Structural Design - General Provisions and Load Combinations

10/2/2019 Structural design - General provisions and load combinations
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OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD NCh3171.Of2010
Structural Design - General Provisions and

load combinations
Preamble
The National Institute for Standardization, INN, is the body in charge of

study and preparation of technical standards nationwide. He is a member of the
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) and COMMISSION
PANAMERICANA DE NORMAS TECNICAS (COPANT), representing Chile before those
organisms.
This standard was studied through the Structural Design Technical Committee , to establish the
general provisions and load combinations for the design of buildings and other
structures, as indicated in clause 9.
Because there is no International Standard, in the elaboration of this standard it has been taken into
consideration of ASCE / SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
structures .
The NCh3171 standard has been prepared by the Standards Division of the National Institute of
Standardization, and in its study the Committee was constituted by organizations and
following natural persons:
Alfonso Larraín Vial y Asociación Ltda. Alfonso Larraín V.

AMCS Ltda. Christian Schnaidt M.
ARA Worley Parsons Iván Darrigrande E.
Pedro Hidalgo O.
IEC Ingeniería SA Jorge Lindenberg B.
Ing. Ruiz-Saavedra Manuel Saavedra S.
Ingeniería y Construcciones Albro Ltda. David Campusano B.
Institute of Cement and Concrete of Chile, ICH Augusto Holmberg F.
https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_f 1/18
National Institute for Standardization, INN Francisco Guzmán A.

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NCh3171
Ministry of Public Works, MOP Julio Barrientos L.

ORD Structural Engineering Rodrigo Vásquez U.
RCP Ingeniería y Servicios Ltda. Rodrigo Concha P.
Sergio Contreras and Associates Sergio Contreras A.
Universidad de Chile - Department Structures-
Geotechnical Construction Rubén Boroschek K.
Ricardo Herrera M.
University of Chile - IDIEM Fernando Yáñez U.
This standard has been approved by the Council of the National Institute for Standardization, in
session held on March 04, 2010.
This rule has been declared Official of the Republic of Chile by Exempt Decree No. 415,
dated June 21, 2010, of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, published in the
Official Journal of June 25, 2010.
II

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OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD NCh3171.Of2010

load combinations
1 Scope and scope
This standard establishes the general provisions and load combinations for the
design of buildings and other structures, as indicated in clause 9.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
rule. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For references without
date the last edition of the referenced document applies (including any
amendment).
NCh382 Hazardous substances - General classification.

NCh431 1) Structural design - Snow overloads.
NCh432 1) Structural design - Wind loads.
NCh433 Seismic design of buildings.
NCh1537 Structural design - Permanent loads and overloads of use.
NCh2369 Seismic design of industrial structures and facilities.
1) Currently under study.

one

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3 Terms, definitions and symbology
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1.1 Competent Authority: public entity that has jurisdiction in compliance with
some of the requirements of this standard
3.1.2 loads: forces and other actions resulting from the weight of all the materials of
construction, its occupants and their belongings, environmental effects,
differential settlements, and restrictions on dimensional variations and
operation. Permanent charges are those charges for which variations in
Time is scarce and of lesser magnitude. All other charges are variable charges
(see 3.1.4)
3.1.3 increased load: product of a nominal load by a load factor
3.1.4 nominal loads: magnitudes of permanent loads, use loads, soil,

wind, snow, rain, flood, earthquake, operational loads and mounting loads,
defined in the corresponding standards
3.1.5 allowable resistance design: method by which dimensions are dimensioned

structural elements so that the tensions produced in the elements by the
load combinations indicated in 9.2, do not exceed the permissible voltages
specified
3.1.6 ultimate resistance design: method by which dimensions are sized

structural elements so that the forces produced in the elements by the
increased loads do not exceed its design resistance. Also called design by
load and resistance factors
3.1.7 loading effect: forces and deformations produced in the structural elements
for the applied loads
3.1.8 p-delta effect : second order effect of shear stresses and moments in
frame elements generated by axial loads in frames that move
sideways
3.1.9 limit state: condition beyond which a structure or an element

constituent of it becomes unfit for service and is considered to be no more useful
for the function for which it was considered (service limit state) or is not safe
(resistance limit state)
3.1.10 load factor : factor that takes into account the variation of the actual load with
regarding the nominal load, inaccuracies in the analysis of the loads; and the probability of
that more than one extreme load is present simultaneously

