C1 Revision Booklet Exam Questions Mark Scheme

M1. (a)
one mark for each
substance linked
correctly to its
description
do not accept more
than one line from
each substance
3

(b)      0 / zero / none / no charge

1

electron
1

(c)     (i)      nucleus
1

(ii)     atomic number
1

(iii)    mass number
1
[8]

M2.          (a)     protons (and) neutrons

both needed for 1 mark
ignore p / + and n / 0
do not accept electrons
1

(b)     because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

allow protons and electrons balance / cancel out
allow positive / + and negative / - balance / cancel out
1

(c)     it = atom A

because atom A has a full highest energy level or full outer shell
allow all the shells are full or no incomplete shell

or because atom A has a stable arrangement of electrons

allow because atom A is in Group 0 / a noble gas
1

(d)     (atom) B / lithium / Li (and)

(atom) C / sodium / Na
 both needed for 1 mark
1

because they have the same number/one outer electron(s)

linked to answer for first mark
accept because both need to lose one / an electron
allow because (atoms) B and C are in Group 1 / the same group /
are alkali metals
1
[5]

M3.          (a)     (i)      2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

1

(ii)     4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3
1
[2]

M4.         (a)     causes dust pollution

1

increases traffic
1

(b)     (i)      decomposition

1

(ii)                44(g)
1

(c)     (calcium) hydroxide

1

(calcium) carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
[6]

M5.          (a)     limestone

clay
both for 1 mark
1

(b)     water
sand
crushed rock
for 1 mark each
1
[4]

M6.         (a)      limewater or calcium hydroxide solution

1

(reacts with carbon dioxide and) turns cloudy / milky

linked to first point
if no other mark awarded ‘puts out lighted splint’ gains 1 mark
1
[2]
M7. (a)     (i)      nickel
1

(ii)      75(%)
1

(iii)    (stainless steel) is hard /strong / durable

it = stainless steel
accept (pure) iron is soft
1

(stainless steel) resistant to corrosion or unreactive

accept (pure) iron rusts / corrodes / reacts
do not allow corrosive
1

(c)     Advantage : Conserves resources of crude oil and ores

do not allow more than one tick in the advantage column
1

Disadvantage : High cost of separating materials

do not allow more than one tick in the disadvantage column
1
[8]

M8. (a)    any two from:

•        copper / ores are running out / harder to find

•        there are no / very small amounts of high-grade copper ores left

•        copper metal is in demand

•        copper is expensive

•         now economical to extract copper from low-grade ores

it = copper
allow new methods of extraction e.g. bioleaching and phytomining
allow high-grade ores are running out for 2 marks
2

(b)     (i)      large amounts / 98% of rock to dispose of as waste

accept contains toxic (metal) compounds / bioleacher

orwaste rock takes up a lot of space

1

(ii)    any one from:

•        large amounts of fuels / energy used (for the furnace and electrolysis)
allow large amounts of electricity needed
ignore high temperature / electrolysis unqualified

•        (the extraction has) many steps / stages / processes

allow (extraction) is a long process / takes a lot of time
 •        large amounts of ore / material have to be mined
allow ores contain a low percentage of copper
1

(iii)    (copper ions move towards) the negative electrode / cathode

1

because copper ions / Cu are positively charged or are oppositely charged

2+

or copper ions need to gain electrons

allow because metal ions are positive or opposites attract
1

(iv)     (growing) plants
1
[7]

M9.  (a)     any two from:

•        to conserve ores / iron

accept ores / iron are non-renewable / non-sustainable
allow less quarrying / mining

•        to prevent the use of landfills

allow reduce waste

•        to conserve energy / fuel

accept fossil fuels are non-renewable

•        to reduce carbon / carbon dioxide emissions

•        to meet EU / International targets

ignore costs / demand
2
[2]

M10.          (a)     sulfur dioxide / SO2

allow sulfur oxide

1

(b)     global dimming

1

(c)     oxygen / O 2

(d)     (oil is a) limited resource / finite / non-renewable

accept running out of oil or wood is sustainable
accept (burning oil) increases amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere / global warming or releases locked up carbon /
global dimming / acid rain
accept the oil (may become) too expensive
1

(e)     carbon dioxide produced (from burning wood)

ignore global warming
1

carbon dioxide used by plants / trees or for photosynthesis

 if no other mark awarded
allow carbon emissions used by plants / trees or for
photosynthesis for 1 mark
1
[6]

M11.         (a)      (i)               use of carbon throughout = max 1

burning biodiesel releases CO 2

ignore burning trees

1

CO2 is absorbed / used by the crops/plants (used to produce the biodiesel)

allow CO2 absorbed / used by trees
1

(ii)                allow use of carbon for carbon dioxide throughout

increases CO2 / greenhouse effect

accept causes global warming

OR
allow causes climate change

less CO2is absorbed (from atmosphere)

ignore other correct effects
1

because burning trees releases CO2

accept fewer trees to absorb CO2
or crops / plants do not absorb as much CO2 as trees

