Natural Selection

– process of a better selection of organisms to transmit traits

to the next generation
breakage of
large unit

acclimation

http://biologyforcsec.blogspot.com/2015/12/natural-selection.html
 Limiting Factors
– anything that constrains/compels a population’s size
– slows/stops population to grow
– to survive: suitable genetic traits

Density-independent factors

https://www.expii.com/t/limiting-factor-populations-definition-examples-10324
 Limiting Factors
– anything that constrains/compels a population’s size
– slows/stops population to grow
– to survive: suitable genetic traits

Density-dependent factors
Competition
 intraspecific (between members of the same
group of species
 Example: male zebras competing for territory &
breeding privileges

 interspecific (between members of different

species)
 Example: lion and leopard compete for the
same prey
 Limiting Factors
– anything that constrains/compels a population’s size
– slows/stops population to grow
– to survive: suitable genetic traits

Density-dependent factors
Predation
 Limiting Factors
– anything that constrains/compels a population’s size
– slows/stops population to grow
– to survive: suitable genetic traits

Density-dependent factors
Parasitism

https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/parasites-cartoon.html
 Limiting Factors
– anything that constrains/compels a population’s size
– slows/stops population to grow
– to survive: suitable genetic traits

Density-dependent factors
Disease

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/670825306985081985/ https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/i/infectious_diseases.asp
 Habitat
– place/set of environmental conditions in which an
organism thrives
– provides organism food, water, space, and shelter

Ecological Niche
– species’ role and environment
– represents the role played by a
species in a community, or
– set of environmental factors that
determines species distribution

https://study.com/academy/lesson/ecological-niche-definition-lesson-quiz.html https://thepotterwasp.weebly.com/ecological-niche.html
 Speciation
– process by which one species splits into two or more
species
– helps to explain the many features that organisms share

can fly cannot fly (flightless)

Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax harrisi

 Speciation
– process by which one species splits into two or more
species
– helps to explain the many features that organisms share

Mechanisms of Speciation

o allopatric speciation
o sympatric speciation
o peripatric speciation
o parapatric speciation
o reproductive isolation
o founder effect
o behavioral isolation
 Speciation
Allopatric (“Other Country) Speciation
 gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided
into geographically isolated subpopulations

Sympatric (“Same Country”)

Speciation
 speciation occurs in a
populations that live in
the same geographic
are; gene flow is
reduced by polyploidy,
sexual selection, &
habitat differentiation
Peripatric (“Near Country”) Speciation
 happens when one of the isolated populations has
very few individuals

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_0_0/speciationmodes_03

island flies become isolated from

mainland flies, after some generation
Parapatric (“Beside Country”) Speciation
 happens when organisms are more likely to mate
with their geographic neighbors
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/speciation/
Reproductive Isolation

o the existence of biological factors (barriers) to impede

members of 2 species from interbreeding and producing
viable, fertile offspring

o these barriers are:

– prezygotic barriers: impede mating or hinder

fertilization

– postzygotic barriers: prevent a hybrid zygote from

developing into a viable, fertile adult
prezygotic barriers
postzygotic barriers
Founder Effect
occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a
larger population
How? – blown by a storm and indiscriminately transports
some individuals; change in the gene pool caused by small
population migrating to a new area

https://gamesmartz.com/definitions?definition=6028&founder-effect
 Evolution
– process of genetic change form generation to generation
– occurs in populations or higher-order groupings of
organisms
– also occurring in nature – finches in Galapagos Islands

“Both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhat near to that

great fact – that mystery of mysteries – the first appearance of new beings
on this Earth”. – Charles Darwin
 Evolution
– process of genetic change form generation to generation
– occurs in populations or higher-order groupings of
organisms
– also occurring in nature – finches in Galapagos Islands