FIT PRESENTATION REPORT

ON

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
SEMESTER:-1
SUB:-Fundamentals of information Technology
DATE:-

Submitted to:-
Asst professor:- Aarti mam

Submitted by:-
Group no:-4
 AYAAN SHAIKH-17
 AYUSHI PATEL-18
 BANSARI PANDYA-19
 BANSARI KOTAK-20
 BHARVI PATEL-21

LJIMBA-5 Years Integrated

1
 ABSTRACT

 The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century
English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic
framework of the computers of today are based on.

 Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each

generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an
improvement to the existing computer.

 So here we will give you some of the information regarding history of

computers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our professor Mrs. AARTI
Mam as well as our Dean Nikita Mam who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic History of computer(FIT), which also helped me
in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things

What is computer?
 Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.
 The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to
calculate or programmable machine.
 Computer can not do anything without a Program. It represents the
decimal numbers through a string of binary digits.
 The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal
memory.

First computing device

 Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated
the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the
computer" he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in
the early 19th century.
 After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in
navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general
design, an Analytical Engine, was possible.
 The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via
punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms
such as the Jacquard loom

2
  For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The
machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later.
 The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of
conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first
design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern
terms as Turing-complete.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)

The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were
very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)
The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. 

Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Fourth Generation:  Microprocessors (1971-Present)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation
filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality

3
Modern computers
Concept of modern computer
 The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his
seminal 1936 paper
 On Computable Numbers. Turing proposed a simple device that he called
"Universal Computing machine" and that is now known as a universal Turing
machine.
 He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is
computable by executing instructions (program) stored on tape, allowing the
machine to be programmable.
 The fundamental concept of Turing's design is the stored program, where all
the instructions for computing are stored in memory.
 Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern
computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central
object of study in theory of computation.
Stored programs

 Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required
the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine
 With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-
program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in
memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation.
 The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing
in his 1936 paper. In 1945, Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and
began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer.
 His 1945 report "Proposed Electronic Calculator" was the first specification for
such a device.

Transistors

 The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors
replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second
generation" of computers.
 Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are
smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat.

4
  Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and
had longer, indefinite, service life.
 Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic
circuits in a relatively compact space.
Integrated circuits

 The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the
integrated circuit.
 The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist
working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence,
Geoffrey W.A. Dummer.
 Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the
Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in
Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952.

Mobile computers
 The first mobile computers were heavy and ran from mains power.
 The 50lb IBM 5100 was an early example. Later portables such as the
Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable were considerably lighter, but still needed to
be plugged in.
 The first laptops, such as the Grid Compass, removed this requirement by
incorporating batteries – and with the continued miniaturization of computing
resources and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew
in popularity in the 2000s.
 The same developments allowed manufacturers to integrate computing
resources into cellular phones.
CONCLUSION
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input
from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions
(called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use.

This tutorial explains the foundational concepts of computer hardware,

software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. along with how to get the
most value and impact from computer technology.

BIBLEOGRAPHY
Wkipedia

Quora

5
Computer totorial points

THANK YOU