotiations with the hijackers
were deadlocked and appealed to the countries in-
volved to meet the hijackers' demands. [NYT)
An Israeli district court in Jerusalem overturned a
magistrate's decision of January and ruled that 8
Jewish defendants were guilty of disturbing the peace
by praying on the Temple Mount. [NYT)
July 1: Israel agreed to negotiate with the hijackers.
[NYT)
The hijackers released 101 more hostages and ex-
tended the deadline for compliance with their
demands to July 4. [NYT)
Foreign ministers of the Arab League condemned
the hijacking. [NYT)
US President Ford signed 2 foreign aid bills that
included military and economic assistance to Israel.
[NYT)
July 2: Israel advised France of the terms under which
it would be prepared to release imprisoned terrorists
in exchange for the hostages. [NYT)
Israeli troops fired on rioters in the West Bank,
killing 1.person and wounding 30. [NYT)
July 3: Violent demonstrations broke out in Nablus
but were dispersed by tear gas. [NYT)
The New York Times cited the International Com-
mittee of the Red Cross as saying it had protested
regularly to Israel in the last year about incidents
in the occupied Arab territories. [NYT)
 522 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

July 4: An Israeli commando unit raided Entebbe Aug. 15: In a speech in Washington, Israeli Justice
Airport, freed 103 hostages and returned to Israel
after a stopover at Kenya. Israel reported 4 Israelis,
7 terrorists and about 20 Ugandan soldiers had been
killed during the raid. One Israeli hostage was left
behind in a Ugandan hospital. [NYTJ
Kenya denied charges that it had cooperated in
any way in the Israeli raid. [NYT1
Amin called for global condemnation of the Israeli
raid. [NYTI
Rabin accused Amin of "collaborating with the
terrorists, while using deceit and false pretenses." Apr. 22: A ministerial conference of Arab and African
[NYT)
July 5: The French commander of the hijacked plane
said that the hostages had been "exclusively secured
by the hijackers" and that "Ugandan soldiers were
never substituted for the hijackers." [NYTI
July 8: Waldheim called on the world community to act
urgently against the "increasingly pervasive and
pernicious practice of terrorism." INYTI
July 9: The Security Council began a debate on the
Entebbe incident and Uganda demanded Israel's
condemnation for the raid. Israel in turn charged that
Amin had connived with the terrorists. [NYT}
July 12: Israel announced it had uncovered 8 terrorist May 7: The New York Times reported that the Finance
cells in the West Bank belonging to the PFLP, and
said that 50 suspects had been detained "in recent
weeks." [NYT)
July 14: The Security Council ended debate on the
Israeli raid without approving either a resolution
condemning the raid or a rival resolution condemning
hijacking and terrorism. [NYT]
July 18: A bomb exploded in a bus in a suburb of Tel
Aviv, injuring 10 people. [NYT)
July 25: A Druze Arab serving in the Israeli border
police was killed in a West Bank Palestinian refugee
camp by an explosion believed set by Arab guer-
rillas. [NYT}
Aug. 1: Israeli authorities put a value added tax into
effect on the West Bank. [NYT}
Arab merchants in the West Bank closed their shops
to protest against the value added tax. [NYT)
One Israeli soldier was injured during a demonstra- June 8: Polisario guerrillas attacked Nouakchott, the
tion in Nablus. [NYTI
Aug. 4: An Israeli army spokesman said 25 members of
an Arab guerrilla group had been detained by Israeli June 9: US Treasury Secretary William Simon indicated
security forces. [NYT)
Aug. 10: Israel said it would court martial a soldier
involved in the slaying of an Arab girl on May 16.
[NYT)
Aug. 11: The mayor of Nablus charged that Israelis
had retaliated against a 10 day strike in protest of the
value added tax by restricting trade between Jordan
and the West Bank. [NYT)
Pro-Palestinian guerrillas attacked passengers in
the transit lounge of Yesilkoy Airport in Istanbul,
killing 4 people and wounding more than 30. Police
captured 2 guerrillas. [NYT)
Aug. 12: A Turkish state prosecutor said the 2
Palestinian guerrillas would face the death penalty if June 18: The New York Times reported that the first
convicted. [NYT)
Minister Zadok opposed the use of capital punishment
against terrorists. [NYTI
General
1976
states ended in Senegal with publication of the draft
of an 8 point charter of co6peration between delega-
tions of the Arab League and the Organization of
African Unity (OAU). [NYTI
Apr. 26: Bechtel Corporation filed a response in United
Stated District Court denying Justice Department
charges that it violated antitrust laws by taking part
in the Arab boycott of Israel. [NYTI
Apr. 27: Arab League states at a meeting of Arab
Finance and Economy Ministers in Rabat signed an
agreement to set up an Arab Monetary Fund with a
capital of around $875m. [MEES]
Committee of Israel's Knesset had approved a deal
giving a US oil concern a partnership in the develop-
ment of an oilfield off the Sinai coast. [NYTJ
May 10: A special meeting of OPEC Finance Ministers
was held to complete arrangements for the setting
up of an $800m Special Fund. [MEESI
May 13: The newly appointed Director General of the
OPEC Special Fund announced that OPEC would
contribute $400m to the projected International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD) on condition
that the developed nations give $600m. [MEES)
May 18: The fourth round of dialogue between the
European Economic Community (EEC) and the Arab
League states opened in Luxembourg. [MEES]
May 27: A 2 day ministerial council meeting of
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) members
ended in London. [NYT]
capital of Mauritania, in 2 separate incidents, and
a guerrilla was killed in 1 of the raids. [NYT]
that the US was making progress in diminishing
the force of the Arab boycott of Israel but added
that legislation to curb the boycott would "be
detrimental to the totality" of US interests. [NYT]
The head of the US Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) said that the SEC had 9 investiga-
tions underway concerning the Arab boycott. [NYT]
June 10: A newspaper in Nouakchott reported that the
Secretary General of the Polisario Front, Sayid
el-Wali, had been killed by Mauritaniantroops. [NYTI
The New York Times reported that the Polisario
Front had declared all of Mauritania and southern
Morocco as far as Agadir to be "war zones." [NYT]
Secretary General of the Arab League, 'Abd
 CHRONOLOGY
al-Rahman Hasan 'Azzam Pasha, had died in
June. [NYT)
June 21: The Polisario Front confirmed that its secretary
general, Sayid el-Wali, had been killed. [NYT)
June 30: The New York Times reported that the
Polisario Front had named Mahmoud Larussi as
interim leader. [NYT)
July 2. Morocco and Mauritania walked out of an OAU
foreign ministers' meeting protesting that the issue
of the Western Sahara should not have been
raised. [NYT]
July 3: Morocco and Mauritania threatened to quit the
OAU unless the current summit meeting cease dis-
cussion on the Western Sahara region. [NYTI
The Polisario Front said it had pulled back its
forces operating in Mauritania to spare the civilian
population of Nouakchott "from too great a repres-
sion." [NYTI
July 22: The American Jewish Congress (AJC) said it
had filed a complaint against Citibank and Morgan
Guaranty Trust Company charging them with serving
as "enforcers" of the Arab boycott in violation of
New York state law. [NYT)
July 23: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the UAA, Kuwayt and
Bahrayn signed an agreement providing for the estab-
lishment in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, of a Technical
Consulting Bureau for Arabian Gulf Ports. [MEES]
July 24: The Head Boycott Office of the Arab League
said that oil companies which helped Israel prospect
for oil in the Sinai would be boycotted throughout
the Arab world. [NYT]
Aug. 5: A US State Department spokesman said the
US had initialed agreements containing "the most
stringent safeguards"with Israel and Egypt that would
provide each country with 2 nuclear reactors. [NYT)
Aug. 6. The annual meeting of the OPEC Ministerial
Committee on Financial and Monetary Matters
ended in Vienna. A communique reiterated an OPEC
pledge to allocate $400m to the IFAD, provided
the developed countries contributed $600m. A further
$400m in direct aid to developing countries was
pledged. [MEES]
Aug. 11: The AJC said that 2 investment banking
houses, Blyth Eastman Dillon & Company and
Dillon, Read & Company had cooperated in the Arab
boycott to deny business to stockbrokers on the boy-
cott list. [NYT)
Petroleum Affairs
(See also, General)
1976
Apr. 21.' Stringent security precautions were taken in
Geneva to protect ministers of OPEC member
nations arriving for an unannounced meeting. [NYT)
Apr. 23. Oil Ministers of the 13 OPEC countries ended
a 2 day meeting in Geneva. [NYT)
523
May 2: Iranian Interior Minister Jamshid-i Amuzgar
said the issue of price differentials for differing grades
of crude oil "could have grave consequences" for
OPEC unity and predicted the issue would "attract
more discussion" at the upcoming OPEC conference
than would the setting of a base price for Arabian
light crude. [NYT]
May 20: Saudi Arabian King Khglid warned the in-
dustrialized nations that "if the prices of manufactured
goods continue to rise, this means that the industrial
countries want us to change our policies regarding
the price of crude oil." [NYT)
May 24: Iraqi Oil Minister Tayih 'Abd al-Karim said
Iraq would ask for an oil price increase of at least
15% at the upcoming OPEC conference. [NYTI
May 25: The New York Times reported that UAA Oil
Minister Sa'ld al-'Utaybah had said the UAA would
support a continued freeze on oil prices at the up-
coming OPEC conference but industrialized nations
should take steps to control increases in prices of
manufactured goods. [NYT)
May 27: OPEC opened a conference of oil ministers in
Bali, Indonesia. Saudi Arabia's Minister of Petroleum
Shaykh Ahmad Zaki Yamani said Saudi Arabia would
oppose any increase" in the price of oil. [NYTI
May 28. OPEC decided to continue a freeze on
petroleum prices "for the present." An Algerian
system of pricing different grades of crude oil was
adopted "in principle." [NYTI
