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Exam Date: Thursday 14Th May 2015: Name: - Teacher
Exam Date: Thursday 14Th May 2015: Name: - Teacher
Teacher: ______________
Fill in the gaps for the early arrangement of the Periodic table.
Newlands attempted to arrange the elements in the Periodic table in order of their _______________
____________. He noticed that every eighth element had similar _____________________. He called this
discovery the law of _________________.
__________________ rearranged the order of the periodic table so that there were gaps for elements that
had not yet been discovered. However, some elements were still not appropriately place.
Group 1
Group 1 metals are called the alkali metals. They all react with water. Reactivity increases down the group.
Draw the electronic structures of lithium, sodium and potassium below and explain why reactivity with water
increases down the group.
Li Na K
The group 1 metals react with water to produce an alkali and hydrogen gas:
Write the word equations for the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with water in the space below.
Group 7
Group 7 elements are called the halogens. Reactivity decreases down the group.
Draw the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine below and explain why reactivity decreases down the
group.
F Cl
Transition Metals
Transition metals are found in the block in the _____________ of the Periodic table. They have lower
densities compared to the alkali metals. Transition metals are not as reactive as alkali metals.
Many transition metals can form ions with more than one charge and have coloured compounds.
Exam Questions
Q1. This question is about the periodic table. Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you answer these
questions.
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(1)
(c) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
(i)
an alkali metal.
a transition metal.
(1)
(ii)
an alkali metal.
a transition metal.
(1)
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
(a) (i) A small piece of sodium is added to some water containing Universal Indicator solution.
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(3)
(ii) Complete and balance the equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
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(3)
(c) The transition elements have different properties from the elements in Group 1.
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(Total 10 marks)
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(Total 4 marks)
Water
Hard and Soft Water
We can tell the difference between soft water and hard water because soft water readily forms a
__________________ with soap solution.
Hard water is hard because it contains __________________ ions (Ca2+) and magnesium ions (______).
These ions are contained in the water from when it runs over rocks and dissolves them. When hard water is
mixed with soap solution it will form a ___________.
• The central heating systems have their pipes narrowed by scale in these areas.
• You need less washing powder for the same amount of washing in these areas.
Purifying Water
To obtain water of the correct quality the following needs to be completed:
Water filters can be used to improve the taste of water by removing some dissolved substances. Water
filters are made from carbon.
Exam Questions
Q4. Some people use water filters because they are concerned about the quality of drinking water.
(a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
carbon.
(i) One of the active chemicals in many water filters is magnesium.
sulfur.
(1)
hydrogen
(1)
(b) Describe and give the result of a test to show that some drinking water is hard.
Test ................................................................................................................
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(Total 6 marks)
Q5. Water is a natural resource. Drinking water in some parts of the UK is soft, but in other parts
drinking water is hard. Calcium ions in water cause water to be hard.
There are two types of hard water, permanent hard water and temporary hard water.
• Permanent hard water can be caused by calcium sulfate (CaSO4) dissolved in the water
(a) Temporary hard water causes the formation of scale on heating elements.
(i) Explain how scale forms on heating elements.
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(i) Explain how adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) softens permanent hard water.
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(2)
(ii) Explain how a water filter containing an ion exchange resin softens permanent hard water.
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(Total 7 marks)
In the United Kingdom, obtaining safe water for drinking is as simple as turning on a tap.
The water is made safe to drink by water companies.
However, in many parts of Africa and Asia, water used for drinking is contaminated and
untreated. It is estimated that 2.2 million people die each year as a result of drinking
contaminated water.
Efforts are being made to solve this problem and more water is being treated.
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(Total 3 marks)
Calorimetry
The amount of energy released when substances burn can be measured by simple calorimetry. An
experimental set up is shown in the diagram below. Describe what is happening in the space to the right.
We can calculate the amount of energy released by the fuel burned using
Q = m c ∆T
change in temperature of the water
Bond H—H Cl—Cl H—Cl
Bond energy
in kJ per mole 436 242 431
Use the values in the table to calculate the overall energy change (∆H ) for the reaction.
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If the amount of energy released from bonds forming is greater than the amount of energy taken in then
the reaction is ________________________.