OR
because there is less photosynthesis
ignore habitats / biodiversity
if no other mark awarded global dimming because of smoke /
particles gains 1 mark
1

(b)     any one from:

ignore carbon neutral / cost / less harmful / environmentally
friendly

•        crude oil / fossil fuel is running out / non-renewable

allow biodiesel is renewable / sustainable

•        demand for fuels / energy is increasing

ignore demand for biodiesel is increasing

•        new legislation / protocols

1

(c)     (i)      uses crops / land that could be used for food

allow destroys habitats or reduces biodiversity
ignore cost
1

(ii)     increases the cost of food / land

 ignore cost of machinery / process
ignore cheaper to produce biodiesel
1
[7]

M12.          (a)     (i)      heat / evaporate the crude oil / change to gas or vapour
do not accept heat with catalyst
1

cool / condense (hydrocarbons)

allow small molecules at top and / or large molecules at bottom
1

at different temperatures / boiling points

if the answer describes cracking ‘ no marks
1

(ii)     C4H10
1

(b)                H      H      H     

           │      │      │
     H ─C ─   C ─   C ─ H
           │      │      │
           H      H      H
1

(c)     (i)      C5 to C8 fraction are fuels or easier to burn or petrol (fraction)

accept C21 to C24 fraction not useful as fuels
do not accept produce more energy
1
[6]

M13.         (a)      (i)     hydrocarbons
accept alkanes
1

(ii)     distillation
1

(b)     (i)      vaporising
1

(ii)     cracking
1

(c)     B
1

(d)     (i)      new plastic products are made from the used plastic bags
1

(ii)     not biodegradable
accept does not decompose
allow does not rot
1

(iii)    advantage – energy is released

1
 disadvantage – carbon dioxide is produced
1
[9]

M14.          (a)     alkanes

1

catalyst
1
substances must be in the order shown

(b)     many (ethenes/monomers)

1

bond/join together
1
allow ethenes / monomers bond / join together to form very large
molecules for 2 marks

(c)     Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the

Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response.

No relevant content.
0 marks

There is a brief description of a positive and a negative

environmental impact involved with one or more methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)

There is some description of both positive and negative

environmental impacts involved with at least 2 methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)

There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of both

a positive and a negative environmental impact of using
each of the 3 methods used to reduce the amount of plastic
bags sent to landfill.
Level 3 (5–6 marks)

examples of the chemistry points made in the response

reuse:
reuse means less bags used so:

positive environmental impact

•        saves raw materials / crude oil

•        saves energy

•        cuts down on CO emissions

2

•        less global warming

negative environmental impact

•        could cause litter

•        could still be sent to landfill

 recycle:
bags bought can be recycled so:

positive environmental impact

•        used to make new plastic bags / objects

•        saves raw materials / crude oil

•        saves energy compared to producing plastic bags

from crude oil

•        cuts down on CO emissions

2

•        less global warming

negative environmental impact

•        collection point sites cause an eyesore / litter problem

•        transportation to recycling plant releases carbon

dioxide / causes global warming

burn:
bags can be burned so:

positive environmental impact

•        could provide energy for heating buildings

•        could provide energy for generating electricity

negative environmental impact

•        increases CO emissions

2

•        increases global warming

•        could release toxic gases

does not conserve raw materials / crude oil

[10]

M15.          (a)     C2H4

1

a correct other product and balanced eg C4H10

1

(b)     any five from the following bullet points:

allow converse for ethanol from crude oil

To gain full marks there should be both advantageous and disadvantageous issues and
their importance

Advantageous issues using sugar cane:

ignore costs – unless specified
ignore safety
ignore simple/low technology process
ignore labour intensive as an advantage
linked importance
 •  sugar cane/plants absorb carbon dioxide / photosynthesise
so is carbon neutral or reduce global warming

•  sugar cane / plants are renewable / sustainable

and so save resources / oil or crude oil is non-renewable

•  low energy process

and so it saves fuel or / making ethanol from crude oil needs fuel
for fractional distillation / cracking

Disadvantageous issues using sugar cane:

ignore fermentation releases carbon dioxide; destruction of
habitats/land to build production plants; types of pollution; waste
products

•  large areas of land are needed

which leads to destruction of habitats / forest

•  land could be used for food crops

may cause food shortages or increases the price of food or
increasing world population

•  slow process
so limits supply / production of ethanol

•  ethanol is impure or contains 50% ethanol

so needs further separation or ethanol from crude oil is 100% pure

•  batch process
so uses more labour

•  the crop yield / supply of ethanol is unreliable

because growth is seasonal / weather dependent or possibility of
crop failure

a justified conclusion
compensation mark, if no other mark awarded allow one mark
for two or more issues
5