June 8. Kuwayt cut its price for heavy crude oil by 7 cents
a barrel. [NYT)
June 9: The ArabianAmerican Oil Company (ARAMCO)
reported a Saudi Arabian decision to reduce the price
of medium grade crude oil by 5 cents a barrel and of
heavy crude by 10 cents a barrel. [NYT)
Aug. 9: Saudi Arabian Petroleum Minister Yamini
predicted some increase in crude oil prices in 1977
but said he would oppose any "drastic"rises. [NYT)
The US Treasury said OPEC nations had ac-
cumulated a net surplus of $41.06 billion in
1975. [NYT}
Afghanistan
1976
Apr. 23: The League of Red Cross Societies said that
about 100,000 people in Afghanistan had been left
homeless by earthquakes, torrential rains and
floods. [NYT)
May 26: Iran agreed to lend Afghanistan $ 1Om to help
establish an Export Promotion Bank. The loan was
part of an agreement signed during a 3 day visit to
Kabul by Iranian Commerce Minister Manuchihr
Taslimi. [MEED]
June 7: Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto began
a 4 day visit to Afghanistan. [MEED)
June 8: Pakistani President Bhutto met with Head of
State Mohammad Daud. [FBIS]
524 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
July 4: Indian Premier Indira Ghandi arrived in Kabul
for a 3 day visit. [MEED)
Aug. 8: US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met
with President Daud in Kabul. [WPJ
Algeria
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict,
Petroleum Affairs, Lebanon)
1976
May 15: The New York Times reported that President
Houari Boumedienne had signed a decree lowering
the voting age from 19 to 18. [NYT]
June 27: Algerians voted overwhelmingly in a nation-
wide referendum for a new National Charter that was
to form the basis of a new Constitution. [MEED)
July 8: Roman Catholic Auxiliary Bishop Gaston Marie
Jacquier was assassinated in Algiers. [NYT]
July 19: The Algerie Presse Service reported that the
Algerian national oil company Sonatrach had signed a
contract with the Foster Wheeler Corporation of the
US for the building of a $1 billion natural gas
liquefaction plant in Algeria. [NYT)
Bahrayn
(See also, General, Kuwayt, Lebanon)
1976
Apr. 28: Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Hallm
Khaddam arrived in Bahrayn for a brief visit. [FBIS]
May 26: Defense Minister Shaykh Hamad bin 'Isa Al
Khalifah returned to Manama at the end of a 5 day
official visit to Iran. [FBIS)
June 18: Middle East Economic Digest reported that
Ibrahim 'Abd al-Karim had become Minister of
Finance & National Economy. [MEEDI
Cyprus
(See also, Lebanon, Turkey)
1976
Apr. 17: The government rejected as "unacceptable"
Turkish Cypriot peace proposals, saying they did not
contain "any concrete proposals on the territorial
aspect of the problem." [NYT)
Apr. 29: It was announced that general elections would
be held in Cyprus on Oct. 3. [NYTI
June 1: In a letter to the UN, Greek Cypriot
negotiator Tassos Papadopoulos described the latest
Turkish Cypriot proposals as "completely unaccept-
able." [NYTI
June 7: UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim said in
a report to the Security Council that the fate of Greek
Cypriots in Turkish occupied areas had become a
matter of "serious concern." [NYT)
June 11: Foreign Minister John Christophides charged
in the Security Council that thousands of Greek
Cypriots were being expelled from areas occupied by
Turkish forces in preparation for a Turkish annexation
of the territory. [NYT}
June 14: Turkish UN delegate Ilter Turkmen told the
Security Council that Turkish forces would make no
effort to partition Cyprus and said Turkey would not
retain its troops on Cyprus. [NYTI
June 15: Foreign Minister Christophides objected to the
text of a UN resolution to extend the mandate of
the international peacekeeping force in Cyprus.
[NYT]
The Security Council voted by 13 to 0 with 2
abstentions to renew the mandate of the UN peace-
keeping force in Cyprus. The vote came only 17
minutes before expiration of the mandate. [NYT)
June 20: Turkish Cypriots elected Rauf Denkta? President
of the self-declared "Turkish Federated State of
Cyprus." Denkta?'s National Unity Party won 30 out
of 40 seats in the State Assembly. [MEEDI
July 3: Denkta? was sworn in as first President of the
"Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" and chose Necat
Unuk to be Premier. [NYT]
July 5: The new Cabinet of the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus" was announced by Denkta?:
Necat Konuk: Premier
Vedat Celik: Deputy Premier,Defenseand Foreign
Orhan Zihni Bilgehan: Interior and State
Erol Kazim Anda~: Construction& Transport
Nail Atac: Trade, Industry & Tourism
Hakki Atun: Housing & Rehabilitation
Ihsan Kuiuk: Agriculture
Kenan Atakol: Power & Natural Resources
Ali Atun: Health & Social Affairs
Mehmet Altinay: Finance
Dervi? Eroglu: Education & Culture [MEED]
Egypt
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, South Yemen)
1976
Apr. 16: The newspaper al-Ahram reported that the last
5 Soviet warships had left Alexandria the day before
in compliance with Egyptian orders. [NYT}
Apr. 18: Vice President Husni Mubarak arrived in
Peking at the head of a 36 man delegation for talks
with Chinese leaders on military, economic and trade
affairs. [MEEDI
 CHRONOLOGY
The New York Times reported that War Minister
'Abd al-Ghani al-Jamasi had returned to Egypt from
a 5 day arms buying visit to Rumania which he de-
scribed as successful. [NYTI
Apr. 19: The Libyan Ambassador opened fire with a
machine gun to break up a demonstration of about 50
Libyan students in the Embassy compound in Cairo.
No one was injured. [NYT"
Apr. 21: Egypt and China signed a military protocol
in Peking. [NYTI
Apr. 22: Egypt announced it had asked the Libyan Am-
bassador to surrender the submachine gun which he
had used to break up a demonstration. [NYTI
Apr. 25: Justice Minister 'Adil Yunis died. [MEED)
Apr. 28: A trade protocol with the Soviet Union was
signed by Minister of Trade Tawflq 'Abd al-Fattah
in Moscow. [FBISJ
May 2: Cairo Domestic Service reported that Presi-
dent Anwar al-Sadat had issued a decree appointing
Ahmad Tal'at as Justice Minister. [FBIS]
May 8: Economy Minister Muhammad Zaki Shafi'i
said that Egypt had decided to establish a commercial
exchange market in which foreign exchange rates
would be "fixed daily on the basis of supply and
demand." [NYT}
May 16: War Minister al-Jamasi began a tour of North
Korea, China and Pakistan. [MEED]
May 30: The People's Assembly approved a bill
prohibiting the sale of alcohol except in tourist
areas. [NYT)
June 3: About 300 students seized the Syrian Em-
bassy in Cairo in protest against Syria's ro5e in
Lebanon. [NYT}
June 5: A spokesman said Egypt had ordered the with-
drawal of its entire diplomatic mission from Da-
mascus and requested the Syrian Embassy staff
to leave Egypt following an attack on the Egyptian
Embassy in Damascus by hundreds of students.
[NYT)
June 6: Egypt and the People's Republic of China
signed a $103.2m trade agreement. [MEED)
June 7. President Sadat said the Palestinian Libera-
tion Organization (PLO) would be allowed to re-
sume radio broadcasting from Cairo. [NYT)
June 26: Salah Nisir, former chief of intelligence,
was sentenced to 10 years hard labor for having
ordered the torture of the journalist Mustafa
Amin 11 years earlier. [NYT)
June 30: The Libyan Ambassador was expelled from
Egypt after being held overnight for distributing
pamphlets advocating the overthrow of the Egyptian
government. [JP}
July 7. Cairo newspapers reported that 3 Libyans had
been arrested following 3 bomb explosions at an
Egyptian coastal town near Libya. [NYT)
July 13: Sudanese President Ja'far al-Numayri arrived
in Egypt for talks with Sadat on "military co-
6rdination" between the 2 countries. [MEED)
July 15: Egypt and Sudan signed a joint defense
pact. [FBIS]
525
July 18: A protocol setting up the $2 billion Gulf
Fund for Development in Egypt was initialled in
Cairo by representatives of Saudi Arabia, Kuwayt,
Qatar, the UAA and Egypt. [FBIS]
July 23: An amnesty for 1,075 prisoners to mark the
24th anniversary of the 1952 Revolution was de-
clared. [MEEDI
July 26: Sadat said the $2 billion Gulf Fund was
still inadequate, and stated that Egypt needed $10-
$12 billion in aid over the next 5 years. [MEES]
Aug. 6: Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs Ahmad
Fu'ad Sharif died, aged 50. [NYTI
Aug. 8: Two bombs exploded in a government office
building in Cairo, injuring 14. One of the wounded
was later arrested. Officials accused Libya of plan-
ning the bombings. [NYT]
Libya denied having had anything to do with the
blasts. [NYT)
Aug. 12: A sit down strike at an Alexandria tex-
tile company ended with 15 people injured and 36
arrested. [NYT)
Aug. 13: The newspaper al-Ahrim said that Egypt
had sent troops and weapons to western Egypt to
protect its border with Libya. [NYTJ
Aug. 14: A bomb exploded on a train in Alexandria.
At least 8 people were killed and 51 injured. The
government press agency said it was "within the
framework of the Libyan sabotage plan." [NYT)
Aug. 15.' Libya denied responsibility for the Alex-
andria bomb blast. [NYT]
Libya called for an urgent meeting of the Arab
League to discuss an Egyptian troop buildup on its
border. [NYT)
Iran
(See also, Petroleum Affairs, Afghanistan, Bahrayn,
Turkey)
1976
Apr. 21: Talks resumed between Iran and a consortium
of Western oil companies which had been seeking
revision of a 1973 agreement. [NYTI
Apr. 25: The newspaper Ittila'at reported that 26
persons had been killed in the last week by floods
that hit 28 villages in northeastern Iran. [NYT)
Apr. 27: Iran said that 3 members of an Islamic-
Marxist extremist group had been killed the week
before in a gun battle with security forces in
Tehran. [NYTI
May 9: US Federal Energy Administrator Frank
Zarb said the Iranian government had beeq holding
talks with US companies about bartering billions of
dollars worth of oil for American products. [NYT)
May 11: Three US companies confirmed they had
been negotiating a multi-billion dollar barter deal of
oil for rnilitary equipment with the Iranian govern-
ment. [NYT)
 526 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
May 15: The New York Times reported that the Iran-
ian National Assembly had approved a Treaty of
Boundaries with Iraq during the week, after negoti-
ations had resolved some final specific issues.