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3.1.11 resistance factor : factor that takes into account resistance variations
real with respect to the nominal resistance and the form and consequences of the failure. Too
it's called resistance reduction factor
3.1.12 essential facilities: buildings and other structures that are considered to be
remain operational in the case of being subjected to extreme loads due to
environmental phenomena such as wind, snow or earthquakes
3.1.13 temporary facilities: buildings and other structures which will provide
services for a limited time and will be subject for a limited period to
loads of nature
3.1.14 occupation: use for which a building and others are intended or intended
structures or part of it
3.1.15 other structures: structures other than buildings for which

specify the loads in this standard
3.1.16 design resistance: product of the nominal resistance and a factor of

resistance (φ N R)
3.1.17 nominal resistance: capacity of a specific structure or element

by calculations that consider the specified strengths of the material, and the
dimensions and formulas obtained from accepted principles of structural mechanics, by
field trials or laboratory tests on scale models considering the
effects of modeling and differences between laboratory and field conditions
3.1.18 hazardous substances: defined and classified according to NCh382
3.2 Symbology and notation
D = permanent load;
Di = ice weight;
AND = seismic load according to NCh433 and NCh2369;
F = load due to liquids with well defined maximum pressures and heights;
F to = flood load according to ASCE / SEI 07, chapter 5;
H = load due to lateral ground pressure, groundwater pressure, or

lateral pressure of bulk materials, plus seismic ground thrust or other
materials in combinations that include the seismic effect;
L = use charge according to NCh1537;
Lr = roof use load according to NCh1537;

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NCh3171
R = rain load according to ASCE / SEI 07, chapter 8;
S = snow load according to NCh431;
T = internal forces;
W = wind load according to NCh432;
Wi = wind-on-ice according to ASCE / SEI 07, chapter 10.
4 General provisions
4.1 General
4.1.1 Loads and their appropriate combinations, which have been developed to be
used together, they are established for both resistance and stress design
admissible
4.1.2 For design resistances and for permissible voltage limits,

They must respect the design specifications for structural materials.
4.1.3 Buildings and other structures must be designed using combinations

indicated in clause 9, which must be used to size the elements of a
specific construction material throughout the structure.
4.2 Resistance Design Methods
4.2.1 Ultimate resistance design
Buildings and other structures and all their components must be designed and constructed.
in such a way that they resist the load combinations indicated in 9.1 without exceeding the
Design strength of structural elements.
4.2.2 Design by admissible resistance (admissible voltages)
Buildings and other structures and all their components must be designed and constructed.
in such a way that they resist the load combinations indicated in 9.2 without exceeding the
admissible resistance of the structural elements.
4.3 Design by service conditions
Structural systems and their components must be designed so that they have
adequate rigidity that limit deformations, vibrations, deformations of
mezzanine and any other deformation that affects the projected use and performance of
Buildings and other structures.

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4.4 Self-induced internal efforts
When applicable, internal forces caused by

differential settlement of foundations and for restrictions on variations
dimensions due to temperature, humidity, shrinkage, slow creep (creep) and
Other similar effects.
4.5 Analysis
The effects of the loads on each of the structural elements must be

determined by structural analysis methods that take balance into account,
general stability, geometric compatibility and properties of both short and
Long-term materials.
4.6 Structural balancing actions (counteracting)
All structural elements and systems and all building components and
other structures must be designed to resist forces due to earthquake and wind,
considering overturning, sliding and lifting due to actions such as
suctions, subpressions and others of the same nature, and a
continuous trajectory of the forces to transmit them to the foundations.
In cases where all resistance to these forces or part of it is due to the load
dead, it must be determined as the minimum expected during the occurrence of
fact that originates the forces. The effect of deformations must be considered
vertical and horizontal resulting from these forces.
When a sliding device is used to isolate the elements, the

friction effect between the sliding elements as a force.
5 General structural integrity
Buildings and other structures must be designed so that, in the case of

local damage occurs, maintain its structural integrity, remaining stable
against the original local damage. This must be achieved through a distribution of
structural elements that provide stability to the complete structural system, of
so that they transfer loads from any damaged area to other areas that are capable
of resisting those charges without collapsing. This can be achieved by providing enough
continuity, redundancy, or energy dissipation capacity (ductility), or a
combination of them, to the members of the structure.

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6 Classification of buildings and other structures
6.1 Classification according to nature of occupation
Buildings and other structures should be classified based on the nature of their
occupation, according to Table 1 in order to apply the provisions of
floods, wind, snow, ice and earthquake. The Occupation Categories range from I to IV,
where Occupation Category I includes buildings and other structures with a low risk
for human life in the event of failure, and Occupation Category IV includes
essential facilities. Each building or other structure must be classified in the highest
applicable category or categories. The classification of the same structure is allowed in
Various Occupation Categories considering the use and condition of load to evaluate such
Like wind or earthquake.
When buildings and other structures have multiple uses (occupation), it must be
studied the relationship between the uses of various parts of the building or other structures,
also the independence of the structural systems of the different parts. The
classification of each structural system of a building or other multipurpose structure
it must be the one that corresponds to the group of the greatest use anywhere in the building or another
structure that depends on the basic structural system.

