Afghaa s¢e L ‘ vos EDRS PRICE MPH $0 96 tice $1.95 PLUS POSTAGE } DESCRIPTORS cuttu Di€ferences; Fasily Relationship; z Interaction Procgéss Analysis; Landuage,,Patterns;’: L : Language Ysage; ¥Persian; Plurals; *Pronouns; 2 Semantics; Satial *Sccial Relations ‘Sociolinguistics Spoken Usage; Vocabulary : : G \ “1 Address Foras; Afghanistan; Dari;. Kinship Teras: = of iam « ne : Loy roe i ABSTRACT ~ oes — s of addisss in Afghan weed: Sety reflect t 1 pglationships ‘between :the Speakers as well as, the societ ~~ * steuctare, In Afghan Persian, or Dari, first, second, and last «hres have different sémantic- dine: ms. Boys* first names usually consist of two parts or morphemes, of hich one may be part of the fat name. Girls names usually cons{st 9f only" one part, but sométines Where’the actual first nase\is*considered to consist of a, Goanor, name plus a proper given name, the prope: In cases where both parts are considered inporte both rust be as@d. Ox-names or nick the given nage, In soe cases an honorific or a patronymic rane pay used, ip aa2€ plus the relative's first nahe) “is is oléar thas the addressor. warried parents address each o t child's name; ci es couple Pp pattern. Younger fani senvers p term tather than a rae te address older aenbers. 3 ased betveer peers and by older eebecs in to younger 5 ly, the use of titles eest inclute maze and may or may not include last name; and\si aajorizy of people. in atgha have @ Last name. Like th , usé of names, kinship ¢ ari pronours of address 5 : and age. bane RN EET EE HORE ERO AHMAR EL HOD Leta eceR RRL EA beet bas RbaeHERe SEE ERLE TE | * Documents acqui' Luds nany informal unpudiicued + saterials not availab 8 Dthes sources. C wakes every effort _* to obta: sepy available, nevertheless, items of marginal + reproda often oncountcred ana this affects the quility of th tions I¢ makes available «via the vice {F0FS). EDRS is 20+ 4 * respons ginal document, Zepraductioas + Supplied by SEs are the bee pe sede from the orig Revue eeaae tpribitetastuentoenssscreneersnsenesesstanrecanensssenarse csnuseenneneNaMING AND ADDRESS IN AFGHAN SOCIETY Fesas ‘ap-mustiin 1978 M. Alan Miran 2 \TABLE,OF CONTENTS ~ \ a 7 ~ 7 Page Preface .. A Introduction .-.-.+serese 0+ The Principle Patterns of Afgfian Names ... Differences Between Boys’ and Girls’ Names Boys’ Names . . Girls' Names 0¢~name, Nickname Honoritic Names’. Feknonynous Naaes vo Kinship Names - gl Last Nang. eee esos Yhe Pronouns of address ... Notes ---2c0seeceecnerroone f : : . Bibliography .. 23 . ° : a . = . . % . . - 4 ' ‘ eS “i an . : ~ . . ws . : :. . Preface t we a 4 wnt . ° - The type of naning and forms of address in Afghan society are different from thase, in American socie That nada me think ‘about the social struc A ~ ature of Afghans; particilarly those who, speaks Dari (Persian). “this _study is based on, three sources, ‘tthe reference sources’’are: a Roger Brown and Marguerite Ford's ant le, "Address in American English" in Language in Culture and So > edited by Dell Hymes and published by * 2 a) 7 Harper and Row, 1964; ,(2) “Nuer Yodes df Address," by E.E. Evans-Pritchard, . "in Language; ‘Ln culture and Society, editad by veri Jiymgs’ and published ew Harper and Row, 19645 and’ (3) Roger Browmagnd Abert Gilman, "The Pronouns of Power and solidertiy" in Readings im the Sociology Sf Language, edited by Joshua A. Fishman and Published’ by Mouton, “1968, The second source is based ‘on’ dgta from my, Atghan’frtends, _vhor T have contact with off and dn. I asked them questions “about the type, of sfaming and . forms of address. used if their families. One observation w&s made through. {apings I taped what tally said during a picnic at Zi} cer Park, while thé adults were Playing: cards and the children were playing near the table. This group included ,two fantites, the Burhans and Wasiqis$ as well asMr. S: Popal avid Me. MO. Azizi. At the vime, ‘they were all. going to school here af the Uni~ = \ veisity. I am grateful fa5theit patcizipacion, and % thank them for their Iincerest in ny project and these patience in working with ng., The' third source is my own experience. in and knowledge about Afghan cul oT was born in a village and Lived there up