Year 7

Chemistry:
What has
chemistry ever
done for you?
Student
Workbook

Name:
Science Teacher:

 Please complete all of the work in order.

 Please record all work in this book.
 Read all of the information carefully.

Trimester 1 2020 1
Science 5-7: Expected Classroom Behaviours
Upon Arrival
1. Register at the terminal.
2. Line up outside the classroom, keeping the corridor clear and quiet.
3. If your teacher is present, enter the room quickly and quietly when invited in.
4. Sit immediately and start work on the starter.
5. Online starters require laptops. You are required to bring your laptops, fully charged, to
lessons.
6. You will not be allowed to leave the room for equipment or laptops. You must bring
everything that you need with you.
7. If you do not have a laptop for on-line tasks, you must still answer all questions from the
task. Use your booklet to record your answers.
8. If you do not have your booklet with you, tell your teacher immediately. They should have a
few spare sheets.
9. You must arrive at class in uniform unless you have specific permission to be in sports
uniform.

Eating and Drinking

10. There is to be no eating and drinking, except of water, in the science department.
11. If required, water must be brought with you to the lesson. You will NOT be allowed to leave
the class to fill your bottle. You may NOT use the science taps to fill your bottle. The water
may be clean but may have been standing for some time and the taps themselves may be
contaminated.
12. Chewing gum is not allowed.

Classroom Behaviour and Management of Learning

13. You must act with courtesy at all times.
14. You must leave the room in an ordered state. As you found it or better.
15. Lab coats, if used, should be folded away neatly.
16. Any mess is your mess. Place any rubbish that you see in a bin. Do not ignore the
problem.
17. For safety reasons there should be no rocking on chairs .
18. Hands up are for ASKING QUESTIONS, not answering them. If the teacher does not have
time to answer your question then write it in your booklet and ask at the end of the
lesson.
19. You must never talk when the teacher is talking or if someone is talking to the teacher.
20. During Independent Solo study there should be complete silence.
21. During Independent Team Study, quiet, on-task talking is allowed.
22. You should annotate your booklet during the lessons. The lined space provided is for your
notes and examples.
23. If you disagree with a judgment of the teacher, e.g. over the awarding of a mark in an
assessment, then raise the issue privately rather than interrupting the learning of the
class.

2
Glossary- What has Chemistry ever done for you?
Term Meaning
Anion A negative ion that has gained one or more electrons
Atom The smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Atomic Number The number of proton an element has
Alkaline Solutions (alkalis are soluble bases) with a pH of 8-14
solutions
Cation A positive ion that has lost one or more electrons
Complete Happens in a plentiful supply of air and so produces water and carbon dioxide
combustion
Electrons Negative sub-atomic particles
Electron shell Region of space where an electron can be found
Element A substance that contains only one type of atom.
Emulsifier Enables two solutions that wouldn’t normally mix to mix
Emulsion A solution of substances that would not normally mix (two immiscible liquids)
Fuel A substance that is burned to produce heat or power
Group A vertical column in the Periodic Table that is equal to the number of outer shell
electrons (valence shell) of an element
Halogens Elements which have 7 outer shell electrons and form Group 7
Hard water Water that has a high mineral content
Hydrophilic Water loving
Hydrophobic Water scared/hating
Hydroxides An alkaline compound containing hydroxide ion -OH
Immiscible Liquids that have a stronger attraction for similar molecules than molecules of a
Liquids different liquid and so form layers.
Incomplete Occurs when the supply of air is limited and so produces carbon (soot) and carbon
combustion monoxide as well as carbon dioxide and water
Ion A charged particle that has lost of gained an electron so they have a full outer shell
Lather Foam formed by soap or detergent mixed in water
Micelle The arrangement of charged particles, typically with the hydrophilic "head"
regions in contact with surrounding solvent, protecting the hydrophobic
single-tail regions in the micelle centre.
Miscible liquid Liquids that mix, and stay mixed. That is because they are more attracted to other
types of molecules than their own types of molecules.

Neutrons Sub-atomic particles with no charge

Nucleus The centre of an atom containing protons and neutrons
Period A horizontal row in the Periodic Table that is equal to the number of electrons shells of
an element

pH A measure of the number of H+ ions in a solution

Precipitation A reaction that produces a solid (a precipitate)

reaction
Protons Positive sub-atomic particles
Soot Unburnt carbon and the sign of incomplete combustion
Universal A mixture of dyes that changes colour gradually over a range of pH and is used
Indicator in testing for acids and alkalis.

3
 List of Topics in this Unit.
Topic Rate your Notes for improvement/ Questions I need to ask
Understanding areas to review
(5=good 1=bad)
L1- Atomic
structure

L2- Ions

L3-
Practical
on
Precipitation
Reaction
L4-
Halogens

L5-
Alkali Metals

L6- Soap
and water

L7- Hard
water
L8- Food
emulsifiers
L9-Food
emulsifiers prac

L10-Revision

4
Year 7 Chemistry- What has Chemistry ever done for you?
I can…
 define atom, element, atomic number, mass number
 identify the group 1 metals & group 7 elements on the periodic
table
 identify an element from its atomic number
 explain the difference between atomic and mass numbers, and find
them on the period table
 calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for an
element
 state that the atomic number of an element is equal to the number
of electrons the element has
 draw and label an atom with nucleus containing protons and
neutrons, electrons orbiting on electron shells
 draw electronic configurations of atoms with atomic number of up to
20 with correct electrons in each shell
 identify a group 1 element from a diagram of electronic
configuration (Li, Na, F, Cl)
 define an ion as well as explain the difference between cations and
anions with examples
 identify whether an ion is a cation or an anion from the charge
 list examples of halogens, where they can be used around the
house, and indicate where they are found on the periodic table
 list examples of alkali metals and indicate where they are found on
the periodic table
 explain why alkali metals are kept in oil
 write a reaction equation between an alkali metal and water
 explain what an alkali is and state the colour they turn with
universal indicator
 define emulsifier and emulsion
 label a soap molecule with hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head
and link to polarity
 define and draw a labelled diagram of a micelle
 explain what hard water is and why it can be a problem
 define lather and link to hard water
 distinguish between miscible and immiscible liquids using examples
 provide examples of common emulsifiers in food emulsions
 predict which liquid will be above or below depending on density
This may not be everything you need to know- make sure you still check
through your notes to make sure you are confident with everything!