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Table 1 - Occupation category of buildings and other structures

for flood, wind, snow, ice and earthquake loads
Category of
Nature of the occupation
Occupation
Buildings and other isolated or provisional structures not intended for housing, not classifiable
in Occupation Categories II, III and IV that represent a low risk for human life
in the case of failure, including, but not exclusively:
- Agricultural facilities I
- Certain temporary facilities.
- Minor storage facilities.
All buildings and other structures intended for private room or public use that
they do not belong to Occupation Categories I, III and IV, and buildings or other structures whose failure II
it may endanger other constructions of Occupation Categories I, III and IV.
Buildings and other structures whose content is of great value, including, but not
exclusively:
- libraries;
- Museums
Buildings and other structures where there is often an agglomeration of people,

including, but not exclusively:
- rooms for assemblies for 100 or more people;
- outdoor stadiums and bleachers for 2,000 or more people;
- schools, kindergartens and university campuses;
- prisons and places of detention;

III
- commercial premises with an area greater than or equal to 500 m 2 per floor, or height
greater than 12 m;
- shopping centers with covered aisles, with a total area greater than 3,000 m 2 without
Consider the parking area.
Buildings and other structures not included in Occupation Category IV (including, but not
exclusively, facilities that manufacture, process, handle, store, use or
discard substances such as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals,
hazardous or explosive wastes) containing sufficient amounts of hazardous substances
for the public in case they are released.
Buildings and other structures that contain hazardous substances should be classified as
structures of the Occupation Category II if demonstrated satisfactorily before the
Competent Authority through a risk estimate, as described in 6.2, that the
Hazardous substance release does not present a threat to the public.
(keep going)

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Table 1 - Occupation category of buildings and other structures

for flood, wind, snow, ice and earthquake loads (conclusion)
Category of
Nature of the occupation
Occupation
Buildings and other structures classified as governmental, municipal, buildings

public or public utility services, including, but not exclusively:
- police headquarters;
- power and telephone exchanges;
- post and telegraphs;
- radio stations;
- TV channels;
- drinking water and pumping plants.
Buildings and other structures classified as essential facilities whose use is special
importance in case of catastrophe, including, but not exclusively:
- hospitals;
- first aid posts;
- fire barracks;
- garages for emergency vehicles;

IV
- terminal stations;
- Emergency Shelters
- Auxiliary structures (including, but not exclusively, communication towers,

fuel storage ponds, electrical substation structures,
support structures for water tanks for fire or for domestic consumption or
for other fire equipment or equipment) required for the operation of structures
with Category IV during an emergency.
- Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers, and hangars for airplanes
of emergency.
- Buildings and other structures that have critical functions for national defense.
Buildings and other structures (including, but not exclusively, manufacturing facilities,
process, handle, store, use or dispose of substances such as hazardous fuels,
hazardous chemicals, hazardous waste or explosives) containing substances
dangerous in quantities greater than those established by the Competent Authority.
Buildings and other structures that contain hazardous substances should be classified as
structures of the Occupation Category II if the Authority can be satisfactorily demonstrated
Competent by estimating risk, as described in 6.2, that a leak of these
Substances do not pose a threat to the public. This reduced classification is not allowed if
buildings or other structures also function as essential facilities or public utility.

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6.2 Classification according to hazardous substances
Buildings and other structures that contain hazardous substances may be

classified as occupational category II structures if it can be demonstrated, to
satisfaction of the Competent Authority through an estimation of the risk that forms
part of a Risk Management Plan (PMR), which leaks toxic substances,
Highly toxic or explosive does not pose a threat to the public.
To qualify within this reduced classification, the owner or operator of the

