Wind

Design Considera.ons
for
Joists and Joist Girders
MARCH 15, 2017

Copyright © 2017 Steel Joist Ins;tute. All Rights Reserved.

Presented by:
Keith Juedemann, PE – Canam Buildings
Tim Holtermann, PE, SE – Canam Buildings
Learning Objec.ves
•  Appropriate load combina.ons involving wind.
•  Appropriate load paths for wind forces.
•  Details for connec.ons and the transfer of wind forces.
•  New developments affec.ng wind design.

2
Outline
•  Wind forces on the roof
–  From the building code
–  Load combina.ons
–  UpliF
–  Downward wind
•  Wind effects on joist system
–  End anchorage
–  Bridging

3
Outline
•  Lateral wind loads
–  Diaphragms and collectors
–  Load paths and transfer details
–  Bracing for wind forces
•  Membrane roofs
•  New code developments

4
Mechanics of Wind Forces

5
Nature of Wind Forces

6
Nature of Wind Forces

7
Nature of Wind Forces

8
Nature of Wind Forces

9
Nature of Wind Forces

10
Wind UpliF on Joists and Deck
•  Even if the system is robust, it has to stay on the
building!

11
Standards and Codes

•  2015 Steel Joist Ins.tute (SJI) Standard Specifica.ons

and Code of Standard Prac.ce
•  Provisions from ASCE 7-10

12
History: 1965 Standard Building Code

13
History: 1976 Uniform Building Code

14
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE 7-10
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures
•  Wind Loads
–  107 pages of code
–  62 pages of commentary
•  From two half-size pages to 169 full-size pages
•  Over 170 .mes the length of 40 years ago

15
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads
•  It is rela.vely simple with a monolithic building
structure made up of large rectangular elements.

•  When the building shape is more complex and

comprised of numerous elements, it is not as easy to
determine the loadings on joists that pass through
both edge and corner zones.

16
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads
•  Many steel joist structures will qualify for the simplified
methods for determining wind loads.
–  Part 2 of Chapter 28 for MWFRS
–  Part 2 of Chapter 30 for C&C

•  Condi.ons required for use of the simplified method for

C&C loads include:
–  Roof height of 60 feet or less
–  Enclosed structure
–  Regular-shaped building
–  Roof is not steeply sloped
17
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads

18
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads

19
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads

20
ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads

21
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  Steel Joist Ins.tute (SJI) Code of Standard Prac.ce

22
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  ASCE provides formulas for design wind pressures and
net design wind pressures. These are NOT the same as
the NET upliF required by SJI.

•  ASCE net is the sum of internal and external pressures.

•  SJI net, is the final resultant pressure, less appropriate
dead load – result of the load combina.on

23
 ASCE 7-10 Load Combina.ons
•  2.3 COMBINING FACTORED LOADS USING STRENGTH DESIGN
–  2.3.2 Basic Combina.ons

1.  1.4D
2.  1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3.  1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
4.  1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5.  1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
6.  0.9D + 1.0W
7.  0.9D + 1.0E

24
 ASCE 7-10 Load Combina.ons
•  2.4 COMBINING NOMINAL LOADS ALLOWABLE STRESS
DESIGN
–  2.4.1 Basic Combina.ons

1.
D
2. D+L
3. D + (Lr or S or R)
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
6a. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
6b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
7. 0.6D + 0.6W
8. 0.6D + 0.7E 25
Wind Load Factors Have Changed
•  ASCE 7-05 (nominal wind maps)
–  1.0 ASD / 1.6 LRFD

•  ASCE 7-10 (ul.mate wind maps)

–  0.6 ASD / 1.0 LRFD

26
Determining Wind Loads for Joists

•  When wind upliF is a design considera.on, it should be

specified as net upliF on the steel joists and joist girders.
•  The chart on the following slide is a typical components
and cladding roof wind pressures provided on the
contract documents.