[NYT}
May 16: It was reported that at least 11 terrorists
had been killed after the assassination of 3 Iranian
security officials in Tehran. [NYT)
May 17: The New York Times reported that Iran
had announced the arrest of 4 people in connection
with the slaying of Mullah 'Abd al-Hasan Shamsabi.di
in April. [NYT)
May 19: Officials announced that 10 guerrillas and
4 passers-by had been killed at 3 hideouts north-
west of Tehran. [NYT]
May 22: The newspaper Rastakhiz asserted that Libya
had paid $100,000 to Iranian terrorists who opposed
the Shah and had arranged to pay further sums in
the future. [NYT]
May 24: Saudi Arabian King Khialidarrived in Tehran
for talks with the Shah. [MEED]
May 26: The Kuwayti newspaper al-Siyasah reported
that Iran was seeking to raise a $1.2 billion loan
from Saudi Arabia. [NYT}
The deputy director of the National Intelligence
and Security Organization (SAVAK) denied charges
that it tortured political prisoners. [NYT]
May 28: The International Commission of Jurists
said that there was "abundant evidence showing the
systematic use of impermissible methods of torture of
political suspects" in Iran. [NYT]
During a visit to France, Premier Amir 'Abbas-i
Huvayda said that Iran had no intention of using
nuclear plants, which were to be built for Iran by
France, in order to develop nuclear weapons.
[NYT}
May 31. Middle East EconomicSurvey reported that
Iran had signed contracts worth $1.2 billion for the
purchase of 2 French nuclear power plants. [MEES]
June 1: About 15 Iranian students occupied the
Iranian Consulate General in Geneva to protest re-
pression of political dissidents in Iran. [NYTI
June 4: Muhammad Riza Amirtaymur, who had re-
cently ended service as Ambassador to Britain, was
found dead in London. [NYT)
June 15: Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat arrived
in Tehran on a 6 day visit. [MEED]
June 17. The National Iranian Oil Company con-
firmed the discovery of an offshore natural gas field,
with an estimated reserve of 200 trillion cubic
feet, near Bushehr. [NYT]
June 21: Omani Sultan Qabus bin Salid arrived in
Tehran for talks with the Shah on Gulf security.
[MEED]
Iran announced it intended to purchase $125m of
cumulative voting preferred stock in the Occidental
Petroleum Corporation. [NYT]
June 29.' Policemen killed 10 Communist terrorists,
including 2 women, in a gun battle in Tehran.
[NYT]
July 5. A general amnesty was announced for members
of terrorist organizations not already on wanted
lists. [NYT)
July 6: Pakistani Premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto arrived
in Tehran for 3 days of talks with the Shah and
Premier Huvayda. [MEED}
Aug. 1: A US Senate study said that after former US
President Richard Nixon had decided in 1972 to
"sell Iran any conventional weapons systems that it
wanted," Iran had become so dependent on US per-
sonnel to operate the systems it had bought that
it could not go to war "without U.S. support on a
day-to-day basis." [NYT)
Aug. 6: The Shah met with US Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger in Iran. Later he told reporters that
the US must continue to sell arms to Iran or risk
instability in the area. [NYT]
Aug. 7: At the end of a 2 day meeting of the Iran-
American Joint Commission, the US and Iran an-
nounced that Iran planned to spend $10 billion
for military purchases from the US between 1975
and 1980. [NYT)
Aug. 10: Australian Minister of Natural Resources
J. D. Anthony said that Iran and Australia were
planning a joint venture for uranium development in
Australia. [NYTI
Aug. 15: The New York Times reported that the Shih
had granted amnesty to 307 prisoners to mark the
50th anniversary of the Pahlavi dynasty. [NYT}
Iraq
(See also, General, Petroleum Affairs,
Lebanon, Syria)
1976
Apr. 24: Morocco and Iraq signed 3 cooperation agree-
ments at the end of a 3 day visit by Moroccan
Premier Ahmad Osman to Baghdad. [MEEDI
Apr. 27: Turkish President Fahri Koruturk and Foreign
Minister Ihsan Sabri Caklayangil flew to Iraq for talks
on bilateral relations. [TDNJ
May 3: Foreign Minister Sa'dan Hammidl ended a visit
to Cuba and flew to Mexico for talks on cooperation
within the nonaligned bloc. [MEED]
May 10: The following appointments to the Cabinet
were announced:
Hamid al-Jub&ri:Head of Officeof Deputy Chairman of
of the RCC
'Izzat Mustafa: Labor & Social Affairs
Taha al-Jazrawi:Public Works& Housing
Hasan al-'Amiri: Internal Trade
'Adnan al-Hamdani: Planning
Anwar 'Abd al-Qadir: Municipal & Rural Affairs
Ahmad 'Abd al-Sattar al-Juwiri: Awqif
'Abd al-Sattar Tahir Sharif: Transport
Fulayyih Hasan al-Jasim:Industry & Minerals
Riyad Ibra.himHusayn: Health [FBISJ
 CHRONOLOGY
May 18: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-SalamJalluidarrived in
Baghdad and met with Revolution Command
Council (RCC) Vice Chairman Saddam Husayn.
[FBIS)
Iraq and Yugoslavia signed an agreement under
which Yugoslavia would build an agriculturalcomplex
in central Iraq at an estimated cost of $339m. [MEEDI
May 29: Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin arrived in
Baghdad on a 4 day visit. [NYTI
May 31: Iraq and the USSR signed an economic and
technical cooperation agreement. [MEES)
June 1. The Israeli newspaper YediotAharonot reported
that an Iraqi born Jewish family had returned to
Baghdad after 25 years in Israel. [NYTI
June 14: Iraq said that a Syrian pilot had defected to
Iraq with his aircraft. [FBIS)
July 17: A second Syrian pilot was reported to have
defected to Iraq. [FBISJ
July 30: Middle East EconomicDigest cited RCC Vice
Chairman Husayn as saying the government had
decided to stop resettling Kurds in southern and
central Iraq. [MEEDI
Israel
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Iraq, Lebanon)
1976
Apr. 18: Israel announced a 2% devaluation of its
currency. [NYT]
Apr. 25: A 3 day work slowdown by about 2/3 of
Israel's 60,000 civil servants began. [NYT]
Apr. 27: The Asian Games Federation decided to ban
Israel from participating in the 1978 games "for
security reasons." [JP]
Apr. 29: A US guided missile destroyer docked in Haifa.
It was the first US naval ship to visit Israel in nearly
13 years. [JP)
Israel's UN Delegate Chaim Herzog rejected
criticism of a recent visit to Israel by South African
Premier John Vorster and denied the visit "auto-
matically" meant Israeli endorsement of South
African policies. [NYTI
May 2: The New York Times reported that President
Ephraim Katzir had cancelled a private visit to France
because of a controversy regarding protocol. [NYT]
May 13. The Ministry for Religious Affairs cancelled
the appointment of Rabbi Moshe Weiler as a
member of the Jerusalem Religious Council when it
was learned that he was chairman of the National
Council of Reform Rabbis. [NYT]
May 19: The government announced a 2% devaluation
of the Israeli pound. [JPJ
May 24: Slum dwellers, resisting the demolition of a
warehouse built without a permit in Tel Aviv, attacked
police. Four rioters and 3 policemen were wounded.
[NYT}
527
May25: Local council elections were held in 5 Arab and 2
Druze villages in Galilee. Communists were elected
council heads in 2 villages and 4 villages elected
Labor Party members or supporters. A runoff was
necessary in the seventh village. [JP)
May 31: In response to an assertion by an opposition
Member of the Knesset, the Defense Ministry said
there were "no Israel defense forces personnel in
South Africa." [NYT]
The New YorkTimes reported that Israel and South
Africa had announced a program to strengthen their
scientific and technological ties. [NYTI
June 1: The New York Times reported that the governor
of the Bank of Israel, Moshe Sanbar, had called for
cuts in all spending except defense because of
Israel's "desperate" economic situation. [NYT}
June 3: The Jerusalem Post said that 11 Israeli families
from Jaffa had announced plans to emigrate to
Morocco. UP]
June 11.' President Katzir arrived in London for a 10 day
visit. [JP]
June 20: The government cut its defense budget by
1.6%. Defense Minister Peres warned that the reduc-
tion would harm Israel's security. [NYT]
June 24: The pound was devalued 2%. [JP]
July 1. A value added tax went into effect in Israel. [NYT]
July 18: The Israeli pound was devalued from 7.97 to
8.12 pounds to the US dollar. [NYT]
The government approved a currency reform under
which the Israeli pound's exchange rate would be
reckoned against a basket of 5 currencies, including
the US dollar, instead of against the dollar alone.
[NYT]
Aug. 8. The New York Times reported that the state
radio had said Israel was building 2 long range gun-
boats for the South African Navy. [NYT]
Jordan
(See also, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria)
1976
May 17. Soviet Deputy Minister of Defense Marshal
Pavel Kutakhov arrived in Amman on a 6 day visit at
the head of a Soviet military delegation. [MEED]
May 22: At the end of his visit to Jordan, Soviet
Deputy Defense Minister Kutakhov expressed a wish
for the consolidation of Soviet-Jordanian friendship.
[MEED]
May 31. An international symposium on the Jordanian
economy opened in Amman and a new ?1.2 billion 5
year economic development plan was officially
launched. [MEED]
June 16: King Husayn said that it was "no secret" that
Jordan was investigating the possibilities of providing
itself with "an air defense system of Soviet manufac-
ture." [NYT]
528 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
The New York Times reported that the US had
cautioned Jordan that it could lose American
military and economic aid if it bought a Soviet
missile system. [NYT}
June 17: King Husayn arrived in Moscow on an 11 day
visit for talks with Soviet leaders on the possible
purchase of a missile defense system. [MEED]
June21: AJordanian military delegation left for Moscow
to join King H.usayn. [NYT)
July 5: King Husayn returned to Jordan after a 2 day
visit to Saudi Arabia. [FBIS]
July 13: Premier Zayd al-Rifa'l resigned and Mudar
Badran was asked to form a new Cabinet. [NYT)
July 14: A new Cabinet was formed:
Mudar Badran: Premier,Foreign and Defense
Dhuqan al-Hindawi: Education
'Adnan Abu 'Awdah: Information & Culture
Muhammad al-Bashir: Health
Salim al-Masa'idah:Finance
Ghalib Barakat: Tourism & Antiquities
Ahmad al-Shubaki: Public Works
Ahmad 'Abd al-Karim al-Tarawinah:Justice
Marwan al-Hammuid:Municipal & Rural Affairs
Mahmad al-Hawamdah: Transport
Raja'l al-Mu' shshir: Industry & Trade
$alhi Jum'ah: Agriculture & Supplies
Hasan Ibrihim: Reconstruction & Development and
State for ForeignAffairs
'Isam al-'AjlIni: Labor
Kamil al-Sharif:Awqif, Islamic Affairs & Holy Places
Marwan al-Qasim: Premier'sOffice
Sulayman 'Arar:Interior
'Abd al-Ra'uf al-Rawabidah:Communications[FBIS)
Kuwayt
(See also, General, Petroleum Affairs, Egypt,
Saudi Arabia)
1976
Apr. 20: Bahrayni Minister of Labor & Social Affairs
Shaykh 'Isa bin Muhammad Al Khalifah arrived in
Kuwayt for talks on welfare and labor matters.