buildings and other structures that contain hazardous substances must have a PMR that
incorporate at least three elements: a risk estimate, a program of
prevention and an emergency response plan.
NOTES
1) The risk estimate must include at least the scenario for the most unfavorable case event of
spill for each structure considered, showing the potential risk to the public in each of
they. The occurrence of the most unfavorable case must include total failure (instantaneous spill of all
content) of a pond, piping system or any other storage structure. A
most unfavorable case includes (but not exclusively) a spill during the occurrence of a wind of
design or a design earthquake. In this estimate, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures
Subsequent for accident mitigation must be based on the assumption that the failure occurs
Total main storage structure. The impact on the outside of the enclosure must be defined.
in terms of population within the potentially affected area. To qualify in the ranking
reduced, the risk estimate must show that a spill of the hazardous material in the most case
unfavorable does not constitute a threat to the public outside the boundaries of the enclosure where
Find the installation.
2) The prevention program must consist of at least the sequence of actions for the management of
safety, which is based on accident prevention through driving controls in the areas
keys of design, construction, operation and maintenance. Secondary containers can be used
to mitigate the risk of spills of hazardous substances (including, but not exclusively,
double-walled ponds, dykes of sufficient size to contain a spill or other means to
contain a leak of hazardous quantities within the limits of the installation site and prevent
spill of pollutants into the air, soil, groundwater or surface water). When
provide a secondary container, it must be designed to withstand all environmental loads,
and is not eligible to meet this reduced classification. In hurricane zones, the
mandatory practices and procedures that effectively reduce the effects of wind on
critical structural elements or that alternatively protect against harmful leaks during and after
of a hurricane.
3) The emergency response plan must indicate at least one public notification, one treatment
emergency doctor for accidental human exposure and emergency procedures for leaks with
consequences beyond the limits of the property where the facility is located. The plan of
emergency response should address the possibility that the resources used for the response may
be compromised by the event causing the emergency.

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7 Aggregates and modifications to existing structures
When an existing building or structure is extended or modified from any

way, the structural elements should be reinforced, if necessary, so that
can withstand the higher loads defined in this standard, which must be
supported without exceeding the design strength specified for the materials of
corresponding construction. If a design for permissible stresses is used, the
reinforcement is necessary when tensions caused by nominal loads
exceed the permissible stresses specified for construction materials
corresponding.
8 Load tests
A load test must be performed on any construction when required by

the Competent Authority in all cases that there is a reason to question the
security of it for the intended use or occupation.
9 Load combinations
The load combinations and load factors indicated in 9.1 and 9.2 must be
used in the design of structures when the design standards corresponding to the
different materials so indicate.
In the case of seismic design, the provisions indicated in NCh433 prevail,

NCh2369 and NCh2745.
The combination that produces the most unfavorable effect on the building must be used,
foundation, or the structural element considered. In some cases this may occur.
when one or more charges in the combination are not present.
NOTE - The indicated combinations are not exhaustive, the designer must consider the combinations
more unfavorable for each situation.
9.1 Combination factors of increased loads using resistance design
9.1.1 Basic combinations
Structures, component elements and foundations must be designed in

so that its design resistance is greater than or equal to the effect of the loads
mayoradas in the following combinations:
1) 1.4 D
2) 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 ( r L or S or R )
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3a) 1.2 D + 1.6 ( r L or S or R ) + L
3b) 1.2 D + 1.6 ( r L or S or R ) + 0.8 W
4) 1.2 D + 1.6 W + L + 0.5 ( r L or S or R )
5) 1.2 D + 1.4 E + L + 0.2 S
6) 0.9 D + 1.6 W
7) 0.9 D + 1.4 E
The following exceptions must be added to these combinations:
a) The load factor of L in combinations (3a), (4) and (5) can be 0.5 for all
the destinations in which the value 0 L indicated in NCh1537, Table 5, is less than or equal
that 5 kN / m 2 , with the exception of parking lots or occupied areas as places
of public assembly.
b) When loads F and T are present, they must be included with the same factor
of load D in combinations (1), (2), (3a), (3b), (4), (5) and (7).
c) When load H is present, its factor must be 1.6 in combinations (2)

and (3a), and when the action of H adds to the effect of charges E or W on the
combinations (3b), (4), (5), (6) and (7). Also its factor must be 0 in the
combinations (6) and (7) when the lateral ground pressure counteracts the action of E or
W . When the lateral ground pressure provides resistance to the actions of others
forces, should not be included in H but should be included in the design resistance.
d) In combinations (2), (3a), (3b), (4) and (5), the concurrent load S must be taken
or as the snow load for
either as snow load for flat roof ()
f p
sloping roof () s p.
e) In cases where the wind load W has not been reduced by a factor of
Directionality is allowed to use 1.3 W instead of 1.6 W in combinations (4) and (6).
Each resistance limit state must be investigated. The effects of one or more should be investigated.
more non-acting loads. The most appropriate effect should be investigated.
unfavorable, either from the earthquake or wind separately, and it is not necessary to consider that
They act simultaneously. For the specific definition of the effect of the earthquake, E , see
NCh433
In areas where the presence of wind and snow is not possible, for example, areas
mountainous or located in regions XI or XII, combinations should be studied
specials that replace the combinations (3b), (4) and (5), indicated above,
but that are not smaller than the original ones.
eleven