If the amount of energy taken in to break bonds is greater than the amount of energy released then the
reaction is ______________________.
B=
C=
CD =
A catalyst works by lowering the activation energy (the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to
happen).
Draw a new line on the diagram above to show what would happen is a catalyst was added.
Exam Questions
(b) The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below.
The energy changes, A, B and C, are shown on the diagram.
(1)
(ii) Which energy change, A, B or C, shows that this reaction is exothermic?
(1)
a catalyst.
temperature.
(2)
(c) A student did an experiment to find the amount of energy produced when hydrogen peroxide
solution is decomposed using manganese(IV) oxide.
The student first measured the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide. Then the student added
the manganese(IV) oxide, stirred the mixture and recorded the highest temperature.
(i) Suggest why the student stirred the mixture before recording the highest temperature.
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(1)
Suggest how the student could change the apparatus so that less heat is lost.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q8. HYDROGEN FUEL OF THE FUTURE
It has been suggested that hydrogen could be used as a fuel instead of the fossil fuels that are
used at present. The equation below shows how hydrogen burns in air.
The hydrogen would be made from water using energy obtained from renewable sources such
as wind or solar power. The water splitting reaction requires a lot of energy.
(a) Hydrogen was successfully used as a fuel for a Soviet airliner in 1988.
Why would hydrogen be a good fuel for use in an aeroplane?
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(Total 2 marks)
(a) The equation for the reaction can be represented using structural formulae.
2H–O–O–H 2H–O–H + O=O
Use the bond energies in the table to help you to calculate the energy change for this
reaction.
Bond Bond energy in kJ per mole
H–O 464
O–O 146
O=O 498
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(b) Explain, in terms of bond making and bond breaking, why the reaction is exothermic.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Identifying Ions
Flame Tests
Spills have been soaked in solutions containing the following metal ions overnight. The colours of the
flames are as follows:
Magnesium
Calcium
Aluminium
Copper
Iron (II)
Iron (III)
Chloride
Bromide
Iodide
Sulfate
Carbonate
1. When sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution of the compound, a white precipitate was
formed. On adding excess sodium hydroxide solution, the precipitate was insoluble. When the
solution was tested in a flame, the colour was brick red. I am _____________________________.
2. When sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution of the compound, a white precipitate was
formed. On adding excess sodium hydroxide solution, the precipitate was insoluble. This solution
did not change the colour of a flame. I am ____________________________________________.
3. The solution forms a green precipitate on the addition of a small amount of sodium hydroxide. I am
___________________________.
4. When the solution was tested in a flame, the colour was lilac. Adding acidified silver nitrate to the
solution produced a cream precipitate. I am __________________________________________.
5. When sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution of the compound, a white precipitate was
formed. On adding excess sodium hydroxide solution, the precipitate was soluble. Adding acidified
silver nitrate to the solution produced a white precipitate. I am _____________________________
______________________________.
6. When sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution of the compound, a blue precipitate was
formed. Hydrochloric acid was added to a solid form of this compound and fizzing was observed. I
am _____________________________________________.
Exam Question
3 Sodium hydroxide solution was A white precipitate formed that did not
added to the colourless solution dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide
from test 1. solution.
(i) The student concluded that the egg shell contains carbonate ions.
Describe how the student could identify the gas produced in test 1.
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(2)
(ii) The student concluded that the egg shell contains aluminium ions.
Is the student’s conclusion correct? Use the student’s results to justify your answer.
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(2)
(iii) The student concluded that the egg shell contains chloride ions.
Is the student’s conclusion correct? Use the student’s results to justify your answer.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Titrations
Titration Method
Titrations can be used to measure the volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other with a
suitable indicator present.
Write a method for a titration, using all of the equipment shown, in the space below:
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Titration Calculations
We can calculate the unknown concentration of a solution following this method.
1. Write out what you have of each reactant. Don’t forget to convert cm3 to dm3 by dividing by 1000.
2. Calculate the moles of the reactant that you have the volume and concentration for using the
equation moles = CxV.
3. Use the ratio of the balanced equation to find the number of moles in the reactant with the unknown
concentration.