to agg‘l3. The rest of ‘sy tur . ¥ life ‘has been gpent in Kabul, the! capital city of Afghanistan, shere 2 | repetyed ny secondary education, ab ‘vell,as higher education. I still remained‘in ’, \, °Oo 5 - : . su I have had dxperience both with the village ae a eee o wot + life, as well as that of ee fromi,the Joyest Vevel of society up to the 5 +’ frequent contact with ay Pantly. Kighest * Ae oy A ni: . Finally, I would like tb acknowledge and express ny appreciation for the ai ; $ ‘interest and constructive feedback givén to me by Pr. Joel Sherzéf. Wittlout . est concggping, Afghan society and helpful suggestions, : a 7 eee eas “. .48 would have heen ‘impoSsible to deyelop the content of this ‘study. oy : a1° different in different languages. In other words, "each Language carriés its _+ Conversation between two people. ugually sgequires a certain selection of” ‘Linguistic forms. this! se ea (Ggonn oe people who ‘are involved as, beaker and a1 listener. “The use of “Hinguistid foims which ate relational is not predictatte. Te, 88, oy, preatce- able from the properties af Phe dyad (foun afd Ford, p- 234). ants terng consti a ricted language Xelatisnship, and this, relationship ‘might be ve . ee a . own set of rules accoPding to’ the ‘stat, stfucture of the soctety where that‘; patticular\anguage is. spoken. + For exaaple, “there is ‘no term in English fo * . distidguish between npseetan Nand paternal aunty but fp Dari ((Afghait aPgrsian) “there are two differents iors that aistingutsh ‘the. maternal atint /talde/, from the peternal aunt /aenge#? ££ Jou have'the tvo aunts at home, let's, oy during the Christnds. season, it is impossible, th English to use the kinship weer dint" to, addvess the one that you really an to, chat wtih, unless yoy ae bax proper nané ‘is vel proper names; according to Brown and Ford, “constitute a nearly saserat language of" relationship,’ ‘they serve. to show the relationship ofthe senantic dimensions’ to. all, , timbers of the’ spctery, but, ‘the! patterns may have aifforences related to each sastiduat Tanguage. . _ Before onthe the main discussion ‘of the types.of aggress uséd in Afghan society, I would like to give aiittie information, ‘about “haming, That is Afghans first name, second name, afd 1gst.namés have “aitgerent senentic dimensions.z. i a sth ane the, social’ structure, ah, Ag The namé is given oer by parents x sonetines by very intimate relays or friends. The given name is retained and. preserve, hrgéghout the child's” Life. These nanes are for the most part taken’ frqu Arabio; byt they rage pro- nounced in the local dialect in.colloquial speech. ‘ caer es ernie “Bragptes:, Wehammas PST Cox's nae) * bet ae + jHalina + feedimet/ (girl's name) * ot The personal snanes- given to children fererallyfalt intp two patterns in reghrav‘tc’ sex, the boys’ and, thé girls! ‘names... , “ Differences Between Boys’ and Girls’ Nanés A. ‘Boys§ Names A Boy's given name is vnsualy, composed 3 tuo Partsor, morphemes. * mése parts may ér may not be pat of the father’s name. for example, a = a 4 ame, shown in*ghe sfollowing:. ae . I My-father's name is Sayd Alam: : ae nane is Nohannad AlanW 4 7 *86 do-with any of the above; rea * Bucing. tie last -twe decades naming 2° : has been changed; and it 4s not necessaiiy that’ a chutes pertiot fiawe f "| ‘be taken from his ancestors’ nates. Because of this’ change, it “ig also. . Me naar } we ee?possible “shat a natie of one norphine only is given to ge child, auch | Mashir, Faria, Honajan" coestinattt." ' Soe ks mentioned ‘earlier, eden cnita traditionally has one, given nane ~ + condistiitg of two ‘parts. .One of hese ‘parts, elther he “first or the. Jas part, may-have sone 2 of the folloving very connon ages: Yohammad, “Abdur, “Gholan, Ali, Khan, Jan, Shah, tha, “and una. 5 ’ 2 7 Joined with eaeh other or,may be conbined with other nafes in ofder to, ‘complete the jhole. given nang, sucil as "Mohapmad Nabi, Agu Ali, ; te 9 Mohammad Au, Din Mohammad, Habibullah, Khan Yohanmad s" ete. The Pho- . wee ve . ! nenic transcription of these and oghen names i ageording to the gen~ Feral conncn‘piorunctation of people in Kabu}:* 5 . eee Manned Nabi co ebaemly eo mpaunsate * Yeebdulaeti)'* ae y * ohana ani 5” osoabi ort) £ . i ey soe 2) Din Hohbiyad* q Jainnandea/, ee ; . -*fRepivuntah \ Jeediost |, a © ean wiianmad “i fda tiasbay | + F \v "gan Mohammad’ 7. “liga ma rt : "Abdul Mohammad Morvan mansed/ : : t Mohammad as oye + > Alt Mohammad’ ? fagiyandeds +, > me “B. Girls’ Names , om tee, . ee : Giygs" nanes ‘sudlty consiat of nly onb jh¥t and are natly taken from Afdbic. ag af these naned, are aLeSinguishéd from, the é ‘nokphologital rulés ‘the norphene 4, s 2 Soy boys" “nates by thé Arab é S ey ; 1/8] As added as a suffix fo" the malé's nangto create a femalSy Bietgt Wamp? ge . yalin +e matin ni ene Jeeih ta ee es, Jamie o ‘ts ~ Najib-} & oe Najiba oe . wand itansaa” oh om A nuiber ‘of girls! pérsonal naries réfer ta’ th venity of nature or to.very important things in the ‘orld such as ‘ragwer, breeze, soul, | the Light of the moon, stars, ete. fone ar 2 Name “Phonente Baasaceinion Meaning?) ‘— Waghdiakay * Jwaonsekely,” , “‘preeze’ tes aa * Worant Faweant} . co tenadessts . + targhun * Teaergin/ : tgraeahany Torpekay. ftotepekady/ +. "prunecte’ | . Nasrin® + /iiaesrfn/ "Jonquil! - . Qemar Jgganate/. ae “Faosnt J . ’ yo . Somes girls" “names, but rarely, consist of wp, parts as the boys’ eer do. "'Begom" and "Xhanom™ 'Lady’ are thé two popular women’s inamed which combine With another given names For example, Khan Begom /xan, beygom/ im : 5 Begon Jan, [oeygim Jan/ ° {oe a Gol Khanom /g01 xanéro/ . . These ate Afghan traditional ladies‘ nanes which are still more Pop- _ ular dn the country rather than in the cities. In the cities, peopletend to have ne Word name, such athe Arabic names "Janila” oo and "Kamila," or hon-Arabie“nanes «ai “Yiona, Zeyba, Fereyba," etc. > 55 The . papular ‘common nases, viicli have been mentionéd earlier are counted” as aubordinators to. ‘phe actudl real. ” phiven nanes. “In ottier words, ne con te + mon nes Sack! as. sonal arevnst ‘the core part of the ties name ems 7 to my first ‘name, The’ Semantic dimertéion involved in Afgh: foideing patterns! .? pote 2 GSN) + PM EZ % . * : | Sabordinaving noGe (SN), Proper piven noun (PN), First noize (Ht) _' phat, there: dre thousands ‘of "Nohaiizads.” fa of them, wiil say "yes" if | are called by "Mohammad." Ther ig, no vay to distinguish between ‘them “unless to’ call them by the secbnd portion-of their names. 00 Im the case of "Gholan Mohamiad” in which both Bortions are comnon, the comsonalsty of ‘"cholan"* is lesser than ee so "Gholam" can bé “the proper ‘given name (PN). 3 In the cas¢ off sone names, both portions ‘of FW are important; that is, _ "SM and PN have to be pronounced when someone is, addressed’ by, his FN. ° For = example, "Khan Mohamad, Jan Mohanmad,” and:"Sayd Alan” are all supposed to be pronqunced fully but the contraction.of both portiohs. is allowed. : Khan Mohanmad Jrannaed/ Jan Yohamad * — /jannsed/ uo Sayd Aan [/saeydaleem/cao "Jain, Khan,” arid "Saya," besideq being PN, ate alsb' honogiitic nahess . oe and - thi" ls why ‘they are. not congidered the core Portion of FW,” On the pther * a 4 . . : . . x vt Hera, “Mohampad” and “cholan” are, the subordinators. Therefore botk por~ od pons conbined constitute a linguistic fora of” “ene FN. ae eer : a tom B sie sense of en can second nanes, there is ifo picond name in the* Lee 8 * MFphan| naming syAREgn.’ ‘The senantic, dinensicn of American names has a = Tationahip, to one's ancestors. as relgetontap does, not appear in the ~ + " asemaitic dimension of Afghan’ names. . “In éther words, the two portions’ of . *\ ni are’ considered as one full ae Neither of these’ tio’ portions, SNaér “ , _ PH, ds, Felated cote cnila's materndl. and pate: expla grandparents! pale 7 nite rule hid ve cLaveale the enaKtt ic dfnension of thé Afghan noth 43 etther bath portiéns of FN ast prong as one full name with Bosgtble contrac~ + tion forms, atin "eh eae fy’ spill have the prestige oe being an Bi and ° . not ‘a sécond nane, such as "Yohemnad, Sharif” /naneed Saerif/. There: is np y ‘ eee ad" /eelysinaed/, or each pase is, tréated- & 2. twordisferent segments uh : : ; . second name at all in Af han names. Im America, it fe usually allowed fo mane goneone if lineal descent; « ‘ . that vis, it js omnon thar a,boy be naned for ‘his, father | or maybe his _trendtathars J The oply. vay” to dtseingutsh | Vetween tite boy and his parent! 