27
Determining Wind Loads for Joists

ROOF SURFACES
POSITIVE NEGATIVE PRESSURES
EFFECTIVE PRESSURES (PSF) (PSF)
WIND
AREA ZONE
1 2 3 1 2 3
10 SF 12.4 12.4 12.4 -30.4 -51.0 -76.8
20 SF 11.6 11.6 11.6 -29.6 -45.6 -63.6
50 SF 10.6 10.6 10.6 -28.6 -38.4 -46.2
100 SF 9.8 9.8 9.8 -27.8 -33.0 -33.0

28
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  Roof pressure needs to be converted to net upliF, or
more correctly, the result of the appropriate load
combina.on for wind forces ac.ng upward.
•  The specifying professional knows the design dead load
and if there are collateral dead loads that should not be
deducted from the gross upliF.
–  Maximum Dead Load (for gravity loading)
–  Minimum Dead Load (for wind upliF)
•  DLmin = DLmax - Collateral Load

29
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  Joists are considered components and cladding (C&C).
•  Per ASCE defini.on of Effec.ve Width, the width need
not be less than one third the span.
•  So for steel joists, a simple rule is that for all joist spans
of 18 foot or greater, use the 100 square foot values, i.e.
18 x 6 = 106 > 100 F.2
•  If a project does not have any spans less than 18 feet,
there is no need for a detailed chart with values by
square foot.

30
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  Joist girders can be considered part of the main wind
force-resis.ng system (MWFRS).
–  Typically, separate MWFRS pressure values are not provided for
the joist girders, and the joist designer applies the C&C net
upliF forces from the joists to the joist girders.

•  Joist girder tension webs must be designed to resist, in

compression, 25 percent of their axial force.

•  UpliF loads on a Joist Girder of less than 25 percent of

the gravity loads have minimal or no effect on the girder
design.

31
Determining Wind Loads for Joists
•  Overhangs have significant upliF
–  Joist top chord extensions (TCX) “automa.cally” have same
capacity as downward gravity.
–  UpliF on overhangs can easily exceed gravity, par.cularly in
coastal areas or hurricane prone regions.

32
Presenta.on of UpliF Design
•  Use a Net Upli) plan

33
Presenta.on of UpliF Design
•  Use a Net Upli) plan

34
Presenta.on of UpliF Design
•  Let’s compromise

35
Presenta.on of UpliF Design
•  Not enough direc.on

36
Design Example

37
Design Example
•  Risk category II
•  V = 115 (typical for interior por.ons of con.guous
United States)
•  Kzt = 1.0
•  Compare exposure categories B & C
•  Rectangular building with height = 40’, and flat roof
•  Simplified method for components & cladding:

38
Design Example
•  Joists placed at 6’-0” on center and spanning 50’
•  DL = 15 psf & LL = 20 psf
•  Use ASD
•  Total uniform gravity load = 210 plf
•  Uniform live load = 120 plf
•  Select 30K8 (225/130 loading from SJI tables)
•  Joist weight is approximately 460 pounds

39
Design Example

Design Example
•  For exposure B and 100 square foot effec.ve area,
pnet = 1.09 x 1.0 x -21.8 = -23.8 psf

•  Net upliF =0.6D + 0.6W= 0.6(15) + 0.6(-23.8) = -5.3 psf

•  @ 6’-0” spacing = 32 plf net upliF

Only 15% of gravity loading of 210 plf

•  This load case does not add weight or cost to the joist.
Note that upliF bridging is required.

41
Design Example
•  Let’s assume plans are not clear and the joist supplier
uses the pnet = -23.8 psf as the net upliF.

•  @ 6’-0” spacing = 143 plf net upliF
Now 68% of gravity loading of 210 plf

•  30K8 with 143 plf net upliF weights about 610 pounds.
33% heavier than 30K8 suppor.ng required net upliF

42
Design Example

Design Example
•  For exposure C and 10 square foot effec.ve area,
pnet = 1.49 x 1.0 x -23.8 = -35.5 psf

•  Net upliF =0.6D+0.6W= 0.6(15) + 0.6(-35.5) = -12.3 psf

•  @ 6’-0” spacing = 74 plf net upliF
35% of gravity loading of 210 plf

•  30K8 with 74 plf net upliF weights about 490 pounds.
7% heavier than 30K8 suppor.ng required net upliF

44
Posi.ve Wind Pressure Considera.ons
•  The total joist load for the purposes of selec.ng a joist
designa.on should represent the maximum result of the
load combina.ons, which may include a downward
(posi.ve) wind force in the controlling load case.
–  For LRFD
•  1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
•  1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

–  For ASD
•  D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
•  D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)

45
Posi.ve Wind Pressure Considera.ons

•  Example (ASD)
Dead Load (D) = 15 psf
Live Load (Lr) = 20 psf
Posi.ve Wind (W) = 16 psf
(130 mph, 60’ height, exposure C, 100 sq. F. eff. area)
Total Design Load = D + Lr = 35 psf
Or
D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr) = 37.2 psf ß Governs
46
Wind – Not to be Taken Lightly!