[MEED)
June 6: Bank of America said it had formed the
Financial Group of Kuwayt, a finance and investment
company based in Kuwayt City. A wholly owned
Bank of America subsidiary would hold 40% of the
company's shares, with Kuwayt real estate projects
co-owning the rest. [NYT)
Lebanon
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict)
1976
Apr. 16: Syria and the Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO) proclaimed a 7 point program to end the
fighting and said they would take "a unified stand
against any party that resumes military operations."
[NYT)
Police said 208 people had been killed in intense
fighting during the day. [WP}
Apr. 18: Interior Minister Camille Sham'un rejected the
7 point accord reached by Syria and the PLO. [NYT)
Apr. 19: The Higher Military Committee announced it
had decided to form "supervision committees" and
"deterrent units" to enforce the ceasefire. [NYTI
Apr. 20: A ceasefire went into effect but fighting and
shelling continued in the Beirut port area. The Higher
Military Committee met to examine the situation.
[NYT]
Apr. 21: President Sulayman Franjiyyah sent envoys to
Damascus to obtain "clarifications"on the agreement
between Syria and the PLO. [NYTI
Units of the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA)
began taking up positions in Beirut. Fighting
continued in the port quarter of the capital. [NYT]
April 23: US Special Envoy to Lebanon L. Dean
Brown met with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
in London. Kissinger later said the US position was
that "there would be no intervention by any outside
powers." [NYT)
Sporadic sniping and shelling continued throughout
the day in Beirut. [NYT)
Apr. 24: President Franjiyyah signed a constitutional
amendment that would permit election of a new
President. [NYT)
Apr. 26: Speaker of Parliament Kimil al-As'ad flew to
Damascus and met with Syrian President Hifiz
al-Asad. [NYT}
Apr. 27: The New YorkTimes cited Speaker of Parliament
al-As'ad as saying the Parliament would meet on
May 1 to elect a new President. [NYT)
An alliance of leftist factions headed by Progressive
Socialist Party leader Kamil Junblait attacked the
decision to hold elections so soon. [NYT)
Apr. 28: Ilyas Sarkis announced his candidacy for the
presidency. [NYT)
The alliance of leftist factions demanded that the
special session of Parliament be postponed to end
"foreign pressures" on the election. [NYT)
Apr. 30: As 'ad announced a week's postponement of the
special session of Parliament. Progressive Socialist
Party leader Junblit announced support of the
presidential candidacy of Raymond Edde (Iddah).
[NYT)
May 1: US Special Envoy Brown returned to Lebanon
from Washington. [NYT)
Heavy shelling and fighting raged on all fronts in
Beirut. [NYT)
May 2: Leftist factions agreed to an extension of the
truce. [NYT)
Heavy shelling and mortar fire in Beirut during the
night left as many as 100 people dead. Shelling was
resumed at dusk the following evening. [NYT)
May 3: Fighting in the port district of Beirut continued
and Beirut airport came under artillery fire. The
Higher Military Committee met and called for the
halting of all shelling. Brown resumed consultations in
Lebanon. [NYT)
 CHRONOLOGY
May 4: Junblat declared that Syria would have to with-
draw Syrian and Syrian backed Palestinian al-S'iqah
forces before his faction would participate in the
presidential election. [NYT]
A parliamentary delegation headed by former
Premier Amin Hafiz went to Damascus to ask Syria
to lift its opposition to the candidacy of Edde. [NYT}
Fighting grew in intensity in Beirut and officials
estimated 90 people had been killed and 120 wounded
in 24 hours. The Christian town of Zahlah came
under heavy shelling. [NYT)
May 5. Fighting slackened in Beirut and the PLA set up
positions,between rival factions. Sporadic fighting in
Beirut's suburbs and nearby mountain towns con-
tinued. [WPJ
May 7: It was decided to hold the presidential election
on the following day despite objections by some
factions. [NYTI
Junblat called for a general strike and urged his
followers to block routes to the scene of the scheduled
presidential election. [WPJ
May 8: IlyaisSarkis was elected President by a vote of 66
to 0 with 3 blank ballots cast. Backers of Edd6
boycotted the meeting, protesting interference by
Syria in favor of Sarkis. [NYT)
May 11. Brown concluded his mission to Lebanon.
[NYTI
The coalition of factions headed by Junblat offered
to cooperate with Sarkis on condition that he keep
Syria out of Lebanon's internal affairs and that he
protect the Palestinian presence in the country.
[NYTI
May 12: Sharp clashes were reported in Tripoli
between guerrillas of al-Sa'iqah and those of the
Iraqi backed Arab Liberation Front. Fighting broke
out between Muslims from Tripoli and Christians
from Zaghorta. [NYT]
May 13: Intense fighting left as many as 300 people
killed or wounded. Pro-Egyptian units of the PLA
took part in fighting in the mountain areas of
eastern Lebanon. Skirmishes were reported between
units of al-$S'iqah and members of the Arab Libera-
tion Front in Beirut. [NYT]
The New York Times reported that Iraq had
accused Syria of "flagrant intervention" in Lebanese
internal affairs. [NYTI
May 14.' Leaders of the PLO accused Syria of imposing
a sea blockade to keep supplies from reaching
Palestinian forces. [NYT]
PLO leader Yasir 'Arafat ordered Syrian con-
trolled units of the PLA to withdraw from Tripoli
and join in the fighting against Christian factions.
[NYTI
It was reported that the Christian "capital" of
Juniyah had come under shelling. [NYT)
The Higher Military Committee met under Premier
Rashid Karimi and ordered a new ceasefire. [NYT]
May 15: Sniper fire and skirmishing in Beirut and the
nearby mountains marred the ceasefire. [NYTI
Imam Musa al-Sadr, leader of the Shli Muslims,
met with Asad in Damascus on the dispute between
Syria and the Palestinians. [NYTI
529
May 16: PLO leader 'Arafat conferred with Asad in
Damascus after the PLA troops were reported to
have been allowed by Syria to withdraw from
Tripoli. [NYT]
Heavy shelling in Beirut and its suburbs left
as many as 150 dead. The editor in chief of the
newspaper L'Orient-Le Jour, Edouard $a'b, was
killed. [NYTI
May 17: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jallud arrived
in Lebanon from Damascus to mediate between
Syria and leaders of the PLO. [NYTI
May 20: Libyan Premier Jallud said that Libya sup-
ported demands of the leftist factions and asserted
that "pan-Arab interests" required a solution to the
civil war. [NYT]
Following a meeting with Sarkis the night before,
Junblat said that Sarkis "had made a proposal
which deserves study and an answer." [NYT)
Fighting slackened in Beirut and nearby mountain
areas. The estimated death toll for the past 24 hours
stood at 65. [NYT]
May 21: General 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Ahdab, who had
staged a coup in March, announced he was re-
signing as military governor of the country. [NYT}
French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing said
France would be willing to send "several regiments"
of troops to Lebanon for peacekeeping duties under
certain conditions, if requested to do so by the
Lebanese government. [NYT]
May 22: Junblat issued a statement rejecting the
French offer of troops. [NYT]
May 23: Premier Karimi rejected the French offer and
said Lebanon would "never go back to the days of
the mandate." [NYT]
May 24: Fighting intensified on all fronts and about
60 people were estimated to have been killed in
24 hours. [NYT)
May 25: Christian gunmen ambushed and wounded the
Maronite leader Edde north of Beirut. [NYT]
Clashes were reported between elements of al-
$i'iqah and al-Fath in the port of Sidon. [NYT]
May 26. Shelling intensified and clashes were reported
in Beirut, its suburbs and in northern Lebanon.
A meeting between Sarkis and Junblat had to be
postponed. [NYT]
May 27.' Sarkis met with Lieutenant Ahmad al-
Khatib, leader of the Lebanese Arab Army, and con-
ferred with Muslim religious leaders. [NYT]
Junblat's sister was killed by an unidentified
gunman. A meeting between Junblat and Sarkis
had to be postponed. [NYT]
May 28. Palestinian sources said that 'Arafat had
been prevented by Syrian officials from entering
Syria from Lebanon. He later flew from Lebanon to
Libya, stopping over in Cairo "to keep the line open
with Egypt in case of further difficulties with the
Syrians." [NYT)
Beirut airport was heavily shelled. Minister of
Public Works 'Adil 'Usayran denied Christian charges
that the airport was being used to bring arms into
the country. [NYT]
530 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
May 29: Christian positions shelled a market near a
Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut and 50 casualties
were reported. The Christian cities of Zahlah and
al-Qubayyat were heavily shelled by Muslim forces.
[NYTI
May 31: More than 160 people were reported to have
been killed in 24 hours as heavy fighting and shell-
ing occurred in Beirut and in northern Lebanon.
[WPJ
The Christian towns of Qubayyat and 'Andaqat
in the north, under heavy shelling, appealed to Asad
to intervene. [WP}
Syria sent an estimated 2,000 troops into the Akkar
Valley of northern Lebanon in response to the re-
quests for intervention. [NYTI
June 1: Palestinian sources said that 3,000 more
Syrian troops had entered Lebanon during the day.