5 : “ 4 name is to ‘use thé Senior (ir.) -ab the end of the boy's nafe and Senior ~ (Sr) aftér phe parent's name, such as Dudley McCalla ‘se. and Dudley | "** a +. MeCalla JX This form of being a senior,or.a jinior is-not, revealed in Afghané' names. Tt_ might happen, -but rarely, that someone will regeive so «hiy/arandtather’ s fire hame but not nh father's first-nane. . tie yould fot, however, be called after his grandfather gs a junior.as’ Nohanmad, Gholan, Anau," and PN, au as “ata * . Yf and "Sakhi" as in ohoaa Saleni. an 7, 2: If the BW and PN-are Pyare as ,tvo different roephenéa, | the PN . fe he ‘real sien’ nane.- ‘rs "chotan Mohamad" is codsidéred as . { ro ° tae + two atéteréne cpoxphenes, onoln'“ts the PN. The pause (iinetuce) betiveen che two segment ds ‘tomisit “Hy and each ond takes the ~ - ae setae stfess on “the” “Lest syllable, buch as “Hhotaptaansea/ : “1 tha tho parts of FN arp treated as cne’ ‘segment, ‘theye 5111 be “9 close onctore between “su and PW and the last syllable of the” . ‘contracted “form rebesues, the primary stress imitte the last syllable» >. of SN takes: the weak stress: - Mohanmad Jan Taboae 4a). 4, Oxcriane, widknane, othe woe “of “an px-nama ‘as well ay a niekame ist Conon, in Afgtian society. Aa ox-name? refers o,either 3 gatlant action” or to some king of aninal_ that’ te brave and forceful 1iké the lion, tiger, woif, ete. Buch names ‘ coat ‘i noe : wt appear in the folldving pagterny . - , 2457 . 7 . fegoatealy/ "1400" * L, ae Tt [ocnyatedy/ abeel, ANinay also be given either ‘iu’ gx-name or a nicknatie.” The general’ pattern da _’ | the Afghan norm is to give only a. nickaline a gir], such as "Qanargoi! "moor! and flower, "Sheringol” tthe svect suell of flover,* ete. Giving * . ‘ : : either an ox-nane or'a nickname to a bay is optional thag 4s, boys can receive one, such as "Eznaray" "Lion," “sheragha" "the master of the Lion,’ . “Golagha" "the master’ of tbe, flower," “ete. These-ox-nanes. and nickitufes +? + may repl. I FN. Thete areynany people who are called by these nanes., . In Bari, the use of "Kian" "Mr." and "Jan" “Miss, urs. "*is reciprocal; * that is," the vast majority of all dyads exchange mutual FN “plus "Jan" at the end of a girl's name and han" at the end of a boy'S name, such as: \ Boys! Masies Girls’ Names : . AL) sharif Khan! Sharifajan! a 7 * Latif Khan! Latifaja : . coe Khalil Khan! L Homajan! : Khan" will never be used with girls’ names, but on the other hand! "Jan" : is Used with boys' annes either as a portion of FN, as, in "Jan Mohammad" Post FN as in "Cholan Jan." These are used especially with youngsters. or For example, one of my informant's ‘son's nane is "Khalil" and I call him halil Jan." 5 ay III.‘ Honoritic Names Some male ghildren inherit the honoritic name of their §lan for their rst name. In other words, in addition-to the twé portions of BY, the X HN is added as a preunit to his name. HN can be, categorized in the fol _ lowing ‘groups: v_ he wis born intoa,, This child is addtessed mostly by his HN, plus "sayb” Iv. Religious Inheritant Tribal Inheritant ~* : * Agha . Safi . Hazrat * ° “Sardar , 7 * xhoja . ; Ghelzeiy * Mri oo; , Popalzaey . Saybzada ot : ~Sheykh we . : the child inherits an’HN from the religious grovp depending on what family 'sir," such as "Mir-sayb!, Hazrat-sayb!, Khoja-sayb!," ete. The sane rule” ; eo * is applicable to the tribal group’ for Sardar, but the others such as and "Popalzaey" are the individual choice of the tribal menber if he wants to use it as a last name (LN). We'll discuss this more in the section discussing last, names (iN). “patronymic names is a sort of address in which a young Boy or girl is called by his father’s name. It is mostly used when a child is young. The words /baecee/ "boy or sont and /doxtaée/ ‘girl or daughter’ ‘are used as : 1 pooh Fy prbunits to the father's name," such as /batcé Baerif/ ‘the son of Shari! and /doxteére keérin/ ‘the daughter of Karin!', It is also possible to use patronymic names with a child's father's ezirf ‘the daughter of the title in the’ sane pattern, such as /doxtaére “ - Minister’ and /baecé raeyis/ ' b son of the President," etc. i Teknonynous Names .Generaliy, it is the norm of Agghan society that addressing someone 5 ° 5 by his firgt‘name is insulting if the addressee is much older than the °"the hinghip’ terms, ‘dad@y' or ‘mama.’ Fi ae addzesser. In order, to avoid this insult, a.cteknonymous name, which is the coubinatlon of a kinship name and a relatives first,name (FRX), 18 used among the people. ° For example, fpaedéer/ ‘father’ (kinship name) + Layle (8K) Ipacdacre laeyla/ 'Layla's father. ee In American English, the tekndnynous name is used without FN. The si pattérn is such that parents who have children and who ure catia "daday"- aod ‘mother! by their dhildren often ceil each other ‘daddy’ or ‘mother. I don't believe th t adults without children address each cther by' using in Afghanistan, the married couple with childrén rarely address each other or are r#ferred to by their FN; that is, within the social structure people try‘ to avoid the use of FN. There is the exception of those-who « have been highly educated in the western countries and have adopted the vestern notion of using FY. Married parents addréss“€ach other by using people. The eldest child's name is usually used, whether a boy or a girl? occasionally a second child's name is used. For example, the husband may call Kis wife /nadaére folea/ or /bobsye goldm/ ‘the mother of Golan." the wife may call the husband /afdye folda/ or /babé foléa/ "the father of Gholam,' etc. In the case of a lack of children, narried couples may address each | the names of the eldest children which inight suggest that they are old | | other by using either /o:/ or /u/ ‘hey! or 2 kinship pattern. . | the /o:/ pattern, vhich comes from the underlying form Jo: baecse/ | they boy!’ or Jot doxtaer/ they girl!,' is used. auong the peopte in the ; :. , te “country. The senantic diffension-of using Jo: # reveals the, shyness of the’ “, menbers,of sdeiety. They make this utterance only to make the addressee ‘ ‘ Pay atteftion to then. The kinship pattern, such as /doxtaébe aenat/ ‘the danghper of ay Paternal aunt! or, Haoxtatre xalee/ ‘the daughter ofmy A | materngl ails? eenerghty cousin), also fias popular use smong couples ‘who shave married their first or secand cousins. The marriage ‘between two + eoisins is deen In Afghanigtan:.. 4 7 5 T had al "nacsted cougid from the northern part of ‘Afghantotan tho 4 servad as inforngnts here in Austin. Throughout ny. observation, they never ‘i 5 5 ysed each other's first ands (RN), nor did thtéy use ony nieknanes. r askda them if they had any nicknames and they answered that they atan" te >. I-asked what thej called each other- The husband said, "most of the time - how to cala*each other is understandable between us, but sometimes I use ‘ is vife said that she never my oldest son's name! (Teknonymous name). uses her husbdnd's name. “It isua shame for me to do it." What she said ~ . . of is that she is.too shy to use her husband's FN or last name. . ‘ . Vv. Kinship Names “ " As we said before, ‘the use of FN by the younger menbers ‘of a family * to address the’ older ones is not socially acceptable; therefore, the use of Kinship names is very popular. It is 4 nonreciprocal address; that is, a yOunger person usually gives the kinship name and receives his ‘FN. The ‘kinship names in the Afghan norm can be distinguished between any member 5 fro. of the family or relatives. rf mother Inadet x], foobo:/; /naende} Fi father Ioabee/, fatal - 13 16 ‘+ sister £ PaenBixees /rwae/ raat Lo brother - » ‘/bexadadc/ wife +S feaeni>/xand: Faewabr/, /Siy/ elder’ brother | > Malé/, Tkaket f+ elder sister “fleet: Joydel. /aenixge vacle (oateznany | Ioansl. rea , uncle (paternal) . * Pea’ Joens/ aunt (matetnal) Le aa aunt , (paternal) . 