5
6
Lesson 1
Learning Intention:
To gain an understanding of the structure of an atom
To gain an understanding of how the periodic table is arranged

Big Idea
• Exposure to the Periodic Table provides
structures and properties of elements,
allowing links to be made between
everyday household chemicals and the
elements found on the Periodic Table.

Starter

Starter

7
Atoms are VERY small!
If you write a full stop using a pencil, it contains
about 10 000 000 000 000 atoms.

FACT: Atoms
are
.
99.999999999
999% empty
space

An atom is the smallest unit of

matter, consisting of protons,
neutrons and electrons Protons, neutrons and electrons are
the sub atomic particles that make up
all atoms. They are not evenly
distributed in an atom.
What is the structure of an
atom?
The protons and
neutrons exist in a
dense core at the
centre of the atom. This
is called the nucleus.

The electrons are

spread out
around the edge of the atom.
They orbit the nucleus in layers
called shells.

Rows and Columns in the Periodic

table.
Rows Columns
• These are called • The columns are
PERIODS. called Groups.
• They run from the • Each GROUP has
LHS to the RHS the same number
• Each Period of electrons in it’s
represents the outermost shell.
outermost shell of • All group 1 atoms
electrons being have 1 electron in
filled. the outer most
shell.

8
Scientists were able to work out the relative
masses of the three sub-atomic particles and
relate these to the masses of atoms.
Complete this information

Particle Relative Location Charge

mass
Proton Nucleus
Neutron Nucleus
Electron 1/1840* Shells

* Electrons are so small compared to the

other two that we can think of their mass as
negligible and not include it in the
calculations of atomic or molecular mass.

9
Elements all have different
properties.

• An element is only made up of one type of atom.

• The type depends on the number of protons in
the nucleus. If the number of protons changes,
the element changes.
• The arrangement of the sub atomic particles,
particularly electrons, determines the reactions of
the atom/element.
• The next few slides show examples of the atomic
structure of some of the smallest elements.
Notice the differences in the nucleus and the
shells.

10
11
 Sketch this atom.
The atomic number of an element is also the number
of electrons it has in an uncharged atom.

Neutrons?
• Ifyou look at the table on the previous slide or
the Periodic table, it can be pretty confusing
around the number of neutrons.
• The best way is to follow this equation.
• Number of Neutrons = Mass Number – Atomic
Number.
• Sometimes the Mass number has a decimal place.
This is because the number of neutrons can
change and the value given in the Table is the
average mass of all of the ISOtopes. (Atoms with
different numbers of neutrons.)

12
Structure of an atom

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and

neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by
clouds of electrons.
The electrons are arranged in shells around
the nucleus.

Oxygen

• Oxygen is an element
because it only contains ONE
type of atom (oxygen atoms)
• What is the atomic number
of oxygen?
• What is it’s electronic

configuration? Have a go at
drawing it.

13
Electronic configurations
• Now have a go at drawing the
electronic configurations for
• Sodium

• Fluorine

• Chlorine

Plenary
• Discuss with your partner what is wrong
with the following electronic
configurations (if there is anything
wrong!). Write this down the bottom of
the page.

If you are curious, have at doing the online

simulation- the link is through Firefly (or
google “PHET build an atom”

14
 Homework Lesson 1

Write a definition for the following (you may need to research some).

Atom ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Element ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Proton ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Neutron _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Electron ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Atomic mass _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Proton number _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Electron shell ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Group ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Period ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Then make flip cards for all the definitions done above.

15
Lesson 2 Starter Learning Intention: To understand how ions and ionic bonds form
Electronic structure of the first twenty elements in the Periodic Table
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group VII Group 0
1 4
1H 2He
1. Draw the electronic structure for each element (this is shown for neon)
2. In the grey area under each structure write out the electronic structure (this is shown for neon – 2,8)
Questions – What do the elements in each Group have in common?
What do the elements in each Period (row) have in common?
Draw and write out the electronic structure for a) a sodium ion b) a chloride ion

7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

x x
x x
x
x x
x
xx

2,8
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar

39 40
19K 20Ca TRANSITION Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
METALS

Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe

16
 Why do atoms form bonds?
The atoms of noble gases have completely
full outer shells and so are ___________.

This makes the noble gases very unreactive

and so they do not usually form bonds.

The atoms of other elements have

incomplete outer electron shells
and so are ______________.

By forming bonds, the atoms of these

elements are able to have filled outer
shells and become stable.

How do atoms form positive ions?

An atom that loses one or more electrons
forms a positive ion (_____________).
______________, such as sodium,
magnesium and iron, form positive ions.
Positive ions have a small ‘+’ symbol and a number by this
to indicate how many electrons have been lost.
This number is usually the same as the number of electrons
in the atom’s outer shell. For example:

lithium atom 2.1 lithium ion [ 2 ] = Li+

magnesium atom 2.8.2 magnesium ion [ 2.8 ] = Mg2+
aluminium atom 2.8.3 aluminium ion [ 2.8 ] = Al3+

How do atoms form negative ions?

An atom that gains one or more electrons
forms a negative ion (_____________).
________________, such as chlorine,
oxygen and nitrogen, form negative ions.
Negative ions have a small ‘-’ symbol and a number by this
to indicate how many electrons have been gained to fill their
outer shell. For example:

chlorine atom 2.8.7 chloride ion [ 2.8.8 ] = Cl-

oxygen atom 2.6 oxide ion [2] = O2-

nitrogen atom 2.5 nitride ion [2] = N3-

The name of the ion is slightly different to the atom’s name.

17
How is a sodium ion formed?
Sodium atom: Sodium ion:
11 protons = +11 11 protons = +11
11 electrons = -11 10 electrons = -10
Total charge = 0 Total charge = +1

+
loses
Na 1 electron Na

2.8.1 [2.8]
(partially full outer shell) (full outer shell)

How is a magnesium ion formed?

Magnesium atom: Magnesium ion:
12 protons = +12 12 protons = +12
12 electrons = -12 10 electrons = -10
Total charge = 0 Total charge = +2

2+
loses
Mg 2 electrons Mg

2.8.2 [2.8]2+
(partially full outer shell) (full outer shell)

How is a fluoride ion formed?