47
Applying Wind UpliF to Joists
•  Connec.ons are a cri.cal part of the load path
–  Design of joist seat
–  Capacity of atachment
•  Welds

•  Bolts

48
Connec.on Design for UpliF
•  Anchorage failure
example

49
Connec.on Design for UpliF
•  Division of Responsibility
–  SJI Specifica.on and Code of Standard Prac.ce
•  “The joist manufacturer will provide a seat of sufficient
thickness and strength to resist the upliF end reac.on
resul.ng form the specified upliF.”
•  “The adequacy of the end anchorage connec.on (bolted or
welded) between the joist or Joist Girder bearing seat and
the suppor.ng structure is the responsibility of the
specifying professional. The contract documents shall
clearly illustrate the end anchorage connec.on.”

50
Welded End Anchorage
•  The strength of the joist bearing seat for an upliF loading
combina.on is a func.on of both the joist seat thickness
and length of the end anchorage welds.
•  The minimum anchorage welds from the SJI Specifica.on
may not develop the full capacity of the joist seat
assembly for upliF.
•  Longer end anchorage weld length aids the joist
manufacturer in providing an economical design of the
joist bearing seat.

51
Welded Seat Tes.ng

Failure Mechanism

52
Welded Seat Tes.ng

Yield Line
Perimeter

53
Welded Seat Yield Line

Anchorage
Weld (typ.)
Yield Line
Formation (typ.)

Anchorage
Weld (typ.)

Yield Line
Formation (typ.)
54
Welded Seat Yield Line

Pu/2
Yield Line

a
Pu/2
Ls Lw

a
Plastic Hinge

Δ
θ a

55
Yield Line Design Procedure
Pn = 2 Mp Lyl / a

Where: Pn = Nominal upliF capacity

Mp = Plas.c moment capacity of plate per unit length
= Fy Z
Z = t2 / 4
Lyl = Length of yield line
a = 2.3 t
Ω = 1.67 (AISC-ASD safety factor for bending)
Pn/Ω = Allowable upliF strength
φ = 0.90 (AISC-LRFD resistance factor for bending)
φPn = Design upliF strength

56
Minimum End Anchorage Welds
JOIST SERIES and SECTION MINIMUM
NUMBER FILLET WELD

K Series (2) 1/8” x 2-1/2”

LH Series, 02-06 (2) 3/16” x 2-1/2”

LH/DLH Series, 07-17; JG (2) 1/4” x 2-1/2”

DLH Series, 18-25; JG* (2) 1/4” x 4”

* Joist Girders with a self weight greater than 50 plf.

57
Bolted End Anchorage
•  Final welding is typical for stability (lateral support)
•  Only bolts are considered anchorage for upliF
–  Type and diameter by specifying professional
–  Provide sufficient tensile strength for upliF reac.on
–  Higher strength than minimums per SJI may be required

58
Bolted End Anchorage
JOIST SERIES and SECTION MINIMUM
NUMBER BOLTS

K Series (2) 1/2” A307

LH Series, 02-06 (2) 1/2” A307

LH/DLH Series, 07-17; JG (2) 3/4” A307

DLH Series, 18-25; JG* (2) 3/4” A325

* Joist Girders with a self weight greater than 50 plf.

59
Bolted Connec.on Design for UpliF
•  The bearing seat design is a check of prying ac.on
–  AISC design procedure is followed
–  An upliF reac.on equal to the full tensile capacity of the bolts
may not be achieved with maximum prac.cal seat thicknesses
and without s.ffeners.

60
Typical Prying Ac.on Capacity
Connection Type to
LRFD Strength Kips ASD Strength Kips
Supporting Member
(2) ½” A307 bolts
10.5 7.0
(1/4” steel)
(2) ½” A325 bolts
10.5 7.0
(1/4” steel)
(2) ¾” A307 bolts
26.4 17.6
(1/2” steel)
(2) ¾” A325 bolts
36.0 24.0
(1/2” steel)
(2) 1” A325 bolts
106.0 70.7
(1” steel)

61
Typical Prying Ac.on Capacity
•  Capaci.es on the prior slide were between 51 % and
100 % of the full tensile bolt strength, depending on
the thickness of the bearing seat leg.
•  A rule of thumb would be to size the bolt diameter,
grade, and quan.ty of bolts based upon using 75 % of
the full tensile strength (allowing the remaining
capacity for prying ac.on).