3) Giving . kinship name tq an ald’person is a polite reaction. The semantic dimension of it is co recognize the power of someone wn! is oldér than you are. Showing respact to’ the older generation is part’ of the social - “pattern of Afghan society., Even if you address a service man who is older ‘than you are, itis very popular to call hin ‘Poabet / ‘gather, "Sor reaal, and /nand/ * “uncles The tshge of, any ‘of these tefms depends on what “tp . speaker thinks of eG and how he'would like to usé it. There is not any special pattern of'restriction on the, use of any of these terns. Abbreviation and ininuitive forns are used in a nonreciproca] way. “aa The youngster receives a diminuitive forq and gives a full kinship name‘ orgiN. It could, however, be reciprocal between playpates, or any othér person who is at'the sane age, power, and status. Examples: , Inze fol for Najmudin Jqodef for Qodbewin Jxaloz/ for Khalil »|The other diminuitive form is the suffix: /—sek/" or’ /-gaek/ as int [oecaegatk/* + 'ittle boy! / . : the *Jaoxtaerdtk/ — Aligtle girl! . The abbreviation may also be concerned with the use of one portion o& FH, such as "Najib" in "Najibullah," “Qodrat" in "Qodratullah," "Zaher" in ."Mohamnad Zaher," Madutah" in "Mohanmad Ullah," etc. : 1 t : . ‘ . c VI." Last Name - . 7 e Roger Brown and'M. Ford talk about “padres in, American English," in . i in Culture and Society, edited by Dell Hymes apd published by Harper ‘an Rot, 1964, pages 234-244. I found this aiscussion to be quite . Gatterent! from Afghan séciety. For example, they say that "the principal , . option of aeorete in.Americin English is the, choice betyeen use of the x cae 4 < eee 3 first nang (...FH) ahf use of a title witt the last, naii@(TLN)." -they& = 3 | . . continue and say, "these linguistic forms follow’a rule that is truly ~ 5 5 relational." agree with themsin the sense of applicatignof the Lin~ ~ guistic rule in Anerican English, but if we compare this with the Afghan _ Persian oat it is impossible to Seollow this rule. For ‘example, ‘+ (2) the majority’ of people in the Afghan society do not have a last name. ‘They are usually addressed by their first names. (2) If they do have 4 . last name, ‘Like the educated ones, they would never be addressed by a * 4 , title with their lest ngme (TIN). ‘The nom of address does not appeat in the same péttern as it does dptnetisn That is, thé social rtructure in the Afghan norm is to emphasize the use of FN rather than the LN, For example, it sounds very natural to say "Mermon Shafiga," "Mrs. Shafiqa’ oreva . i fort “hs I Stree earligr, “the ‘otion “of using the wast name with a title se ae fias been developed quité recently, andisone ney, titles S for different i s o ‘genes patebetn tngovacel 4a paShto; the sBheone official a1 anguane, of »Rpighanistan.” These titles have béen adapted igto Dari very easily 82 Se ve ane Met se . Mrs! 4 Péghla ”. “_ 'Miss* Scape ‘from western, ranges, | vodtay frog ‘English. ‘They are used , in the same panel, as the "Mexpoi, Reantst ‘and, "Shagfetay" iets! ‘ave: “Engineer choffan, ‘Dy Gholan Nabi, or.Be Gholan ‘vabs Javad, ete. -decupationan’ Heres ough. ac "thalita ig series any! "Khari" farmer, peasant," "Gelkar" “hcasony "ajar "donkey driver! "eqan' . , carpenter," etc, are used among the pepple very cotinonly. “the same ‘ts “y exuSivith the igher ‘offitial odcupaticnal titles such as "néraat” (teres! LZ __President," s"garkteb" "head clerk," “ods ‘director, principal, 1 Wrayis Thes€ are used mostly without nemtioning their a aha “igdie" tninttster: . ‘Fi. /sayb/ 'six' usually follows these title named, as in the following: 4 cee © dreeyisayb/ > - © nk, president! ‘ 4 _—__Invdixsayyl “Me, @rincipal f. pee wo 4 Poe a A Iierghonsyt Mile. Clerk!" . 7 fnysiatisare! | ‘Mee servfcenant! * * "habia! coun also bg used without- saying " "sayb" ‘sir these ‘tithes cbuih ve eithgr regiptocal Gr nonreciprocal. The semantic’. . power" prescribes thé “usage, gfithese « tities Bithe® between ysuperior and in- + + (fenjor or betyeen*thosé. eae equal power. ie depends on the different: 1 * a 5 5 occasion or situation.” “v7, wo a cc oo, The following gibepere aregectinoply “used abo thé educated “peopl Te "Gy febdye bornén/ «te. “bychan* . . © (2) [oigehde cayb/ tes Buran! . a , er @) eotitiay * “purhant : . oP 00. (4) fuasiil | ~ Mrasigat® . . on oa the semantic, use of (1) 1 ‘formal tind nonrdfiprocal (2) 4s nore snformal” 7 and cov “be either reetproca and/or, nonfeciprocal. It depends on who is talking. to a ihere.. (3) and)(4) are informal arid tecipfocal and +. qust’be betiGen/those people who have equal power ‘equal status, or