Fluorine atom: Fluoride ion:
9 protons = +9 9 protons = +9
9 electrons = -9 10 electrons = -10
Total charge = 0 Total charge = -1

-
gains 1
electron
F F

2.7 [2.8]-
(partially full outer shell) (full outer shell)

18
What has happened here?

What is a compound ion?

Ions can be made up of a single atom or a group of atoms. An ion
made up of a group of atoms is called a ______________. What atoms
are present in the following compound ions?

Ion Formula Charge Atoms present

hydroxide OH- -1 O H

sulfate SO42 -2 S O O O O
-
nitrate NO3- -1 N O O O

carbonate CO32 -2 C O O O
-
ammonium NH4+ +1 N H H H H

What is ionic bonding?

Compounds that contain ions are called ________________.
These compounds are usually formed by a reaction between a
____________ and a __________________.
Why do these substances react together and form bonds?
The metal and non-metal atoms have incomplete outer electron
shells and so are unstable.
Electrons are transferred from each metal atom to each non-
metal atom. The metal and the non-metal atoms form ions with
completely full outer shells and become stable.
The positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each
other. This electrostatic attraction is called
______________________.

19
How are ionic bonds formed?
+
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound
formed by the reaction between the metal
sodium and the non-metal chlorine. Na
Na
Sodium has 1 electron in its
outer shell.
By losing this electron, it
has a filled outer shell and
2.8.1 [2.8]+
forms a positive ion.
-
Chlorine has 7 electrons in
its outer shell.
By gaining an electron from
Cl Cl
sodium, it has a filled outer
shell and forms a negative
ion.

2.8.7 [2.8.8]-

How are ionic bonds formed?

The positive sodium ions and the negative chloride
ions are strongly attracted to each other.

-
+

Na Cl

It is this electrostatic attraction that forms ionic bonds

in sodium chloride and other ionic compounds.

Examples of bonds with ions

Sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are
simple ionic compounds.
In each compound, the metal needs to lose the same number
of electrons that the non-metal needs to gain.

Na 1 electron Cl Na+ Cl-

Mg 2 electrons O Mg2+ O2-

Both compounds have a 1:1 ratio of metal ions to non-metal

ions, which is shown by the formula of each compound.
20
 Lesson 3: Practical on Precipitation Reaction

Stater:

1) What is atomic number:

____________________________________
____________________________________
2) What is the atomic number for Fluorine:
____________________________________
____________________________________
3) What is an ion:
____________________________________
____________________________________

What is a precipitation reaction?

During a precipitation reaction two liquids are

mixed together to form a solid substance This can
be used to remove unwanted ions or to test soil Solid
samples substance is

called a

precipitate

Practical: Please follow the instructions as directed by your teacher.

21
What’s going on?

• Both reactants are soluble

• The water breaks the chemicals
apart into ions
• When the chemicals are mixed
the ions in the reactants grab
each other
• In this the metals swap the non-
metals with each other.
• The product is not soluble… it is a
solid precipitate.

22
Use this page to record method, results, observations and conclusions from the
Precipitation practical

23
24
HOMEWORK

Precipitates
We say precipitate like this: pres-ip-it-ate

P means to f or to settle.

It can also mean to start or b .

Examples of precipitation are r ,s

, hail, sleet, d .

These are all things that fall down out of the sky.

In chemistry precipitation is when a powder forms when

liquids mix. If that powder settles we call it a

precipitate.

Often two so chemicals react

together to make an i substance.

This is the precipitate.

begin rain fall snow

dust Precipitate soluble insoluble

25
 This question is about atomic structure and elements.
1
(a) Complete the sentences.

(i) The atomic number of an atom is the number of ..................................

(1)

(ii) The mass number of an atom is the number of ....................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain why an atom has no overall charge.

Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table.

Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

26
(d) The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom of a non-metal.

What is the chemical symbol of this non-metal?

Tick ( ) one box.

Ar

Si

(1)

(e) When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds.

Complete the sentences.

(i) Compounds formed when non-metals react with metals consist of

particles called .................................................. .

(1)

(ii) Compounds formed from only non-metals consist of

particles called ........................................ .

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

27
Lesson 4
LI: To identify where halogens are used in the bathroom
and the properties that make them useful in this way.
Halogens and the Periodic Table Online starter on Firefly

These are the Halogens or Group 7

Elements
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

Electronic Structure
All the Group 7 elements have 7 electrons
in the outermost shell.

F Fluorine 2,7

Cl Chlorine

2,8,7
Br Bromine

I Iodine
And so on
At Astatine

Halogen molecules
All the Group 7 elements form molecules containing two
atoms. (They are diatomic)
Each atom is 1 electron short of a noble gas electronic
structure.
By sharing electrons in a covalent bond, each atom
effectively has a full outer electron shell.

F F F F

28
Patterns: colour
The group 7 elements get darker in colour as
you go down the group.
Darker

F Bromine is
pictured.
C Note the
bromine
l vapou
B
rabove the
r liquid. It has
I a low boiling
point.

Bromine is one of only 2 elements that is liquid at room

temperature. What is the other one?

Patterns: physical state

Melting Points and boiling points increase as the

molecules get bigger.
What is the physical state: solid, liquid or gas?

Element Size Melting Boiling Physical

o o
Point ( C) Point ( C) State
Fluorine -220 -188 gas
Chlorine -101 -35 gas
Bromine -7 59 liquid
Iodine +114 184 solid

Patterns: reactivity
Reactivity increases up the group.

For example, their reaction with

F hydrogen
Cl F2 Reacts instantly even at
minus 200 C
Br Cl2 Reacts slowly in dark.
Increasing
Reactivity

Explodes in daylight.
I
Br2 Needs heating to +200 C in
At order to react
I2 Does not react completely
even at 500 C

What about Astatine?

29
 Reactivity and electron structures
Most halogen reactions involve gaining an electron.

1. The atoms get bigger as you go

Reactivity decreases

down the group. This reduces the

attraction between the positive
nucleus and any additional
electrons.
2. ‘Shielding’ by the inner electron
shells also reduces the attraction
from the nucleus.
As we go down the group the
tendency to gain electrons
decreases and so does the
reactivity as a result.