Syrian tanks advanced along the Damascus to Beirut
highway and halted close to leftist positions near
the Dahr al-Baydar mountain pass. [NYT}
June 2: Bashir Jumayil, son of the leader of the
Phalanges Party, met with Junblat to offer con-
dolences for the death of Junblat.'ssister. [NYTI
The PLO asked the Arab League to call an urgent
meeting to discuss the Syrian intervention. [NYT)
The last electricity line to Beirut was severed
by shelling near the village of Kahale. [NYT)
June 3: French Foreign Minister Jean Sauvagnargues
met with Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim
Khadda.mand renewed France's offer to send peace-
keeping troops to Lebanon. [NYTI
A general strike in Muslim areas of Beirut called
by leftist factions was nearly 100% effective. [NYT}
Egypt condemned Syria's military intervention in
Lebanon and called for an urgent meeting of the
Arab League to put an end to it. [NYT]
June 4: The Lebanese Arab Army appealed to Libya and
Algeria to send representatives to Beirut to discuss
"the Syrian invasion of Lebanon" with Syrian Army
officers. [NYTI
It was announced that the leftist factions, the
Lebanese Arab Army and all Palestinian guerrilla
organizations except al-Saiqah had agreed to form
a joint command. [NYT)
June 5: Christian leaders issued a statement supporting
the Syrian intervention in Lebanon. [NYT)
June 6: Sharp clashes broke out between al-Sa'iqah
guerrillas and leftist factions. The PLO charged that
Syrian forces were shelling Palestinian refugee camps
in Beirut's outskirts. [WP]
Air strikes and shelling were reported on Pal-
estinian and leftist positions in eastern Lebanon.
[NYT]
June 7: Syrian or pro-Syrian jets attacked 3 Pal-
estinian refugee camps in the outskirts of Beirut.
[WP)
Beirut airport was closed indefinitely. [NYT)
At least 4 Syrian tanks were destroyed along
the Damascus to Beirut highway in clashes with leftist
factions. [WP)
June 8. Western diplomats reported that large num-
bers of Syrian troops had moved into Lebanon in
the past 24 hours. [NYTI
The Arab League met in Cairo to discuss the
crisis in Lebanon and representatives from all
member countries attended. [NYT)
'Arafat called for withdrawal of all Syrian forces
from Lebanon and asked members of the Arab
League to send a "token" joint military force to
oversee an immediate ceasefire. [WP)
Jallud and Algerian Education Minister Abdel
Karim Ben Mahmoud arrived in Beirut on a media-
tion mission. [NYT)
Eight Syrian armored vehicles were reported
destroyed after 2 armored columns entered the
southern city of Sidon. [NYTI+
June 9: Syrian armor was reported halted in the
mountains east of Beirut and outside the port of
Sidon after meeting stiff resistance. [NYT]
Beirut came under intense artillery and rocket fire
and clashes occurred in Tripoli between leftist
factions. [NYT)
The Soviet Union called for an end to foreign
intervention in the civil war. [NYT)
June 10: Member nations of the Arab League agreed
to send a token Arab peacekeeping force to Leb-
anon to "replace" the large Syrian force there.
[NYT)
Syria said it had been obliged to take "urgent
and appropriate measures" to counter a reported
buildup of Iraqi military forces near the Iraqi border
with Syria. [NYT)
June 11: Arab League Secretary General Mahmud
Riyid arrived in Damascus to complete arrange-
ments for the joint peacekeeping force. [NYT)
June 12: Damascus radio reported that Jallud had said
a ceasefire had been declared "as a result of Alge-
rian, Syrian and Libyan talks." [NYT)
The ceasefire appeared to be taking hold in
Beirut. [NYT)
Beirut radio charged that a Syrian armored column
was moving toward the Arkub region near the Israeli
border. [NYT)
June 13: Syrian Information Minister Ahmad Iskandar
Ahmad said that Syria intended to keep its forces
in Lebanon until a government under President elect
Sarkis could start operating. [NYT)
June 14: Syrian troops were reported to have oc-
cupied a Lebanese Arab Army garrison in south-
eastern Lebanon. [NYT)
June 15: Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin said Israel's
security interests would be jeopardized if the civil
war in Lebanon ended with the Syrians or the Pal-
estinians in control of the country. [NYT)
Arab League Secretary General Riyid had talks
with Franjiyyah about the Arab League initiative.
[NYT)
'Arafat met with Saudi Arabian King Khalid in
Riyadh on the civil war in Lebanon. [NYT)
June 16: US Ambassador to Lebanon Francis Meloy,
Jr., and Economic Counselor Robert Waring were
shot to death along with their Lebanese chauffeur
on their way to meet with Sarkis. [NYT)
 CHRONOLOGY
Jalluid travelled to the Christian quarter of
Ashrafiyyah in Beirut to meet with Phalanges Party
leader Pierre Jumayil. [NYT]
A statement by Christian factions said that "Leba-
nese fears" arising from the Arab League resolu-
tions had been "allayed altogether" after Riyad
had "corrected" the League's position. [NYT]
June 17: Palestinian security agents said that 3 Leba-
nese had confessed to involvement in the slaying of US
Ambassador Meloy. [NYT)
Franjiyyah said he was appointing Sham' mn
Foreign Minister. [NYTI
Asad said in Paris that Syria would continue its
military efforts in Lebanon. [NYTJ
June 18: During a visit to Moscow, Jordanian King
Husayn strongly defended the Syrian intervention
in Lebanon. [NYT]
A convoy organized by the British Embassy to
evacuate citizens of Western nations arrived in
Damascus. [NYT}
The US Embassy "strongly urged" all remaining
US citizens to leave Lebanon. [NYT)
June 19: A second British organized evacuation con-
voy was cancelled because of fighting along the con-
voy's route. [NYTI
June 20: The US evacuated 263 American and foreign
nationals from Beirut by sea. The operation took
place under security provided by PLO and leftist
factions. [NYT)
June 21: About 1,000 Syrian and Libyan troops, the
vanguard of the Arab League peacekeeping force,
arrived in Beirut overland and took up positions
at the airport. [NYTI
'Arafat, Sidat and King Khalid met in Riyadh to
discuss developments in Lebanon. Later 'Arafat
flew to Cairo to press Riyad for an early dispatch
of the peacekeeping force. [NYT)
Christian forces belonging to Sham'uan'sNational
Liberal Party attacked the Palestinian refugee camp
of Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT]
June 22: Some Syrian troops withdrew from positions
around Beirut airport. [NYTI
A British evacuation convoy left for Damascus
by road. [NYT)
June 23: Beirut airport was reopened after a 2 week
closure. [MEED)
Heavy shelling was traded by Christian and Mus-
lim sections of Beirut. Christians pressed attacks
on Nab'ah, Tall al-Za'tar and the Palestinian camp
Jisr al-Basha. [NYT)
June 24: Jalliid continued mediation talks aimed at
consolidating a ceasefire between Syria and leftist
factions. [NYT}
June 25. Fighting spread from the suburbs to the port
area of Beirut. [NYT)
June 26: The Phalanges Party said that if a committee
representing factions from both sides were not estab-
lished to insure that no arms were entering Lebanon
by air, it would "be forced to put the airport out
of action." [NYT]
June 27: Beirut airport was closed indefinitely after a
Middle East Airlines commercial jetliner was hit by
531
artillery fire and destroyed on the ground. The ter-
minal building was also damaged by shelling. [NYT)
Units of the Lebanese Arab Army shelled the
Christian town of Juniyah. [NYT}
June 28. The Phalanges Party said it had joined other
Christian factions in the attacks on the 2 Palestin-
ian refugee camps. [NYT)
Palestinian spokesmen said Syria had moved 4,000
more soldiers into Lebanon. [NYT)
June 30: Christian forces overran the Jisr al-Basha
camp during the night. [NYTI
July 1: The Arab League conducted an emergency
meeting in Cairo. [NYT)
Christian militiamen intensified efforts to capture
Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT)
About 1,300 Saudi Arabian and Sudanese peace-
keeping troops arrived overland in Beirut from
Syria. [NYT)
The Soviet Union began to evacuate its na-
tionals by ship from Sidon. [NYT)
A special Arab League envoy, Hasan Sabri
al-Khali, met with Jumayil and Franjiyyah. [NYT)
An Arab League committee including Riyid, and
Foreign Ministers Habib Chatti of Tunisia and
Shaykh Muhlammad Bin Mubiarak Al Khalifah of
Bahrayn arrived in Damascus en route to Beirut.
[NYT)
July 2: Christian forces overran the outer defenses of
Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT)
The Arab League committee flew to Juniyah to
meet with Christian leaders. Christian radio said the
leaders had agreed to a ceasefire. [NYT)
July 3: The Arab League Committee met with Pal-
estinian and leftist leaders. Heavy fighting contin-
ued around Tall al-Za'tar despite the announced
ceasefire. [NYT)
July 4. The International Red Cross said that the op-
posing parties had agreed to safeguard an evacu-
ation of wounded from Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT)
'Arafat returned to Beirut after a long mission
to other Arab capitals. [NYT)
July 5: Leftist forces launched heavy attacks on the
Christian town of Shikka in the north in order to
relieve military pressure on Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT)
Renewed fighting prevented an International Red
Cross convoy from evacuating wounded from Tall
al-Za'tar. [NYT)
July 6: Heavy fighting took place in northern Lebanon
as Christian forces counterattacked near Shikka.
[NYT-
July 8: A spokesman for the leftist factions said that
they would have secured their objective in the north
"except for the Syrian intervention." [NYT}
Syria denied its expeditionary force in Lebanon
was fighting on the side of the Christians. [NYTJ
Christian forces gained ground in the north and
attacked the leftist town of Enfeh near Tripoli.
[NYT)
July 9. Leftist factions shelled Christian areas near
the Tall al-Za'tar refugee camp and attacked
Christian positions near the port district. [NYT)
Syrian guns outside of Sidon were reported to
 532 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
have shelled an oil refinery, setting it on fire.
[NYT)
It was reported that Enfeh was the last remaining
community in the Qura region holding out against
the Christian advance. [NYTI
July 11: A 6 man delegation of Christian rightist
factions met with Asad and Jallud in Damascus.