4. Rearrange the equation to find the unknown concentration: C = moles ÷ V
Exam Question
Q11. In 1916, during the First World War, a German U-boat sank a Swedish ship which was carrying
a cargo of champagne. The wreck was discovered in 1997 and the champagne was brought to
the surface and analysed.
Describe how the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed to react completely with
the weak acids in 25.0 cm3 of this champagne can be found by titration, using
phenolphthalein indicator.
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(4)
(b) The acid in 25.0 cm3 of the champagne reacted completely with 13.5 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide of concentration 0.10 moles per cubic decimetre.
Calculate the concentration in moles per cubic decimetre of acid in the champagne.
Assume that 1 mole of sodium hydroxide reacts completely with 1 mole of acid.
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(c) Is analysis by titration enough to decide whether this champagne is safe to drink?
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(1)
A diagram of the Haber Process is shown below. Describe what happens in the space to the right.
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
Increasing the temperature means adding heat to the reaction. The endothermic direction will be favoured
to try to oppose this change and lower the temperature. Explain what will happen in the reaction to produce
ammonia. exo
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
endo
Exam Questions
Q12. The flow diagram shows the Haber process. In the Haber process, ammonia (NH3) is produced
from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2).
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(1)
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(2)
(c) Balance the chemical equation below for the production of ammonia.
N2 + ..........H2 ..........NH3
(1)
Explain why a temperature of 450°C is the optimum temperature for the Haber process.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q13. An exothermic reaction takes place when nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to make ammonia.
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(Total 4 marks)
Organic Chemistry
Alcohols
Alcohols contain the functional group –OH and have the suffix –ol when naming.
The general formula for alcohols is:
CnH2n+1OH
Draw the structures of methanol, ethanol and propanol.
Methanol (CH3OH)
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Propanol (C3H7OH)
Alcohols dissolve in water to form a neutral solution because they have covalent bonds. They react with
metals in the same way as water, producing hydrogen when reacted with sodium.
Alcohols combust in the same way as alkanes; reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Write the word and balanced symbol equations for the combustion of methanol, ethanol and propanol.
Methanol:
Ethanol:
Propanol:
Carboxylic Acids
Ethanol can be oxidised to form ethanoic acid (a carboxylic acid). Carboxylic acids have the functional
group –COOH and the suffix –oic acid.
Draw the structures of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid.
Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
Carboxylic acids react with metal carbonate in the same way as other acids:
Metal Carbonate + Ethanoic Acid Metal Ethanoate + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Write the word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate and ethanoic acid below:
Carboxylic acids dissolve in water to form an acidic solution. They are considered to be weak acids as they
only partially dissociate when dissolved in water. This means that not all of the carboxylic acid molecules
dissociate into their ions:
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO¯
Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid fully dissociate when dissolved in water:
HCl H+ + Cl¯
This means that every HCl molecule will dissociate to form the positive and negative ions.
Strong acids have low pH’s of 1. Weak acids have higher pH’s of 5 or 6.
Esters
Carboxylic acids and alcohols react together in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters. Esters
have the functional group –COO–.
Ethyl ethanoate is the ester formed from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate
below:
Esters have distinctive smells and are used as flavourings and perfumes.
Exam Questions
Q14. The structures shown are of the first two members of a homologous series of organic
compounds.
Methanol Ethanol
(a) (i) Complete the diagram for propanol, the next member of the homologous series.
Propanol
(1)
(i) What type of reaction happens when ethanoic acid is produced from ethanol?
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
(1)
and ................................................... .
(b) Propyl ethanoate, a fragrance, can be produced by reacting ethanoic acid with an alcohol.
Propyl ethanoate is a member of a series of organic compounds. The members of the
series all have the same functional group.
(i) Draw a ring around the functional group for this series on the displayed structure of
propyl ethanoate.
(1)
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(1)
(iii) The alcohol used to make propyl ethanoate has the formula CH3CH2CH2OH
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. The structures shown are of the first three members of a homologous series of alcohols.
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct general formula for alcohols.
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(1)
(i) When ethanol dissolves in water the solution formed is not alkaline.
(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
acidic.
When this compound dissolves in water, the solution formed is alkaline.
neutral.
(1)
(ii) Ethanol reacts with this compound to produce the organic compound shown.
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O