SUMMARY = REACTIVITY INCREASES AS YOU

MOVE UP THE GROUP

30
 What does the name "Halogen" mean?

What is a salt?

Reactions with non-metals

Halogen atoms have 7 electrons in the outer
shell. They seek to achieve a full shell (8
electrons).
With metals they gain electrons forming ionic
compounds.
With non-metals they react by sharing
electrons and forming covalent compounds.
For example, hydrogen and chlorine form
hydrogen chloride as in the following
diagram.

Uses of Fluorine
Fluorine, often via the compound hydrogen
fluoride, is used to manufacture many
products.
Toothpaste,
Fluorine
to prevent tooth
and its
decay
compounds

Processing
uranium Fluoridation of
nuclear fuel water

fluorine-containing
polymers, e.g.
Teflon

31
Uses of Chlorine
antiseptics and
disinfectants
pesticides
and weed killer

Chlorine HCl
and its compounds

Chlorinated
Bleach to kill bacteria
carbon
and to make paper
compounds, e.g.
white
solvents and
Drinking water treatment plastics (PVC)

Uses of Bromine and Iodine

Bromine
and its
Leaded petrol
(being phased out) compounds
medicines

photography
agriculture

Iodine and its

compounds

antiseptic
Animal feed
supplements

Uses of Halogens
Link up the halogen with the uses.

F I

Cl Br

32
 How many electrons do How many atoms exist in a What is the order of
the halogens have in halogen molecule? increasing reactivity of the
their outer shell? halogens?
A. 1 A.
A. 1 F, Cl, I, Br
B. 2 B.
B. 5 F, Cl, Br, I
C. 5 C.
C. 7 I, Cl, Br, F
D. 7 D.
D. 8 I, Br, Cl, F

Which of the pairs of What halogen is used in What halogen is used in

reactants will NOT result in non-stick cooking pans? animal feed?
a displacement reaction?
A. F A. F
A. Iodine + B. C
sodium B. Cl
l C. Br
chloride C. B D. I
B. Fluorine + r
sodium D. I
chloride
C. Chlorine +
sodium iodide
D. Bromine +
sodium iodide

Astatine comes below iodine in

Group 7 What might its melting
point be (in oC)? A. –225
M.Pt
(C)

B. +82
300
200 114 I
100 C. +150
0 -7 Br
-00 D. +300
-00 Cl -101
F -220
-00
Period

33
Practical: The Effect of Halogens on bacterial growth.
You will be using a small amount of these chemicals in a petri dish which will be growing
bacteria.. You will observe the bacterial growth around the chemicals to see the effect of the
halogen.

34
Take or draw a picture of your dish before growth and after growth and stick them in below.
Describe your observations. Which do you think is the best chemical for killing bacteria?

35
Halogens summary:

1) What group and period would you find Fluorine and Chlorine on the periodic table?

i) Fluorine:

ii) Chlorine:

2) Draw a diagram to show the electrons and electron shells for

i) Fluorine ii) Chlorine

3) Why are halogens called halogens?

4) What group of the periodic table are halogens found in? Why are they in this group?

5) Why is fluorine added to toothpaste?

6) Fluorine is also added to drinking water. Why?

7) What is a salt? Can you name another salt apart from sodium chloride?

36
 Halogens Homework

1. Investigate the amount of fluoride in our drinking water

What is the value?
Does it vary from place to place?
Is there a problem with adding Fluoride ions to water?
What is the toxic level of fluorine?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Why would someone with a sore throat gargle with salty (sodium
chloride) water?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

37
 The graph shows the boiling points of the halogens.
1

(a) Use the graph to help you answer these questions.

(i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

gas liquid solid

At room temperature chlorine is a .................................................. .

(1)

(ii) Describe the trend in boiling point from fluorine to iodine.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Chlorine reacts with metals to produce metal chlorides.

(i) When a chlorine atom forms a chloride ion it gains one electron.

What is the charge on a chloride ion?

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) In the UK water companies add chlorine to tap water.

Why is chlorine added to tap water?

........................................................................................................................
(1)
38
(d) Water companies add fluoride to tap water in some parts of the UK.

Fluoride is added to improve dental health.

Suggest one reason why some people are against adding fluoride to tap water.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

39
Lesson 5
Learning Intentions:
To identify positive or negative IONS in a reaction. To
know that soaps can be derived from Alkalis.
Online starter on Firefly
What are __________ are
bases? substances that
react with acids. All
alkalis are bases.
Alkalis are bases
that are
______________
in water.
The oxides, hydroxides
and carbonates of
metals, such as sodium
hydroxide, are bases.
Ammonia is a base that
does not contain a metal.

Group 1 – the alkali metals

Alkali metals are in group 1 of the periodic table, on the left.
1
Francium (Fr) is a very rare,
H He
radioactive and unstable
Li Be element. This makes it B C N O F Ne
difficult to study.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

40
Electron structure
All alkali metals have 1 electron in their outer shell. This means that:

 They can easily obtain a full outer

lithium shell by losing 1 electron.
2,
1  They all lose their outer shell
sodium electron in reactions to form
2,8, ____________ with a +1 charge.
1
 They have similar physical and
potassium chemical properties.
2,8,8,
1

General properties
Alkali metals are not like the typical,
transition metals, like iron or copper:
 They are soft and can be cut by a knife –
softness increases down the group.
 They have a low density – lithium, sodium
and potassium float on water.
 They have low melting and boiling points.
However, they do share a few properties
with typical metals:
 They are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
 They are shiny – this is only seen when
they are freshly cut.

Reactions with water

All alkali metals react readily with water. The reaction
becomes more vigorous down the group, and creates
a lot of heat.
The reaction creates
Li Li H H alkaline ___________
O
LiLi Li H H ions. This is why the
LiLiLi Li O group 1 elements are
called the alkali metals.

The reaction also

+ produces a gas that
Li - H H H H
O can be ignited by a
+ H + - +
Li Li O H Li lighted splint. What is
this gas?

41
Use this space to record your observations from the demonstration.

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

42
IONs
When the reaction happens the Lithium
and Hydroxide particles have not got the right
amount of electrons. They are __________.
They come in two types. Positive and
negative. +
Li

-
O H

Reactivity of alkali metals with water

Reaction of lithium with water

Lithium is the least reactive of the alkali
metals. When added to water, it fizzes
and moves around slowly across the
surface of the water.