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9.1.2 Load combinations including flood load
When a structure is located in a flood zone, consideration should be given to

following load combinations:
1) In areas susceptible to flooding the term 1.6 W in combinations (4) and (6)
must be replaced by 1.6 W + 2.0 a F.
2) In areas not susceptible to flooding the term 1.6 W in combinations (4) and (6)
must be replaced by 0.8 W + 1.0 a F.
9.1.3 Load combinations including atmospheric ice loads
When a structure is subjected to atmospheric loads of ice and wind-on-

ice, the following load combinations should be considered:
1) 0.5 ( r L or S or R ) in combination (2) must be replaced by 0.2 i D + 0.5 S .
2) 1.6 W + 0.5 ( r L or S or R ) in combination (4) must be replaced by i D+i W

+ 0.5 S .
3) 1.6 W in combination (6) must be replaced by i D+i W.
9.2 Combinations of nominal loads used in the design method by

admissible voltages
9.2.1 Basic combinations
Structures, component elements and foundations must be designed in

so that its admissible resistance is greater than or equal to the effect of the loads
nominal in the following combinations:
one) D
2) D+L
3) D + ( r L or S or R )
4) D + 0.75 L + 0.75 ( r L or S or R )
5a) D + W
5b) D + E
6a) D + 0.75 W + 0.75 L + 0.75 ( r L or S or R )
6b) D + 0.75 E + 0.75 L + 0.75 S
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7) 0.6 D + W
8) 0.6 D + E
NOTE - For the design of insulated surface foundations with combinations (7) and (8) of the ASD method,
a rollover safety factor greater than 1.5 and / or a minimum compressed area of
fifty%.
The following exceptions must be added to these combinations:
a) When loads F and T are present, they must be included with the same factor
of load D in all combinations except (7).
b) When load H is present, its factor must be 1.0 in combinations (2),

(3) and (4), and when the action of H adds to the effect of the charges E or W on the
combinations (5th), (5b), (6th) and (6b). Also its factor must be 0 in the
combinations (6) and (7) when the lateral ground pressure counteracts the action of E
o. W When the lateral ground pressure provides resistance to the actions of
other forces must not be included in H but must be included in the resistance of
design.
c) In combinations (3), (4), (6th) and (6b), the concurrent load S must already be taken
or as the snow load for
be like the snow load for flat roof () f p
sloping roof () s p.
The most unfavorable effects of wind and earthquake loads must be

considered, when appropriate, but do not need to be considered acting
simultaneously. For the specific definition of the effect of earthquake E see NCh433.
Increases in admissible stresses should not be used with combinations of

charges given in this standard unless it can be demonstrated that such increase is
justified by the structural behavior caused by the speed or duration of the
load, such increases, must be indicated in the design standard of each material.
In areas where the presence of wind and snow is not possible, for example, areas
mountainous or located in regions XI or XII, combinations should be studied
specials that replace the combination (6), above, but not
Less than the original.
9.2.2 Combinations of loads including flood load
When a structure is located in a flood zone, combinations of

charges should be as follows:
1) In areas susceptible to flooding, the term 1.5 to F must be added to

other charges in combinations (5), (6) and (7), and E must be set equal to zero
in (5) and (6).
2) In areas not susceptible to flooding, the term 0.75 a F must be added to

combinations (5), (6) and (7), and E must be set equal to zero in (5) and (6).
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9.2.3 Load combinations including atmospheric ice loads
When a structure is subjected to the atmospheric loads of ice and

wind-on-ice, load combinations should be as follows:
1) 0.7 i D must be added to the combination (2).
2) ( r L or S or R ) in combination (3) must be replaced by 0.7 i D + 0.7 i W+S.
3) W in combination (7) must be replaced by 0.7 i D + 0.7 i W.
9.3 Load combinations for extraordinary events
Where required by the applicable code, standard, or Competent Authority, the

strength and stability must be checked to ensure structures are
able to withstand the effects of extraordinary events (i.e. low
probability), such as fires, explosions, and the impact of vehicles.
14

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OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD NCh 3171.Of2010
INSTITUTE NATIONAL FROM STANDARDIZATION ● INN - CHILE

load combinations
Structural design - General dispositions and combinations of load
First edition: 2010
CIN
COPYRIGHT © 2010: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDIZATION - INN * Reproduction and sale prohibited *
Direction : Matías Cousiño Nº 64, 6th Floor, Santiago, Chile
Web : www.inn.cl
Member of: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) • COPANT (Pan American Technical Standards Commission)

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OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD NCh3171.Of2010