62
Connec.on Design for UpliF
•  Where a joist seat has been detailed for a bolted
connec.on, and for any reason the bolt is not u.lized,
the empty slot in the bearing seat leg severely
diminishes upliF capacity. In such a condi.on, if a weld
and no bolt is to be used on a sloted bearing seat, then
the weld should be applied within the empty slot.

63
Typical Bolted Joist Connec.on

64
End Anchorage
•  For more on End Anchorage
and joist design for upliF,
refer to the Steel Joist
Ins.tute Technical Digest #6,
Design of Steel Joist Roofs to
Resist UpliN Loads

65
Botom Chord Bridging for UpliF
•  UpliF Produces Stress Reversal
–  Compressive axial load in botom chord
•  Requires lateral bracing
•  Only bridging is available
Botom Chord Bridging for UpliF
•  SJI Standard Specifica.ons require bridging at the first
botom chord panel point, since two of the three
intersec.ng primary members are in compression under
upliF loading.

67
Botom Chord Bridging for UpliF
•  SJI Standard Specifica.ons, UpliF Bridging
–  Botom chord bridging need not align with top chord bridging
–  Total number of botom chord rows shall not be less than the
number of top chord rows
–  Can be advantageous to space rows more closely near center of
span
–  Commonly equal spacing on botom chord

68
Botom Chord Bridging Spacing
•  Typical details used – equally space between first botom
chord panel points

69
Botom Chord Bridging for UpliF
•  Bridging Load Requirements
–  Bridging axial load is based on botom chord compressive axial
load
•  Pbr = 0.005 Pc

•  Where Pc is the botom chord compressive axial load

–  Bridging design force for number of joists, n, does not

accumulate linearly
–  Randomness of ini.al lateral out-of-straightness

70
Botom Chord Bridging for UpliF
•  Bridging Load Requirements
–  The following equa.on can be used for the bridging force:
•  Pbr = 0.001 n Pc + 0.004 Pc √ n

•  Pc is the botom chord compressive axial load

–  For small to moderate net upliF and reasonable number of

joists, n, Pbr at botom chord is no larger than at top chord
–  For more severe upliF, Pbr at botom chord can be computed
and may determine bridging size, or require a limit on the value
of n.

71
External, Addi.onal Forces on Bridging
•  Can an addi.onal, external wind force be transferred
through the joist bridging?

72
External, Addi.onal Forces on Bridging
•  Diagonal X bridging would be needed in mul.ple joist
spaces to transfer force from the botom chord level up
to the deck diaphragm.
•  Care must be taken to not exceed the birding connec.on
capacity, and welding in addi.onal to bol.ng may be
required.
•  The deck weld atachments also must not be exceeded.
•  A separate structural brace may be more advisable.

73
Lateral Wind Loads

•  Unbalanced Snow Loads

•  Lateral Load Resis.ng Systems
–  Diaphragm and Shear Walls
–  Braced Frames
–  Rigid Frames
•  Local Wind Bracing (Kickers)
•  Roof Wind Screens

74
Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads
•  On a roof with a ridge, winds tend to reduce snow loads
on windward por.ons and increase snow loads on
leeward por.ons.
•  Unbalanced roof snow loads are applicable for roof slope
between 2.38 degrees (1/2:12) and 30.2 degrees (7:12)
•  If the ridge is a line of support for the joists, the
unbalanced snow needs to be considered in the joist
designa.on.



75
Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads
•  For a pitched joist that creates the ridge line, the
unbalanced snow load is not implicitly accounted for by
the SJI Specifica.ons, so a contract note to require a
check is advisable.

76
Diaphragm and Shear Walls
•  The most common lateral load resis.ng system on
structures with joists and Joist Girders is a deck
diaphragm and shear walls.

77
Diaphragm and Braced Frames
•  Steel joists may be
used as diaphragm
chord elements.
•  Steel joists may be
collector elements
in frame lines.

78
Diaphragm Boundary – Deck Support Angle

Con.nuous Angle
Field Weld or Screw Deck to Angle per
Roof Diaphragm Requirements

79
Joist Seat Rollover
•  If there is not a direct load path from a deck edge angle
or diaphragm boundary, the joist seat may be subjected
to a rollover force.

Note: Force V should be given on the structural drawings as a joist

design requirement.
80
Diaphragm Boundary

81
Alternate Detail to Joist Seat Rollover
•  Where the diaphragm or collector chord force is large, a
shear collector can be used, between the joist bearing
seats. Shown here is a typical detail for K-Series.