43
 Reaction of sodium with water
When added to water, sodium
fizzes more than lithium, and
moves quickly across the surface of the
water. It melts as it reacts, and
it becomes spherical and shiny, like a
ball bearing. The hydrogen sometimes
catches fire because of the heat from
the reaction.
What is the equation for this reaction?

Reaction of potassium with water

When added to water,
potassium burns with a lilac
flame and the hydrogen
catches fire immediately. It
moves across the surface of
the water very quickly. Like
sodium, it melts with the
heat of the reaction.

What is the equation for this reaction?

• In every case when an alkali metal

reacts with water _____________and
_________________ is made

44
 Alkali metal facts

Glossary
 alkali metal – An element that belongs to
group 1 of the periodic table.
 hydroxide – The alkali produced by the
reaction between an alkali metal and water. It
is a compound ion with a charge of -1.
 metal chloride – The solid produced when
an alkali metal is burned in chlorine gas.
 metal oxide – The solid produced when an
alkali metal reacts with air.

45
PLENARY- answer in full sentences.

Why is Sodium so reactive?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

What are the products of the reaction between Lithium and Water?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

How are Alkalis and Bases different?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

What is the difference between a Potassium Atom and a Potassium

ion?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

46
HOMEWORK

Why is some natural water described as ‘HARD WATER’?

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

47
 Ions worksheet
Ions are particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Atoms are made of p_____________, n_____________ and electrons.

Protons have a _____________ charge.

Electrons have a ________________ charge.

Neutrons do not have a charge.

Electrons = protons Normal uncharged atom

More electrons than protons Negative charge overall, so negative ion
Less electrons than protons Positive ion overall, so positive ion
For example,

Normally, lithium When lithium loses an

has 3 protons electron, it has 3
and 3 electrons. protons but only 2
They are equal, electrons. That means
so the atom does it is more positive
not have a overall as the charges
charge. don’t balance.

Complete the table- the first one has been done for you.
Element Number of Number of Are there Will it be a
protons electrons more positive or
(positive) (negative) protons or negative ion?
electrons?
Fluorine 9 10 Electrons Negative

Iodine 53 54

Calcium 20 18

Chlorine 17 18

Sodium 11 10

Aluminium 13 10

Oxygen 8 10

48
Reminders:
1. In a neutral atom
the number of protons
Ion Practice Extension Activity
equals the number of
electrons.
2. An atom can 1. What is an ion?
NEVER gain or lose
protons
3. The number of
protons equals the 2. What does the number next to the ions signify?
atomic number

Complete the following table, using the periodic table in the front of your book.

NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER OF

ELEMENT ION
OF OF ELECTRONS LOST
NAME SYMBOL
PROTONS ELECTRONS OR GAINED
Fluorine F- 9 10 gained one
ex

53 54
1
16 gained two
2
potassium lost one
3
Ca+2
4
35 36
5
Sr+2
6
H+
7
8 gained two
8
12 lost two
9
aluminum 10
10
34 36
11
H-
12
lithium lost one
13
Rb+
14
17 18
15 49
 (a) The symbols for seven different elements are shown in Figure 1.
1
Figure 1

He

Be

Na S Ar

Ca Fe

Choose the correct symbol from Figure 1 to answer each question.

You may use each symbol once, more than once or not at all.

Write the symbol that represents:

(i) a Group 1 element

............................................................
(1)

(ii) a transition metal

............................................................
(1)

(iii) an element with electrons in the same number of energy levels as an atom of argon
(Ar)

............................................................
(1)

(iv) an element which forms an oxide that dissolves in water to form an acidic solution

............................................................
(1)

(v) an element that forms a chloride with the formula XCl

............................................................
(1)

50
(b) A teacher put a cube of sodium metal into water containing universal indicator, as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2

The equation for the reaction is:

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g)

sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

hydroxide

(i) The sodium floated on the surface of the water. The universal indicator turned purple.

Give three other observations that would be seen during the reaction.

1 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Name the ion that made the universal indicator turn purple.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

51
(c) Figure 3 represents the electronic structure of a sodium atom.

Figure 3

In the space below, draw the electronic structure of a sodium ion. Include the charge on the
ion.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

52
 LI: To understand why SOAP molecules can
Lesson 6: Soap and Water
remove dirt.
To know why Soaps can be thought of as
How do electrons help water to hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
be formed?
It’s like Lego! H has
one gap in the outer
shell so it fills the
shell with one from
oxygen.
Oxygen has 2 gaps
in the outer shell so it
fills them with
electrons from the
two hydrogens.
Now all holes in the
shells are full!

Polar Molecule! This means that one

side of the water
molecule has a
more negative
charge and one side
is positive.

We say it is polar
(has different
ends… like the
poles of the Earth)
THIS IS REALLY
IMPORTANT

How are soaps made?

Soaps are usually made from vegetable fats and
oils. These consist of 3 fatty acid chains, held
together by a glycerol molecule.

The reaction used to make soap from fats and oils is

called saponification. The ends of the molecule are
the same so will have the same charge. It is NOT
POLAR
54
 To make mayonnaise, you need emulsifiers. Why
do we add emulsifiers to food?
What is soap?
If oil is added to water, the two liquids do not
mix. This is because water is polar and oil is
not so there is no attraction. Liquids that do not
mix are immiscible.
Because of this, grease stains can be difficult
to remove
soap molecule
during washing.
Soaps are
water
compounds which
act as emulsifiers.
This means that
they help the oil
to mix with the
oil The head of the soap molecule contains an alkali
water.
metal. Can you remember the names of the alkali
metals from last lesson?
Hydrophillic Hydrophobic
The head of the soap
molecule is polar, and an +
alkali. It loves water so
sticks to it, but hates oil.

Soap molecules have an oily tail. It has no

charge so doesn’t stick to water (it fears it…
hydrophobic!) but it loves mixing with oil. It can
dissolve the oil to remove it from clothes etc.

Why do the drops repel?

How a soap works

55
 Mechanism of stain/dirt removal
Roll-up mechanism
The hydrophobic tails ‘burrow’ into
the droplet of oil or grease.

The hydrophilic heads are left to face

the surrounding water.

This results in the formation of a ball-like

structure (a micelle).