[7]

M16.          (a)     (i)      pressing

1

(ii)     dissolve
1

(b)     bromine
1

(c)     temperature needs to be high / above 100 °C

allow melting point
1

          or
(sunflower oil has a) high(er) boiling point
           or
boiling point of water is not high enough

          any one from:

•        remove water / make potato crisp(er)

accept water makes potato soft / soggy

•        adds / gives flavour

1
[5]

M17. (a)     (i)      in the presence of a nickel catalyst

1

at about 60 °C
allow 50 – 150 °C
1

(ii)     (no) because hydrogen adds to the unsaturated fat or (no) because hydrogen
reduces the number of (carbon–carbon) double bonds
accept (no) because hydrogen increases number of (carbon-
carbon) single bonds
1

therefore there will be less unsaturated fat

accept therefore there will be more saturated fat
ignore prefixes to unsaturated e.g.trans/mono/poly
if the answer is ‘yes’ maximum 1 mark
1

(b)     (shaking breaks up the olive oil into tiny) droplets that are unable to join up
1

because (molecules in the) emulsifier have a ‘head’ which dissolves in / is attracted

to water or is hydrophilic
accept correctly drawn diagram for 2 marks
1

because (molecules in the) emulsifier have a ‘tail’ which dissolves in / is attracted to

oil or is hydrophobic
if hydrophilic and hydrophobic are given the wrong way round,
allow 1 mark
1
[7]

M18. Earth consists of crust, mantle and core

1

relative positions (of crust, mantle and core) correctly given

1

crust is thinner than the mantle and core

accept correct information from a labelled diagram
1

M19.    continents were joined together

accept there was a supercontinent / Pangaea
1
 the continents then drifted apart or moved apart
ignore attempts at explanations for movement
1

M20. a)    the continents of South America and Africa would

have fitted together like a jigsaw
1

there are matching / similar rocks / fossils on the

continents of South America and Africa
1

(b)     other scientists thought that continents are fixed / cannot

float or Wegener had no evidence to prove that
continents can move
allow Wegener was not respected by other scientists / PhD in
astronomy
1

and that a land bridge could explain the matching /

similar rocks / fossils on the continents of South
America and Africa
1

M21. (a)     (Kent reported because) damage was caused or it was above 3 (on the Richter scale)
accept description of damage
1

          (others not reported because) no vibrations / not felt / not noticed
allow below 3 (on Richter scale)
ignore no damage
1

(b)     movement of (tectonic) plates

allow collision of plates or plates rubbing together
or plates pushing against each other
1

          any two from:

•        vibration / (shock)waves (in the earth) or p and s waves

accept sudden jolts / slips

•        caused by convection currents (in the mantle)

•        heat / energy released from radioactive processes

2

(c)     any two from:

          scientists do not know:

•        what happens under the crust / mantle / under the surface
accept anything under the crust

•        where forces / pressures are building up

•        how to measure these forces / pressures

•        when these forces / pressures reach their limit

accept there is no pattern
 ignore random / speed of movement
2

M22.     (a)     bar drawn correctly 78 – 80 (%)

1

(b)     (i)      (Mars has) no (green / living) plants / trees

1

(ii)     (argon) is unreactive / inert

accept argon is a noble gas
1

(c)     (the amount of carbon dioxide has decreased because it has been) absorbed /
used by (green / living) plants / trees or used for photosynthesis
accept dissolved / absorbed by oceans or locked up in fossil
fuels /
1

(d)     the eruption of volcanoes

1
[5]

M23.         (a)      (i)     any two from:

•        used by plants
allow specific plants and algae

•        used for photosynthesis

ignore oxygen released / respiration

•        absorbed / dissolved in oceans

ignore oceans formed

•        locked up in fossil fuels / limestone / sedimentary rocks

2

(b)     increasing (CO or global warming)

2

more rapid increase recently

1

carbon dioxide causes global warming

accept greenhouse gas or
climate change / sea level rising
or ice caps melting
do not accept ozone layer or acid rain or global dimming
1
[5]

M24.          (a)   because these gases/molecules contain the elements / atoms in amino acids
or the gases / they contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
ignore oxygen
1

(b)     ignore small-scale / timescale

ignore references to water/oceans or other theories

 any two from:

•        nobody knows what was in the Earth’s early atmosphere

accept these gases / hydrogen / methane / ammonia may not
have been in the Earth’s early atmosphere
accept carbon dioxide / nitrogen may have been in the Earth’s
early atmosphere
accept reference to Venus’ present atmosphere
ignore concentration of gases

•        there may not have been (continuous) lightning

•        Miller and Urey selected only the gases needed to produce amino acids
2
[3]