[NYTI
'Arafat accused Syria of trying to "strangle"
Muslim controlled western Beirut and of attempting
to paralyze Palestinian forces by shelling the re-
finery of Zahrani south of Sidon. [NYT)
Junblat appealed to Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
Libya and Algeria for political and military inter-
vention in Lebanon. [NYTI
'Arafat appealed to Egypt to send fuel to Pales-
tinian forces. [NYT]
July 12: The Arab League met in Cairo. Egypt offered
to send tanks but not troops to strengthen the
peacekeeping force in Lebanon. [NYT)
Christian rightist troops were reported to have
advanced to the southern outskirts of Tripoli.
[NYT)
Palestinian officials charged that Syrian artillery had
been shelling 2 Palestinian refugee camps near Trip-
oli for 3 days, but Syria denied the charge. [NYT]
July 13: A Syrian tank unit entered Baalbek. [NYT)
Libyan authorities reported that Syrian forces
overlooking Sidon had begun a limited withdrawal at
the request of Jallad. [NYT)
July 14: Syria withdrew further units from the vicinity
of Sidon and Libyan peacekeeping troops moved into
the area. [NYT)
July 16: The American Embassy announced that it
would be eliminating its consular services and urged
all American citizens "to leave the country at this
time." [NYT)
July 18: Heavy fighting was reported in Beirut and
in the mountains. Christian factions launched a new
attack on Tall al-Za'tar. [NYT)
Israel reported it had seized a freighter carry-
ing munitions from Egypt to Palestinian forces in
Lebanon. [NYT]
July 19: The US Embassy postponed the departure
of an evacuation convoy scheduled for the next
day. [NYT)
July 20: Asad said in a 3 hour speech that Syria
would "never bow to any demand by any Palestin-
ians to withdraw from Lebanon." [NYT)
July 21: Saudi Arabian peacekeeping troops took up
positions, despite Christian sniper fire, at a crossing
point between Muslim and Christian sectors of
Beirut. [NYT)
A PLO delegation left for Damascus for talks
with Syrian leaders. [NYT)
An attempt to send an International Red Cross
relief column into Tall al-Za'tar was cancelled
because of heavy shelling in the area. [NYT)
July 22: Junblat announced the creation of a civil
administration of all parties and "progressive" groups
in leftist and Palestinian controlled areas. [NYTI
July 23: Three Swiss representatives of the Inter-
national Red Cross entered Tall al-Zatar under a
truce. [NYT)
July 24: Arab League envoy al-Kh-uli announced that
a new ceasefire had been negotiated. Prospects for
the ceasefire dimmed when as many as 500 civilians
were trapped in an underground shelter in Tall
al-Za'tar during a shelling attack. [NYT]
July 25: The ceasefire failed to take effect. Saudi
Arabian and Sudanese peacekeeping forces came
under fire as they attempted to expand a neutral
zone between Christian and Muslim forces, and 7
were wounded. [NYTI
Sham'an said that under no circumstances would
he allow his party's military positions to be taken
over by Arab peacekeeping troops. [NYT]
July 26: Khlli met with Christian leaders to try to
salvage the ceasefire. [NYT)
July 27: The US evacuated 308 American and foreign
nationals from Beirut by ship under security pro-
tection of the PLO. [NYTI
July 29: Syria and the PLO signed an agreement
providing for both a general ceasefire without with-
drawal of Syrian forces, and the creation of cease-
fire supervision commissions which would include
Syrian, Palestinian and Lebanese officers. [NYTI
July 30: The US State Department said its diplo-
mats in Beirut had begun receiving regular security
protection from the PLO but denied the US was
shifting its policy with respect to the PLO. [NYTI
Hopes for a ceasefire dimmed as fighting con-
tinued in Beirut's suburbs and in the mountains
to the east. [NYT)
July 31. Christian commanders refused permission for
the International Red Cross to enter Tall al-Za'tar
to evacuate wounded. [NYTI
Aug. 1: Israel allowed a group of 15 unemployed
Lebanese workers to enter the country to work for an
Israeli cigarette factory as part of a "good fence"
policy to foster good relations with Lebanon.
[NYT]
Aug. 2: Christian commanders agreed to allow a Red
Cross evacuation of Tall al-Za'tar the following day.
[NYTI
Aug. 3: The Red Cross entered Tall al-Za'tar during a
truce and brought out 99 wounded civilians. [NYTI
Aug. 4: The Jerusalem Post said that Israel Defense
Force liaison officers had held 3 meetings under
UN auspices with representatives of the Lebanese
Arab Army. [JP]
The Red Cross evacuated 243 more wounded
civilians from Tall al-Za'tar. [NYTI
Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim Khaddam
met separately with Palestinian and Christian delega-
tions in Damascus to try to implement the cease-
fire agreement with the Palestinians. [NYTI
A ceasefire was agreed to by commanders of the
 CHRONOLOGY
principal Christian militias during a meeting with
Arab League peacekeeping force Commander 'Abd
al-Hasan Ghunaym. [NYT)
After talks with Syrian leaders in Damascus,
KhQli said he would convene the first meeting of
a new mixed faction ceasefire commission the follow-
ing day. [NYT)
Aug. 5: Sham'un charged that Iraq had sent troops into
Beirut to fight alongside the Palestinians. The meet-
ing of the mixed faction ceasefire commission was
postponed because of the charges. [NYT)
Aug. 6: The Red Cross evacuated a further 74 people
from Tall al-Za'tar but sniper fire caused the
evacuation to be broken off prematurely. [NYTI
Christian factions said they had overrun the
Nab'ah area of Beirut. [NYT)
Aug. 7: Former Premier S'ib Salim met with Pierre
Jumayil in the Ashrafiyyah section of Beirut. [NYT)
Aug. 8: Fighting raged in Beirut's commercial center
and artillery duels continued in the suburbs as ef-
forts to reach a ceasefire became deadlocked. [NYTI
Aug. 9: A Greek Cypriot ship sank at the port of
Tyre after an explosion. [NYT]
Aug. 10: Christian factions launched a new attack
against Tall al-Za'tar. [NYTI
Aug. 11: Israel seized a Turkish freighter that had
left Tyre, but denied it was blockading Muslim
supply routes. [NYT)
Aug. 12: Christian forces said Tall al-Za'tar had fallen.
[NYT]
Aug. 13: Syria severely restricted border travel with
Lebanon. [NYT)
Aug. 14: Heavy shelling was reported between Chris-
tian and Muslim villages along the Beirut to Da-
mascus highway, and fighting raged in Beirut's
suburbs. [NYT]
Aug. 15: Christian artillery bombarded Palestinian
and Muslim positions in the mountains east of
Beirut. [NYT)
Libya
(See also, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia)
1976
Apr. 22: Amman Domestic Service reported that Libya
and Jordan had agreed to reestablish diplomatic re-
lations. [FBIS}
May 23: Revolution Command Council Chairman
Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi ended a 3 day visit to Malta
after talks with Malta's Premier Dom Mintoff.
[MEED)
July 6: A Libyan citizen hijacked a Libyan airliner
on a domestic flight but surrendered to police
after landing in Majorca. [NYT)
533
Morocco
(See also, General, Iraq, Israel)
1976
Apr. 22: The Arab Fund for Economic and Social
Development extended a loan of $23.9m to Mor-
occo to help finance an agricultural and irrigation
project in the Bani Amir area. [MEES)
June 25: Foreign Minister Ahmed Laraki proposed
that the Organization of African Unity send "the
necessary arms and even the men" to fight against
the South African government. [NYT]
July 18: Sidi Mohammed ben Moulay Arafa, who re-
placed his cousin Mohammed V as Sultan in 1953 for
2 years, died in France, aged 87. [NYTJ
Oman
(See also, Iran, Qatar)
1976
Apr. 18: Yemeni Command Council Chairman Ibra.him
al-Hamdi arrived in Muscat for a 4 day official
visit. [FBIS]
July 5: Middle East EconomicSurvey reported that the
UAA and Oman had reached a preliminary agree-
ment for the demarcation of their common borders.
[MEES]
July 19: The Omani government announced that Britain
would withdraw from air bases on al-Masirah island
and the town of Salalah in March 1977. [NYT)
Aug. 9: Jordanian King Husayn arrived in Muscat on a
2 day visit for talks with Sultan Qabuis bin
Sa'id on bilateral relations. [MEED)
Pakistan
(See also, Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Turkey)
1976
Apr. 19: India announced that Premier Indira Gandhi
had offered to "discuss measures for the restora-
tion of diplomatic relations" with Pakistan. [NYT]
Apr. 24: Premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto said Pakistan
had taken the initiative to end a stalemate in
relations with India in March when it had withdrawn
a complaint against India which had been lodged
before the International Civil Aviation Organiza-
tion. [NYT)
534 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

May 7: The New York Times reported that the govern- May 16: Omani Communications Minister 'Abd
ment was prosecuting 44 defendants, including sev- al-Hafiz Rajab arrived in Doha for talks on bi-
eral members of Parliament, in Hyderabad on lateral cooperation in technology and communica-
charges of sedition, sabotage and terrorism. [NYTI tions. [FBIS}
May 12: Pakistan and India opened talks in Islam- May 17: Middle East EconomicSurvey reported that the
abad aimed at normalizing relations. [NYT) government had decided on a 100% takeover of oil
May 13: Former Finance Minister Mohamed Shoaib producing ventures in Qatar. [MEES]
died, aged 70. [NYT) July 12: Middle East EconomicSurvey reported that the
May 14: Pakistan and India agreed to the re- government was insisting that the 100% takeover of
sumption of diplomatic relations "within a short oil producing ventures had to be retroactive to
period of time." Agreement was also reached to December 22, 1974. [MEES]
resume air and railway links. [NYT} July 17: Shaykh Qasim bin Hamad Al Thani, elder
May 28: The US Defense Department notified Con- brother of the Qatari Ruler and Minister of Educa-
gress it intended to sell Pakistan nearly $29m worth of tion & Youth Welfare, died in the US. [FBIS)
TOW antitank missiles. [NYT] July 28: Shaykh Khalifah left Doha for a 3 week
May 29: India's chargi d'affaires in the People's private visit to France. [FBIS]
Republic of China walked out of a banquet given for
Premier Bhutto in Peking after Bhutto called for
self determination for the people of Jammu and
Kashmir in a speech. [NYTI
Saudi Arabia
June 1: Pakistan and the European Common Market (See also, General, Petroleum Affairs, Egypt, Iran,
(EEC) signed a 5 year agreement to develop trade Jordan, Lebanon, South Yemen)
and economic co6peration. [NYT)
June 21: India announced that it had named an am- 1976
bassador to Pakistan and said that Pakistan had desig-
nated Syed Fida Hassan to be ambassador to India. May 4: Former US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia James
[NYT) Akins told a Senate subcommittee that the US had
July 17: A minor Cabinet reshuffle was reported: ignored a Saudi proposal to reduce Soviet influence
Syed Qaim Ali Shah: Agrarian Management,Kashmir in Somalia. [NYT)
Affairs & Northern Affairs May 9: Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Prince
Chaudry Mumtaz Ahmed: State for Agrarian Man- Sa'id and Kuwayti Foreign Minister Shaykh Sabah
agement al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabih conferred in Damascus
Mian Mohammad Attaullah: Federal Minister for with Syrian President H. fiz al-Asad on the subject
Industries. [FBIS} of Syrian-Egyptian relations. [NYT]
July 21: Ambassadors were exchanged and air links May 10: Egyptian Foreign Minister Ismai'l Fahmi
reestablished between Pakistan and India. [NYT) said that the Premiers of Egypt, Syria and Kuwayt
Aug. 8: US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger flew to would meet with Crown Prince Fahd in Riyadh the
Lahore for talks with Bhutto. A senior official on following week. [NYT)
the plane said Pakistan could lose American aid if it May 19: Scheduled mediation talks in Riyadh between
bought a French nuclear reprocessing plant. [WP) Syria and Egypt were postponed shortly before they
Aug. 9: US Secretary of State Kissinger met with were due to begin. [NYT)
Bhutto and warned against buying the reprocessing May 23: The Foreign Ministers of Saudi Arabia and
plant. [WP) Kuwayt arrived in Cairo to meet with President
Kissinger said the US and Pakistan had agreed to Anwar al-Sadat on the differences between Egypt
seek a compromise on the reprocessing plant issue. and Syria. [NYTI
[NYT) May 30: King Khilid met with the Federal Republic
Aug. 10: Bhutto said Pakigtan planned to go through of Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in Riyadh.