The non-polar substances, such as

oil or grease, are held inside the ball and
suspended in water, to be washed away.

Summary
Draw the electron structure on a water molecule. What is the name we give to molecules that have
different charges at opposite ends?

Why do oil and water not mix?

Show which end is positive and which end is

negative. What do emulsifiers do?

Draw a soap molecule.

Which end "loves water".?

What is the special name for this?

Draw a group of soap molecules trapping
an oil drop
Which end hates water?

What is the special name for this?

56
Use this space to record method, observations, results and conclusions.

58
Homework :

First read the article. Then answer the questions IN FULL SENTENCES.

Imagine using a metal instrument to scrape your skin clean after a bath.
Greeks and Romans used to do this before soap was invented. Try washing
greasy plates in plain hot water. The grease sticks firmly to the plates. Add
soap, and the grease lifts off easily. Without soap, everyday life would be
much dirtier and much more uncomfortable.

Legend has it that soap-making started on Sapo Hill near Rome some 1500
years ago. Peasants supposedly burnt animals as offerings to gods. The hot
animal fat melted and soaked down through the ash from the fire into the clay
soil. People found that the soapy clay was good for washing clothes - or so
the story goes. People still make soap from animal fats, but vegetable oils are
used as well. Oils are fats that stay liquid at room temperature. Fat contains
fatty acids. To make soap, fat is boiled for hours with caustic soda (sodium
hydroxide) or potassium hydroxide. Such chemicals are known as alkalis.
Manufacturers add perfumes to give their soaps a pleasant smell. Many also
add chemicals to kill harmful germs that can live on skin.

Soap cleans well because of the way its particles, or molecules, behave.
One end of each soap molecule is polar (charged) and tends to stick to
water. We call this hydrophilic. The other end is non-polar (not charged) and
“hates” water (hydrophobic) but sticks to oil and grease. This has two
effects. Soap molecules tend to pull apart the water molecules that form a
kind of “skin” at the water’s surface. When its molecules are loosened in this
way, water will wet plates and cups more thoroughly, so making them easier
to clean. Soap also acts directly on grease and oily dirt. It breaks these into
tiny droplets that you can simply rinse away.
Other substances that clean like soap are called detergents. Special
processes produce synthetic detergents. You find these in many washing
powders and dish-washing liquids. Synthetic detergents can penetrate dirt
more deeply than soap. “Hard” water contains chemicals that form a scum
with soap and stop it cleaning properly. Synthetic detergents clean well in
almost any kind of water.

Write full sentences to answer these questions.

1. How did people clean themselves before the invention of soap?
2. Where is the first soap-like material thought to have been made?
3. Define the term “oils”.
4. What is one similarity between fats and oils?
5. What is one difference between fats and oils?
6. What is meant by “room temperature”?
7. How is soap made?
8. What substances are added to soap, and what purpose do they serve?
9. How does soap work?
10. What is meant by “hard” water?
59
60
Lesson 7: Hard water Learning Intention: What is hard water and
how is it caused?

What is a lather?

• ‘Lather’ is
__________________________________
_________________________________.
• The _________ of lather is an indication of
how effective a soap is.
• Lather height can be variable depending
on the ions that are present in the water.
• The _____________ dissolved in the
water depend on where the water comes
from.

Hard and soft water

• Hard water is water that has _______

mineral ion content.
• Dissolved
__________________________ cause
‘hardness’ and react with the soap before
a lather is formed.
• Hard water will not produce a lather until it
has been ‘softened’. The softening occurs
when the soap first reacts with the
dissolved ions causing a layer of scum to
be produced.

61
 Hard Water - Student Worksheet
In many areas of Western Australia it can be difficult to wash yourself
or your clothes because the water is “hard”.

What is meant by “Hard Water?”

___________________________________________________________________________

The first records of soap making was amongst the Babylonians about 2,800 BC. They made
soap from mutton fat and wood ash.

When substances dissolve in water they can form ions. Complete the equations below:
NaCl dissolves to form Na +and Cl- The quality of WA city tap water
changes during the year. Because
Na2CO3 dissolves to form _______________ there is little rain in summer,
more bore water is used. Perth
NaHCO3 dissolves to form _______________ uses up to 40% underground
water. This is often “hard water”
Ca(HCO3)2 _______________ and may also contain iron and
hydrogen sulphide gas which may
make it smell and taste
differently.
Water which is “hard” will not produce a lather.

YOUR TASK
Design an experiment which will differentiate between “hard” and “soft” water?

(HINT: Water can be saline and yet be soft)

You will be given several samples of water from different Australian cities. You will also
receive some liquid soap. You must design, carry out and clean up your experiment.
MORE HINTS

• What headings do you need for your report? Many people drink
• Have you considered safety and the need to stop heath salts or Epsom
cross contamination? salts which are mostly
• Have you ordered your equipment for this magnesium sulphate. In
experiment? European people go to
• How can you make this a “fair test” health spas to “drink the
• Have you named your experimental and dependant waters” and soak in
variables? mineral rich springs
• How are you going to report your results?
• How could this experiment be improved?

62
Title of investigation

Method and diagram

63
Results and Observations

Analysis of water hardness in major Australian cities

by the Australian Water Association shows a range
from very soft (Melbourne) to very hard (Adelaide).
Total Hardness levels of calcium carbonate in ppm
are: Canberra: 40
Melbourne: 10–26
Sydney: 39.4–60.1
Perth: 29–226
Brisbane: 100
Adelaide: 134–148
Hobart: 5.8–34.4
Darwin: 31.

64
Homework- write a paragraph to conclude your write-up, including answers to the following
questions.
Which water was the hardest? How do you know?
Which water was softest?
What happens to lather in hard water?
Which ions make water hard, where are these ions on the periodic table?
How reliable are the results? Can you think of 3 ways you would improve your method to get more
reliable results?

65
Lesson 8
Learning Intention:
To understand how emulsions are formed naturally. To know
common emulsions found in the kitchen.

STARTER:

66
RECAP
• In pairs, summarise how a soap molecule can lift a grease stain from
clothes and carry it away in the water.
• What two words do we use to describe the two ends of the soap
molecule?