ROOF PER SIDE LAP

DECK DIAPHRAGM
5/8" DIA. REQUIREMENTS

HSS 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16

JOIST GIRDER
CENTER BETWEEN JOISTS
(NOT BY JOIST MANUFACTURER) 82
Alternate Detail to Joist Seat Rollover
•  Here is a similar detail, for use with LH/DLH-Series joists.

ROOF 3/16 PER SIDE LAP

DECK " DIAPHRAGM
5/8" DIA. REQUIREMENTS

5"

CHANNEL C5 x 6.7 JOIST GIRDER

CENTER BETWEEN JOISTS
(NOT BY JOIST
MANUFACTURER)
83
Alternate Detail to Joist Seat Rollover
•  But maybe C5 x 6.7 is not the best choice.
•  The shear collector must coincide with a low deck flute.
•  5” HSS might be a beter op.on.

84
Chord Forces - Axial
•  Chord Forces are carried as addi.onal axial loads by
the top chords of joists and/or Joist Girders.
•  Chord Forces may vary from one end of the chord to
the other. The addi.onal axial load for each joist and/
or Joist Girder must be indicated.
•  Type and magnitude of axial forces at the joist and
Joist Girder end supports shall be shown on the
structural drawings.
•  Avoid resolving joist or Joist Girder axial forces through
the bearing seat connec.on.

85
Diaphragm Chord

F F

86
Axial Loads
•  Joist or Joist Girder top chord axial loads are typically
noted directly on the framing plan.

AXIAL = +/- 18K

24LH11

AXIAL = +/- 72K

W24X104 87
Axial Loads – Boundary Condi.ons
•  For axial collector loads, to avoid unnecessary transfer
design or an RFI from the Joist Manufacturer, it is helpful
to show the magnitude of the axial load at the building
perimeter.

AXIAL = 0 kips
(The axial load
accumulates from this
end)

88
Wind Axial Load Transfer
All top chord axial loads and end moments should be
transmited directly via .e plates or .e angles. The
eccentricity of horizontal forces transferred through the
bearing seats is then avoided.
M

F
e

F
89
Joist Tie Plate

Top Chord
of Joist

90
Joist Tie Angles

Top Chord
of Joist

91
Joist Tie Angles
•  Note the orienta.on of the .e angles, to avoid the joist
end webs, in the event they are outside that chord
angles rather than in the chord gap. This also allows
for a down-hand field weld.

92
X Braced Frame
•  If a joist is used in the X braced frame bay, the axial load
will travel through the webs and botom chord, in
addi.on to the top chord.

93
X Braced Frame
•  Aten.on is required for the collector joist to braced
frame bay transfer connec.on.

In this case, a
“typical”
detail neglects
the fact that
there is
actually a
collector joist
on this side of
the column.
94
Braced Frame and Collector Joist

95
Braced Frame and Collector Joist
•  This is a good, complete detail.

96
Rigid Frames – End Moments
•  The Specifying Professional is responsible for the rigid
frame design.
•  Type and magnitude of end moments at the joist and
Joist Girder end supports shall be shown on the
structural drawings.
•  Avoid resolving joist or Joist Girder end moments
through the bearing seat connec.on. The top chord
details can be similar to those shown for the transfer of
axial loads.

97
Rigid Frames – End Moments
•  The top and botom chord moment connec.on details
shall be designed by the Specifying Professional. The
joist designer shall furnish the Specifying Professional
with the joist detail informa.on if requested.
•  Unless specially designed and detailed as wind only
flexible connec.ons, rigid frame ac.on will induce live
load moments, which need to be specified.

98
Steel Joist Ins.tute Tools
•  The SJI has several tools available for frame design:
–  Virtual Joist Girder and Virtual Joist tables for inser.on in
structural modeling programs.
–  A series of design tools for moment connec.ons with various
column configura.ons.

99
Lateral Load Resis.ng Frames
•  An addi.onal resource is the
Steel Joist Ins.tute Technical
Digest #11, Design of Lateral
Load Resis;ng Frames Using
Steel Joists and Joist Girders

100
Wind Bracing Kickers
•  Specifying Professional to provide horizontal and ver.cal
components of wind bracing forces being transmited to
joists.