with French nuclear equipment despite American [FBISJ
concern. [NYTI June 2: Sudanese President Ja'far al-Numayri arrived
A government spokesman said that flood waters in Riyadh for a 3 day official visit. [MEED}
from rivers in northern Pakistan had killed more June 17: The South Korean Hyundai Construction
than 150 people and damaged 140,000 homes. Company announced that it had signed a contract
[NYTI with Saudi Arabia valued at $944m for the con-
struction of an industrial harbor at Jubayil. [NYT]
Qatar June 22: The New York Times cited a Raytheon
Company spokesman as saying the company had
(See also, Egypt, UAA) contracted with Saudi Arabia to provide it with $1.03
1976 billion anti-aircraft Hawk missile defense system.
[NYTI
Apr. 28: Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim June 23: Egyptian Premier Mamduh Salim and Syrian
Khaddam arrived in Qatar for talks with the Amir, Premier Mah.mudal-Ayyubi met in Riyadh to discuss
Shaykh Khalifah bin Hamad Al Thani. [FBISJ differences between their 2 countries. [MEED)
 CHRONOLOGY
June 24: The conference between Egyptian and Syrian
ministers ended. A communique said a joint com-
mittee would make recommendations in preparation
for a meeting between the presidents of the 2 coun-
tries. [NYTI
July 17: Sudanese President Numayri and Egyptian
President Sadat flew to Saudi Arabia for talks with
King Khalid. [NYT}
Aug. 7: Jordanian King H{usayn arrived in Saudi
Arabia for talks with King Khalid. [MEED]
Aug. 11: A week long negotiating session between
Saudi Arabia and the Arabian American Oil Com-
pany ended in Geneva. [MEES]
South Yemen
(See also, Yemen)
1976
Apr. 19: A Sudanese trade delegation led by Minister
of State for Economic Affairs 'Uthman Hashim
'Abd al-Salam arrived in Aden for talks. [MEED)
May 3: Foreign Minister Muhammad Salih Muti' met
with Crown Prince Fahd and other Saudi leaders in
Riyadh. [FBIS]
May 5: A joint communiqu6 issued at the end of
Foreign Minister Muti"s trip to Saudi Arabia said
that the 2 countries had agreed to establish diplomatic
relations at the ambassadorial level. [FBIS]
June 22: Minister of Industry 'Abd al-'Aziz 'Abd al-
Wall left for an official visit to Saudi Arabia and
talks on economic co6peration. [MEED]
Aug. 6: Former Premier Muhammad 'All Haytham
was shot and wounded in Cairo by unknown assail-
ants. UP]
Sudan
(See also, Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, South Yemen,
Tunisia)
1976
June 10: US President Gerald Ford met with Presi-
dent Ja'far al-Numayrl in Washington. [NYT}
June 29: President Numayri ended a visit to the US
and arrived in Paris for talks on bilateral rela-
tions. [MEEDI
July 2: A military coup was attempted shortly after
Numayrl returned to Sudan from visits abroad.
[NYT}
July 3: Numayri declared that the coup had been
crushed. A curfew was imposed in Khartum. [NYTI
July 4. Numayri called for an emergency meeting of
the UN Security Council to discuss the "foreign
invasion" behind the coup attempt. [NYT]
In a letter to the Security Council, the Sudanese
UN representative said that there was "massive
535
evidence" that Libya had prepared and executed
the abortive coup. [NYTI
July 6: Sudan broke diplomatic relations with Libya
and restricted air and automobile links between the 2
countries. [NYT]
July 15: LibyanRevolution Command Council Chairman
Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi denied any involvement in
the coup attempt. [NYT]
July 16.' It was announced that Numayri had withdrawn
the complaint against Libya in the Security Council
after the Organization of African Unity (OAU) had
appealed to him to do so. [FBIS]
July 25: The trial of 96 persons accused of
participating in the abortive coup was opened in
Khartum. [NYT}
Aug. 4: Sudan executed 81 people for their part in
the coup attempt. [NYT)
Former Premier Sadiq al-Mahdi accepted respon-
sibility in London for organizing the coup but denied
accusations that it had been carried out by mer-
cenaries. [NYT)
Aug. 5: Seventeen more people were executed for their
part in the coup. [NYT)
Aug. 7: Speakers at a mass rally in Omdurman con-
demned Britain for letting former Premier Mahdi
attack the Sudanese government in a BBC inter-
view. [NYT]
Aug. 8: The Arab League and the OAU disclosed that
they were contacting member states to form a joint
commission to investigate Sudanese charges that it had
been invaded by Libya in connection with the
abortive coup. [NYT)
Aug. 10: A new Cabinet was announced:
Ja'far Muhammad al-Numayri: President
Rashid al-T5hir Bakr: Premier and Second Vice
President
Muhammad Baqir Ah.mad:First Vice President
Mansfir Khalid:PresidentialAdviserfor ForeignAffairs
Bashir Muhammad 'Ali: Defense
Ma'mun Bahayri: Finance & National Economy
Dayfallah al-Hajj Yusuf: Education
'Abbas 'Abd al-Majid: Agriculture, Food & Natural
Resources
Bona Malwal: Culture & Information
Khalid Hasan 'Abbas: Health
Fatimah 'Abd al-Mahmad: Social Affairs
Bashir 'Abbdli: Transport & Communications
Badr al-Din Sulayman: Industry
Mustafa 'Uthman Hasan: Construction& Public Works
'Abd al-Rahman 'Abdallah: Public Services & Ad-
ministrativeReform
'Awn al-Sharif Qasim: Awqcif
Zayn al-'Abdin Muhammad Ahmad: Youth & Sports
Ma'mun 'Awad Abu Zayd: Interior
Har-unal-'Awad: Trade & Supplies
Sharlf al-Khatim: Local Government
Francis Deng: State for ForeignAffairs
Isma'il al-,Hajj Musa: Statefor Culture & Information
'Izz al-Din al-Hi.fiz: Statefor General Education
'Uthman Hashim 'Abd al-Sala.m:Statefor Economy
Nasr al-Din Mustafa: State for Planning
Bashir IbrThim 'Uthman: State for Finance
 536 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
'Izz al-Din Hamid: State for Presidential Affairs
Bahi al-Din Muhaammad Idris: State for Premier's
Office
Yahya 'Abd al-Majid: State for Irrigation
Husayn Idris: State for Agricultural Research
'Aul Shummu: State for Youth
Ahmad Adib 'Isa: State for Government Secretariat
[MEED]
Aug. 14: The Sudanese newspaper al-S.ahifah reported
that Mahdi and former Finance Minister Sharif
al-Hindi would be tried in absentia for alleged
complicity in the abortive coup. [NYTI
Syria
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict, Bahrayn, Egypt, Iraq,
Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia)
1976
May 8: Jordanian King H{usayn arrived in Damascus
for talks with Syrian leaders. [FBIS]
May 16: Tunisian Foreign Minister Habib Chatti
arrived in Damascus on a 4 day official visit.
{FBIS]
May 19: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jallad arrived
in Damascus from Baghdad and met with President
Hafiz al-Asad. [FBIS]
May 31: Information Minister Ahmad Iskandar Ahmad
said that Syria was ready to discuss any plans that
would help settle Syrian differences with Egypt and
Iraq. [NYTI
June 1: Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin arrived in
Damascus for talks with Syrian leaders. [NYTI?
June 10: Jordanian Premier Zayd al-Rifaii arrived in
Damascus and met with President Asad. [NYT)
June 17: Asad flew to Paris for talks with French
President Valery Giscard d'Estaing. [NYTI
June 26: Asad arrived in Rumania from Yugoslavia.