What is an emulsion?
1. Can we define ‘emulsion’?
2. Identify which of the following food stuffs are emulsions

Milk, Salad dressing, jelly, ice-cream, olive oil, vinaigrette, mayonnaise,

peanut butter. How do we know?

67
An ___________ is a mixture of two ___________ liquids (a
solution of substances that normally wouldn’t mix together)

68
The Science Behind Mayo... Do oil and water mix?
Mayonnaise is an example of a man-
made/ natural emulsion. It is an oil in
water/ water in oil emulsion. The What happens if you try?
emulsifier in mayonnaise comes
from ..................
Does the same thing happen to mayo?

Are all liquids water? What else might we cook with?

Method : do try this at home

Making Mayonnaise
Ingredients:
Take 3 ....................... and
add .............................. of English mustard.

Mix these together using a .........................

Then add 300ml of ........................
slowly at first, and then more ..................
Mix these together, and then
add .............. before blending for the
last time.

The Science Behind Mayo...

Vegetable oils do not .......................in
water. If mixed they will separate and
form two ..................... However, if
an ............. is added they will form an
emulsion.

69
Magic Milk
Materials Required:

shallow clear container

whole milk or half-and-half (at room temperature) works best (the higher the fat
content the better)
liquid food colouring (red, blue, yellow, and green)
dish detergent (e.g., Sunlight works well)
q-tips (or toothpicks)

Procedure:

Pour enough milk into the container to completely cover the bottom and allow it to
settle.
Add 3 drops of each of the colours of food coloring to the milk. (Widely separated and
not in the centre of the dish)
Predict what will happen when you touch the tip of a clean q-tip to the centre of the
milk. Place the tip of the clean q-tip in the centre of the milk. Observe what
happens. (It's important not to stir the mix, just touch it with the tip of the cotton swab.)
Place a drop of liquid dish soap on the tip of the q-tip. Predict what will happen
when you touch the tip of a soapy q-tip to the centre of the milk.
Place the soapy end of the q-tip swab in the middle of the milk and hold it there for
10 to 15 seconds.
Notice that the food colouring streams away from the point where the soap touched
the milk, and the colours in the milk continue to move even when the q-tip is
removed. After a while the motion of the food coloring will stop.
Add another drop of soap to the tip to the q-tip and try it again. Notice that the
motion of the food colouring resumes.

Scientific Explanation: What causes the food colouring in the milk to move?

Simplified response: The dish soap does not mix with the milk. Instead it floats on top and
spreads over the surface. As it spreads, it grabs the food colouring. Soap is a "degreaser" so
the molecules in it are attacking the fat in the milk, causing motion which creates the swirling of
the colours. Where the colours meet, they combine and form new colours.

53
 LI:To understand how emulsions are formed naturally.
Lesson 9: Practical To know common emulsions found in the kitchen.

Emulsions
Oil and many other liquids, like water, are ___________________. This is
the scientific word meaning "can't mix".
However, they can be made to _________ by stirring and this forms an
__________________.
Emulsions are not as ___________ as the oil and more
_________________ than the water.
Oil-in-water emulsions contain ____________________ of oil suspended
in a solution.
Many emulsions are unstable and separate back to _________ and _________.
Emulsifiers help oil and water mix by stopping the oil droplets joining together
to form a separate oil layer again.

Add 2cm
Time how
oil to 2cm
water in a long it takes to
SHAKE WITH NO
boiling settle out
EMULSIFIER SETTLE again.
tube. Add
a bung so
you don't
make a
mess

Time to settle = _____seconds

OIL DROPLET
IN WATER

This is an
EMULSIFIER
57
Practical : Testing Emulsifiers
Emulsifiers stop oil and water mixtures from separating. The better an emulsifier is the longer it will
take for the oil and water to separate. You can use the method below to test a variety of chemicals for
their emulsifying properties.

Equipment
Boiling tube
Stopper
Timer
Boiling Tube Rack
Measuring Cylinder
Pipette
Vegetable Oil
Solutions to test

Method
1.Put 5cm3 of vegetable oil into a boiling tube.
2.Add 5cm3 of water.
3.Add 10 drops of emulsifier from a pipette.
4.Put in the stopper.
5.Invert the tube 10 times to mix the liquids.
6.Time how long it takes for a separate layer of oil to begin forming on the top of the mixture.
7.Repeat this 3 times so that you can calculate mean values.

Risk Assessment
Always assume that chemicals are harmful, wear safety spectacles to protect your eyes. Oil spilt on the
floor is a slipping hazard, deal with spillages quickly.

Substances to test
Washing up liquid _______________seconds
Egg yolk _______________seconds
Hand Wash _______________seconds
Sodium chloride _______________seconds
Soap powder _______________seconds

Conclusion: Which was the best emulsifier?

70
Homework

Check your understanding: Holding oil and water together

Mayonnaise is an emulsion. It contains oil and water and the two substances stay mixed.
If you look at mayonnaise through a microscope you see tiny drops of oil floating in water.

oil droplet

oil water from

vinegar

mayonnaise under the microscope

a) In mayonnaise, what stops the oil floating to the top?___________________________

b) What is the difference between an emulsion and an emulsifier?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
c) Emulsifiers like those in egg yolks have long thin molecules. Their heads are
attracted to water (hydrophilic) and their tails are repelled by it (hydrophobic).

hydrophilic
head

hydrophobic
tail
Show how emulsifier molecules cluster around a drop of oil to get their tails away from
the water, including labels.

d) Research and find at least 5 examples of foods which act as emulsifiers, or foods containing
an emulsifier.

71
YEAR 7
LESSON 10 REVISION WHAT HAS CHEMISTRY EVER DONE FOR YOU?
Atomic structure

Learning Intention: To consolidate our understanding of atoms, ions, emulsions and reactions

Draw and label the general structure of an atom below.

Atomic Number = _______________

Atomic mass = number of _________ + number of ___________

How do you calculate the number of neutrons? __________________________________________________

Electronic configuration (with chlorine as an example) = _____________________

The maximum number of electrons in each shell = ________________

Elements

An element is a pure substance made of __________________.

They are arranged in the periodic table according to the number of ____________________ (valence
electrons) and their number of electron shells. This is called their __________number and their_________.

Group 1 contains the _______ metals. They have ____electron in their outer shell.

They form ____________solutions when added to water.