101
Wind Bracing Kickers
•  This example does not include a horizontal component,
but with ASD, assump.ons can be made about an added
axial wind load controlling the joist top chord design.
•  It would be Connect at top chord
panel point closest to
helpful to 3’-0 from end of joist.
have guidance
as to the loca.on
of the load.

102
Wind Bracing Kickers
•  The lateral horizontal force will be assumed to transfer in
to the deck diaphragm and the joist will not be designed
for a lateral, out-of-plane load.

103
Wind Bracing Kickers
•  This is an example of an end wall condi.on, with a series
of wind brace loads along the joist span.

104
Wind Bracing Kickers
•  Where wind forces “kicker” to joist and create ver.cal
component loads, reference IBC for deflec.on criteria f

f. The wind load is permitted to be taken as 0.42 times the

“component and cladding” loads for the purpose of determining
deflection limits herein.

105
Roof Screens
•  Wind creates an
overturning
moment from roof
screens.
•  A bracing member
can be used to
resolve the
overturning effect,
crea.ng ver.cal
wind loads on the
roof joists.
106
Roof Screens – Perpendicular to Joist
•  Where the wind
screen post is not
braced, and the
screen is
perpendicular to the
joists, it is best to
extend the post and
atach to both the
top and botom
chord, resolving the
overturning moment
into a couple.

107
Roof Screens – Parallel to Joist
•  Where the wind screen
post is not braced above
the roof, and the screen is
parallel to the joists, the
Replace with Keith’s sec.on cut
joists cannot take a
torsional load.
–  It is best to extend the post
and atach to both the top
and botom chord, resolving
the overturning moment
with bracing members below
the roof.

108
Mechanically Fastened Membrane Roofs
•  Single-ply membrane roofing is the most common
system above steel joists.
•  The single-ply membrane may be fully adhered.
•  Alternately, and increasingly, a seam-fastened,
mechanically-atached method of installa.on is being
u.lized.
•  Since 2000, the width of the membrane rolls has been
increasing drama.cally.

109
Mechanically Fastened Membrane Roofs

From the Na.onal Research Council of Canada 110

Mechanically Fastened Membrane Roofs
•  With this installa.on method, the single-ply membrane
sheet is mechanically-atached along its outer edges into
the roof deck, which results in a larger tributary upliF
load per fastener and fasteners being placed in linear,
non-uniform loading configura.ons of the roof deck and
underlying suppor.ng structure
•  The direc.onality of the seams rela.ve to joist and deck
span direc.on is usually not known or controlled.

111
Mechanically Fastened Membrane Roofs
•  Wind
tunnel
test

From the Na.onal Research Council of Canada

112
Mechanically Fastened Membrane Roofs
•  Wind
tunnel
test

From the Na.onal Research Council of Canada 113

Deck and Joist Loading

•  The tributary width that creates the “line loading” can

easily become twice the actual joist tributary width.

114
Joist Design for Membrane Roof
•  Typically, the roofing membrane is not considered in
structural contract documents.
•  The roofing membrane specifica.on can be vague, with
references like “atach per manufacturer recommenda.ons”.
•  A design for uniform loads may not be adequate where in fact
the upliF will be applied as linear loads.
•  FM Global Data Sheet 1-29 now provides separate tables for
deck spans when the distance between roof cover fasteners is
more than one-half the deck span.
•  A fully adhered roof membrane may be the best op.on from
a structural perspec.ve.
115
ASCE 7-16 Preview

•  The upcoming version of

ASCE 7-16 is likely to
include new roof upliF zone
paterns to more accurately
depict behavior
–  Two edge zones
–  “L” shaped corner zones
116
ASCE 7-16 Preview
•  The pressure coefficients
are likely to change
–  Black, solid line: 7-10
–  Red, dashed line: 7-16
•  In general, more
pressure at corners and
edges; less pressure at
interior field and with
larger wind effec.ve
areas

117
ASCE 7-16 Preview
•  More wind pressure at
100 square foot
effec.ve wind area
•  Tables may not
provide values beyond
100 square feet
•  So more detailed
analysis may be
advantageous, as most
joists exceed 100
square foot effec.ve
wind area
118
Steel Joist Ins.tute
•  The 44th Edi.on Catalog
is coming soon.
•  For more informa.on or
updates, visit the SJI
website:
www.steeljoist.org

119
 THANK YOU

Copyright © 2017 Steel Joist Ins;tute. All Rights Reserved.

Presented by:
Keith Juedemann, PE – Canam Buildings
Tim Holtermann, PE, SE – Canam Buildings