[NYT)
July 10: Iraqi Ba'th Party leader Ahmad al-'Azzwii,
who had defected to Syria 18 months before, was
killed by a bomb in Damascus. [NYT]
Aug. 1: Asad accepted the resignation of Premier
Mahmad al-Ayyabi and named Major General 'Abd
al-Rahman al-Khulayfiawito succeed him. [NYTI
Aug. 7: A new Cabinet was formed:
'Abd al-Rahman al-Khulayfawl:Premier
'Abd al-Halim Khaddaim:Deputy Premierand Foreign
Jamil Shayya: Deputy Premierfor EconomicAffairs
Fahmi al-Ydsufi: Deputy Premierfor Public Services
Mustaf'aTalas: Defense
Taha al-Khayrat:LocalAdministration
Muh.ammadGhabash: Supply & Internal Trade
'Abd al-Karim 'Adi: State for ForeignAffairs
Adib Milhim: State for Presidential Affairs
$ubh.i Kahhalah: EuphratesDam
Shakir al-Fadh.ham:Education
Adib al-Nahawi:Justice
'Umar al-SibiT: Communications
Ahmad Qabalin: Agriculture & Agrarian Reform
'Abd al-Sattar al-Sayyid: AwqiJ
Muhammad al-'Imadl: Economy& Foreign Trade
Husayn Ahlmad Kuwaydir: Statefor Cabinet Affairs
Madani al-Khaymi: Health
Muhammad 'All Hashim: Higher Education
Zahir 'Abd al-Samad:State
Anwar Hamadah: Labor & Social Affairs
Shutaywi Sayfu: Industry
Nu'min al-Zayn: Transport
Ahmad Iskandar Ahmad: Information
'Adnan Dabbigh: Interior
$idiq al-Ayydbi: Finance
Ahlmad 'Umar Yusuf: Electricity
Najah, 'Attir: Culture & National Guidance
'Isi Darwish: Petroleum& Mineral Wealth
Ghassin Shalhub: Tourism
Diyi' Mallu,hi:State
Muharram Tayyirah: Housing & Public Utilities
Na,zim Qaddar: Public Works& Water Resources
George Huriniyah: State for Planning
YuisufJu'aydini: State
Sharif Kash: State
Tunisia
(See also, Lebanon, Syria)
1976
Apr. 23: Tunis DomesticServicereported that the State
Security Court had sentenced 1 Libyan to death
and 2 others to 2 years imprisonment for their
part in a plot to kidnap or assassinate Premier
Hedi Nouira. ?FBISJ
Sudanese Minister of Finance & National Economy
Ma'mun Bahayri arrived in Tunis for talks with
President Habib Bourguiba. [MEED]
May 25: Minister of National Defense Muhammad Hedi
Khefacha died. [FBIS]
May 31: The Cabinet was reshuffled by President
Bourguiba as follows:
Hedi Nouira: Premier
Mohammad Sayah: Deputy Premierfor Planning
Tayeb Salim: State
Slaheddine Bali:Justice
Habib Chatti: ForeignAffairs
Tahar Belkhodja: Interior
Abdullah Farhat:National Defense
Mohammad Fitouri: Finance
Abdel-Aziz Lasram:National Economy
Hasan Belkhodja: Agriculture
 CHRONOLOGY
Mohammad Mzali: National Education
Mahmoud Messadi: Cultural Affairs & Information
al-Munji al-Kuli: Public Health
Lasaad Ben-Osman: Public Works
Mohammad Ennaceur: Social Affairs
Abdel-Hamid al-Fasi: Transport & Communications
Fouad Mbazaa: Youth & Sports
al-Munsif Bin Hajj Ammar: Minister in Charge of
Relations with the National Assembly and the
GovernmentSecretariatGeneral [MEED]
Turkey
(See also, Arab Israeli Conflict, Cyprus, Iraq)
1976
Apr. 17: Greek Premier Constantine Caramanlis pro-
posed that Greece and Turkey "conclude a nonag-
gression pact and seek a peaceful solution of their
disputes," and said that they should put an end to
their arms race. [NYTI
Premier Suleyman Demirel called the Greek state-
ments a "positive reply" to Turkish calls for
negotiated settlements and said Turkey had no in-
tention of starting an arms race. [NYT)
Apr. 19: Foreign Minister Ihsan Sabri Caglayangil
proposed that he and Greek Foreign Minister
Dimitrios Bitsios meet to discuss the offer of a
nonaggression pact. [NYT]
Apr. 22: President Fahri Koruturk, the Shah of Iran
and Pakistani Premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto met in
Izmir and agreed to set up a free trade area' within
the framework of the Regional Cooperation for
Development pact. [TDNJ
Apr. 23: The Middle East Economic Digest reported
that Turkey had concluded agreements with 9
European countries on charges to be levied for
international truck traffic over Turkish highways.
[MEED]
Apr. 30: A military tribunal acquitted former Com-
mander of the Air Force Gen. Amin Alpkaya and
3 other officers of corruption charges during an
investigation into alleged Lockheed payoffs. [TDN]
May 1: The UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control said
Turkey would get $2.6m to help control opium
growing under 2 agreements signed during the day.
[NYT)
A Turkish citizen hijacked an airliner bound to
Istanbul from Paris, but later surrendered to French
authorities. [NYT]
May 3: Rival student groups clashed in Istanbul and 5
students were injured. [NYT}
May 12.' Premier Demirel opened the seventh Con-
ference of Islamic Foreign Ministers in Istanbul.
Representatives of 42 nations attended the con-
ference. [NYT}
537
May 22: Foreign Minister Caglangil met with Greek
Foreign Minister Bitsios in Norway and a com-
muniqu6 said that further efforts would be made to
settle differences on airspace and continental shelf
questions concerning the Aegean. [NYTI
June 20: Turkey and Greece ended 2 days of talks
in Switzerland on rights in the Aegean Sea, but
little progress was made. [MEED)
June 24: Rumania and Turkey signed a protocol and 3
agreements during a visit by Rumanian Head of
State Nicolae Ceausescu. [TDN}
July 10: The New York Times reported that Turkey had
freed 2 Lithuanians who had hijacked a Soviet air-
liner to Trabizond in 1970. [NYT]
July 16: The Soviet Union accused Turkey of an "un-
friendly act" by refusing to turn over the 2 Lith-
uanian hijackers to Soviet authorities. [NYT)
July 18: The 40,000 ton Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev
sailed through the Bosphorus into the Mediterranean.
[NYT}
July 23. The Turkish seismic survey ship Sismik I
left Istanbul to explore for oil in the Aegean, but
its exact destination was kept secret. [NYT}
July 27: A Greek Cypriot resident alien in the US was
charged with assaulting a foreign dignitary for pulling
a loaded pistol on former Turkish Premier Bulent
Ecevit in New York the day before. No shots were
fired. [NYT]
July 29: The seismic survey ship entered the Aegean.
[NYT}
Aug. 7: Greece charged that the Turkish vessel had
cruised near the island of Limnos in Greek terri-
torial waters. [NYT]
Aug. 8: Turkey rejected the Greek charges and said
the ship had sailed only in "international areas."
[NYT]
Aug. 9: Greece protested for a second time the
activities of the Turkish ship. [NYTJ
Several Turkish military units were put in a state
of "advanced preparedness" following reports of
similar instructions being issued to Greek military
contingents. [NYT}
Aug. 10: US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said
that there was "no legal basis for military action"
by either Greece or Turkey in the dispute over the
Aegean Sea. [NYT}
Aug. 12. Bitsios opened a UN Security Council debate
on the Aegean dispute and accused Turkey of "pro-
vocative acts." [NYT]
Aug. 13: Caglayangil told the Security Council that
Greek claims to the continental shelf betrayed a
design to transform the Aegean into a "Greek lake."
[NYT]
Aug. 14: US Secretary of State Kissinger met sepa-
rately with Bitsios and Caklayangil. Later Caklayangil
advocated resumption of talks with Greece "at the
highest level" to seek a peaceful solution to the
dispute. [NYT]
Aug. 15: The survey ship arrived in port at Izmir.
[TDN]
538 TH4EMIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

United Arab Amirates Yemen

(See also, General, Petroleum Affairs, Egypt, Oman)
1976
Apr. 30: Middle East EconomicDigest reported that the
first oil refinery in the UAA had been opened in
Aba Dhabi by President Shaykh Zayd bin Sultan
Al Nuhayyan. [MEED)
May 2: The Amir of Sharjah, Shaykh Sultan bin
Muhaammadal-Qasimi, ended a 2 day visit to Qatar and
flew to the US for a private week long visit. [FBIS)
May 6: The Supreme Defense Council, chaired by
Shaykh Zayd, issued a decision unifying land, sea and
air forces under a single central command. [FBIS]
Shaykh Khalifah bin Zayd Al Nuhayyan was
appointed Deputy Supreme Commander of the
Armed Forces and member of the Supreme Defense
Council. [FBISI
Aug. 1: Shaykh Zayd announced he would not accept
another term as president when his current term
expired in December. [MEES]
(See also, Oman)
1976
Apr. 28: The WashingtonPost reported that US officials
had informed Congress of plans to sell $139m worth
of arms to Yemen. [WP]
June 5: Command Council Chairman IbrThim
al-Hamdi met with South Yemeni Foreign Minister
Muhammad $lihh Muti' in Sana'a'. [FBIS]
July 24: A Foreign Ministry spokesman said the
Ethiopian Ambassador to Yemen had been granted
political asylum. [NYT)
July 31: In a Cabinet reshuffle Muhammad 'Abd
al-Malik was appointed Minister of Supply. The
Ministries of Municipal Affairs and Works were
combined and 'Abdallah al-Kurshami was appointed
Minister of Public Works & Municipalities. [MEED]

SOURCES
CSM, The Christian ScienceMonitor (1 Norway St., Boston, Mass. 02115). E, The Economist(25 St. James's St.,
London SWlA 1HG, England). FBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information ServiceDaily ReportMiddle East and Africa
(NTIS, US Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151). G, The ManchesterGuardian Weekly(164 Deansgate,
Manchester, M60 2RR, England).JP, TheJerusalemPost (TheJerusalem Post Building, Romema, Jerusalem P.O. Box
81). KI, Kayhan International (Ave. Ferdowsi, Tehran, Iran). MEED, Middle East EconomicDigest (84-86 Chancery
Lane, London WC2A IDI, England). MEES, Middle East EconomicSurvey (temporarily, P.O. Box 4940, Nicosia,
Cyprus). NYT, The New YorkTimes (229 W. 43 St., New York, NY, 10036). PO, Platt's Oilgram(1221 Ave. of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020). TDN, Turkish Daily News (Konur Sokak 16, Ankara, Turkey). WP, The Washing-
ton Post (1515 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005).