Alkaline solutions term universal indicator___________.

e.g. Sodium + ________  Hydrogen + ________ hydroxide

Reactivity

As you move down group 1 elements become more reactive. This is because the electrons in the outer shell
are further away from the nucleus and aren’t as tightly held.

Group 7 contains the _________.

They have _________ electrons in their outer shell.

Halogens form ________ when added to _________.

E.g. _________ + Chlorine  Sodium Chloride

Chlorine________________ are halogens.

Chlorine is used to remove ____________ from water supplies

Fluoride is added to tap water to prevent ________________.

72
Group 8 (Noble gases)

These have a _____________________and so are very stable eg He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe & Rn

Metals and halogens often combine because group 7 elements need ______________to fill their outer shell
and group 1 elements lose one _____________ to have a complete outer shell

Soaps

Soaps are ___________. They are alkaline.

Metal + water  Hydrogen + sodium hydroxide.

When water runs through rocks it picks up ________________ (charged particles). This can make the water
“________” and soaps will not lather as well in this water. Hard water is usually caused by _____________,
_____________ or __________ ions in the water.

Melbourne has “soft” water while Adelaide has “hard” water.

The minerals form a scum or lime scale and make the soap less effective.

Emulsifiers

An emulsifier enables two solutions like oil and water, which wouldn’t usually mix to mix. These solutions are
said to be ___________.

Water is __________ and oil in ___________. They do not normally mix.

____________ means water hating, ____________ means water loving.

An emulsifier forms a barrier (micelle) around oil and allows it form an emulsion in water.

Emulsifiers like egg and mustard are used in cooking to make mayonnaise and salad dressings.

Milk is also an emulsion. This is important so that babies can consume it.

Heating can change the properties of an emulsifier so a boiled egg would not work in mayonnaise.

73
 Ions

Define an

ion_______________________________________________________________________ Draw a

magnesium ion. What charge would this be?

Draw a chlorine ion. What charge would this be?

What is a precipitation reaction?

74
Revision- Practice Exam-style questions

75
76
77
Essay Practise question: A friend says to you that Oil is a hydrophilic molecule. Would you agree or disagree? Explain
using key points. Make sure you use the planner below.

Is Oil hydrophobic or
Hydrophillic

78
5

79
80
81
82
Sample essay response Is Oil hydrophobic or
hydrophilic

Hydrophobic Hydrophillic Oil does not mix Polar vs non-

Oil floats on
means water means water with water polar (like
water
fearing loving dissolves like
rule)

Water is a
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Oil floats in polar molecule
Oil does not
molecules repel molecues are water, making and Oil is non
mix with water.
water and are water loving, it hydrophobic polar. Like
not attracted therefore attract dissolves like
towards water towards water rule. Oil will
not mix with
water as they
are unlike
each other.

2 5
3 4 1

I believe that Oil is hydrophobic. Oil does not mix with water. Oil floats in water, making it hydrophobic.
Hydrophobic molecules repel water and are not attracted towards water. Hydrophilic molecules are water
loving, therefore are attracted towards water. Water is a polar molecule and Oil is non polar. According to
the like dissolves like rule, Oil being a non-polar molecule will not dissolve with Water which is a polar
molecule as they are unlike each other. This makes Oil a hydrophobic molecule.

83
84
85
Science Glossary:
Action word Definition
State/ Define A short answer. Single
word or phrase.
Describe May be asked to recall
some facts/what happened
according to a table graph
or diagram
Explain/ State the reasons why
Discuss something happened.
Outline / Provide a brief description
summarise of relevant information
Label/ To state or name the
Annotate location of something
potentially using arrows.
Identify Pick out the key
characteristics or features
of what you are being
asked about.
Analyse Break into parts, examine
them and show how they
interrelate.
Suggest Need to apply knowledge
and understanding to a
new situation.
Calculate Using the numbers given in
the question to work out
the answer.
Show that Using the data given
calculate a certain answer.
Compare – Identify the characteristics
relationship - two or more things have in
distinguish common and their points
of difference
What you need to do
One point per mark
One point per mark.
State trend.
Include data if given a table or graph.
Don’t explain – shouldn’t need to use words like ‘because’.
Requires you to demonstrate an understanding of why something
works in a particular way OR the relationship between things.
Use linking words such as ‘so’, ‘therefore’, ‘because’, ‘due to’,
‘since’, ‘this means’ or ‘meaning that’.
Show an understanding of what the concept/process is.
Just the key term.
Just the key concept/item – elaboration not required
If accompanied by data – you need to explain what is happening
using an example from the data.
Can be more than one correct answer.
Useful words/phrases to use are ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘could’ and ‘I think
that’.
Always show working and remember units.
Answer should be approximately the same as the value given in
the question.
Do not use the value you are trying to prove in the equation given.
You need to be talking about the 2 things together.
Use the words both for similarities and whereas for differences
Do not describe the two things separately
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Action word Definition What you need to do

Evaluate Explain the positives and
negatives or the evidence
for/against a process. Give
a conclusion.
Need to show points for both sides.
Use evidence.
Make a judgement on whether the positives outweigh the
negatives and briefly justify why in a conclusion.

Use data if it is given in the question.

Justify Give reasons for your Use data if it is given in the question.
choice.

Hypothesis A prediction. If the volume of rainfall is proportional to the lake level then the
higher the rainfall the higher the level of the lake will be.
In the format ‘If…[IV]
…related to…[DV]..
then….[prediction]’

Independent What is changed in an The volume of rainfall (cm3)

variable experiment, in regular
Need units.
intervals.

Dependent What is measured in an The lake level (cm)

variable experiment.
Need units.

Controlled What is kept the same in The place you measure the lake level.
variable an experiment.
More than one correct answer as there are multiple things that
should be controlled.

Should only be factors you can control.

Control group The group that is not

exposed to the
independent variable. This
acts as a comparison.

Conclusion A statement to describe Example: The hypothesis was correct, the results show that the
the trend in results and a higher the rainfall the higher the level of the lake. This needs to be
response to the supported by evidence from the results.
hypothesis.

Evaluation Suggestions to improve the Example: The wire was heating up. I should turn the power off
experiment or what further between readings to improve the experiment.
experimentation is needed.

Reliability To keep the experiment

reliable the experiment
should be repeated at least
5 times.

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