are istose friends, the sodlal sstructére of the Afghan society never accepts, a the slater of title and last nane only, CTLN) wathoue, mentioning the frst’ name. For exemple, if you say Peagersty, odele popat/* ‘wir. Secretary a 1 WRopal!! or abetdey woezte/* "Me. secretary!," it js not only incorrect, an * but also insulting to the addressee. The following patterns are th€ gen- éral norms in’ Dari: . @ [agelety waetire maréé/ ‘tir. Secretary of Education!' (2) MBagelaty waezire saybe maref/ thr. Secretary of Education! I + 2 @ [Jaelatactndb waezire saybe naréf/ 'Your Excellency: Secretary of rf Education!' (4) Iwaezir sajebe maréf/ 'Mr. Secretary of Education! " . hs : (5) /waezir sayb/ 'Mr. Secretary!' As we can seg,rthe title.ts specified in the above illustrations except . . for or which is wed ty by those vho are in the lowest rank’, such as* Hanttors 6 or very ’ ie€tnace fiends. andl me The Aeshan 255 al struts .]. ture iystokicelly prescribes peopre to,be péLite aid most’ of the tise an, ae ? * ‘polite form ts, used, () fs vie} formal and nonreciprocat, In other yords, 5 . a eae of parliament or a ngssonivith a nonce rank, sucli- ag the Prime ° C . oF : Minister or the Kings gan, address the Ministé® of Baucativon” ah tigt snaniier. 7 “@ is used, by thdse people who have 18ss Poet than the Minister ofEd-, ~ ei — “ucation. “At ds a nonractp focal ayaresi and ‘it. shot, the diftezences on the‘ two dimension of levels of power: @) ts fsed the sak, vay, ak O)zswith ale non'gathe, cabinet, 4 LM tis. either reciprocal, greater degrfe of porDyeness + Vaenbers of nonreciprocal adgress between thé people int that Sintsthy and ares 56 x ay / those,who have’ Less power. : ane ‘ be 7 3. ‘Tf someone “talks! about 2 third party, itis the commof noym in Afghan “. mo of : wgocgery, that the complete Form of tite, Eigse name, and lage fatie (fybome- ue aK Bye : * one wht be used. Fok example, if you are talking formally “abgit the ; resitent of thé University of Kabul, you may have to say Jpo: nin otisty a at a sadya abu aadée boeharacydbe onaeteine wads] (aseerany, profesgor, ddctor, gore ‘yoaul Qader, Baha, Prggident of the ‘unttersity of Kabul). & English,’ which fs much edsier afd ghoxter*than sin Pari, you say; ve i President" or "President Baha." Rem fiber that in Dari, you se pyeseat ; the full ‘frm of ENand-specify wher you usd TIN, ete Int grmal "Dr. Baha$* it is possible | to say Dr. Baha, but it must be understood bebveen the dyads that Dr. Baha,is the President of Kabul University Many people prefet te say Tees a Ixseyise saybe porhaentun/ (Literally, ene Uatver: ity) whe a ue President “of; the Uosvessteyy Kabul ip deleted hete deGause there is, in . the entire country; only ohe President pf the University whith 38 Kabul University. fo Races ven > u “otfl ' eB .os “1° Dard, Like the other Indo-European languagés, has dso siveege) yo sin- 4 gulaxapronouns of address.’ Beginning with: wt toe a ( ve Latin stu and vos (See Fishman, eq. Ipalian,' tu, -and vot ‘French | tu and , vous Spanish tu and —_-vosgtros a . . . ms . . ue Gérman | du and," sie . ' English © ‘thdu and“ you, ‘and finally oo cas so ty Epast 7 tw and | shona The pial “form” ‘shomt” as a form of address tq a singular person might have % Qt directed tp: the keings and noblenen in the early centuries as it was done 7 4 A Latin (See speed, 9 z 254). Afghanistan we been ruled by emperors of ‘kings for mote than fives thousand years. “shomal" ‘has been directed to the oh, A enperor. since very early canturies. ‘The use of the plural fcrm of the pronoun “ye (shoma), %o a Singular person, I believe, has been diffused from either an - eastern exgerotf or western empefor. As Brown and Gilman say, “the use of the a tM { ase 8 tng emperor began ip the pee eee By that “tine, there ‘actually “ Mere two enperors; the rulec of the eastern empire had his seat in Constantinople this Let Ae and the rulér of the west sat in Rone." . Solidarity, as a notion of differentiating address among power equals, Pane ~ : has been-developed in Dari recently. Yn other words, another form of pronoun e. laddéss has come into use. For exaaple, /xodét/ or Jzodetén/® you, yourself." These forns” Ace more, polite thgn the /tu/ ap! less polite and more intinate - : “ _ Athan */gomé/. Within the use of these forms, the first is less polite than, the second one. ‘The use of these forms indicates the equality of power that the dyads ‘have. For example, if A and B address each other and. use,/xodét/, it means that the dyads have equal power and the type of address used, is recip~" jxbeal. Tf ee A and B use /xodetan/, the power is eqdal but stronger than the first @imension and the address is reciprocal: _In the case of A siving, 2 ¢ + fxoaée/ and rhceiving Froaetsols or vice versa, the semantic “dimensions are fhonreciprocal and the possession of power is differentiated by the’ dyads. 4, Pronqun usage such as /tu/ (1) and /Soné/ (V from Latin vos) usuglly fol~ lows the rule of the nonreciprocal form; in other words, there is an unequality of power eiveed the’ dyads (T-V). | One gives T and receives V. There is also ae te rule of mutual shasios of ¥ or T between people of equivalent power. ‘That f vis, one gives T./tu/ and receiyes /Bona/ or V. The usage of /eu/ and /8oma/ + follows the same rule as /xodét/ and /xodetdn/. . the difference between the grpups of pronouns seems to be the possession of paver. /to/ has the lowest’ degree of power, while /Somd/ has the strongest 5 degree of power. /xoddt/ and /xodetdn/ are parallel with /tu/ and /Zoné/ in - w . pattem wday. lo / . In general, the use’ oF /tu/ is more Sree between the people in the .— . country’ side. . The service men usually use /tu/ to address each bener, which ‘ is reciprocal, though having ieee power and equal status. Jxodét/ and itoppldral counterpart Ixodetdn/ are used anong the educated peorte whd haye, equa’ fover and status.» The semantic dimension is eith re- efprocal or nonteciprogal, depending on which one of these is used to whom and in what circumstances’5 JSona/ is used mostly* among the highet and middle classes, and anong thé” educated people. It reveals more, power: and Status than the other two.férms. It may cover the three possible dyadit patterns (See Brow and [Ford in Hymes ed. 1.235): The reciprocal exchange ‘of V++V. . eo ‘The reciprocal exchange of T-V. : 3. The nodreciprocal pattern in which one person may use T and the other V. . . tet ‘ ‘The occurance of these three patterns occurs in a high frequency yith some problems. ‘These problems are related to various facts, such as the intimacy between the members of a dyad, theit power,’ and their status. |,that is, each part carries a meariing. | For example, in ny namé, ‘Mohammad I used the term-"morpt.éme" because many: of these names are meaningful; _tefers to "Mohammad" the prophet, and “Alan” means flag. The whéle neaning is "the fag, of Nohanmad. 2. acc The stréss always skis on the last t syiiable ofa noun, -adjective, and adverb, in Dati. o Ox-nane has” eer used by ELE. Evans-Fritehard in "Nuer Nodes of Address," géction 24, of, Language in chan and Soctety, edteed by Dell Hynes and published by Harper and ‘Row, 96d, ae . : Kise the high:prestjge form, such“ /Jjaelatmab/ The clergymen don't "excellency! becauge of the deficiency of their vocabulary. They do not have those ‘terms in their vocabulary. . rt These forms have been derived from the reflexive pronoun Jrodf *seté."® The tvay suffix personal profoins, /-et/ singular, and /-tan/ Plural, ave added to /xdd/: . /xoddt/ ‘yoprselé* and fxodetn/ ‘yourselves." If the Pa address is directed to orie pergor the tZanslation might he "yourself." +Alatis, Janes E. (ed.). Mouogranh’ Series of Languages and Lingitsttes. (21st »."""nanhal Round Table NSeting),. Novenbex 23, 1970. : ‘ERIC, Document Reproluetion’ Senvice.” "An Introduction, to CoLloquial Kabul Persian,” Defense Language Institute, ‘Wastington, WC.» March, 1966. . pes J.A. (ed.) “Readingé in Sossoteay 2 of “Languaie - he Hagu “1968. .° : . ociclinguistics. Newbury House, ig7is +. Se - Hysies; Del “(ed,). “Hinhaee in’ culture and society.” Ned*York: “aciér ahd . 1. Row, 1988." ”. . |Rosenber, tay F,,, and.C. Travis’ (eds.). Reddings in thé Snttosopiy” ‘of Lt “Lanzeage- Englewood Cliffs, New sJezeey? “peanpice Wall, 1971. “Swadesh, itorris. The-Origin ‘and “piversisicstisarad Lateuss Edited se Joel Sherzer. Chicago: Aldine, 1971 .