CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS

A Control System is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a
manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system.
Common example is the human body:
Temperature Control
When an external temperature is apply in the body, the body tends to regulate its temperature.
The normal body temperature is about 37 ⁰C. If the skin temperature rises above this 37 ⁰C
sweating begins. If the skin temperature drops 37 ⁰C the body shivers to increase heat
production in the muscles. Sweating and shivering will stop when the body temperature is
about 37 ⁰C.

External Temperature (Sun, Illness, etc.)

Normal Body Temperature BODY Actual Body Temperature

(37 ⁰C)

Temperature
Sensor

BASIC PARTS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROL
INPUT/DEMAND ELEMENT/PLANT OUTPUT/ACTUAL VALUE

The input is the command, stimulus applied to the plant to obtain the actual response which is
the output. Input usually quantities such as reference, setpoint or desired values for the output
of the control system.
OPEN-LOOP AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
An open-loop control system is a manual system. The output does not influence the input or
the control action. The main advantages of open-loop are its simplicity, no stability errors and if
calibrated properly it can perform accurately.

CONTROL
INPUT OUTPUT
ELEMENT/PLANT

Example 1: A dishwasher that is controlled through a timer. This system is an open loop system
because they are controlled by a timer. The time required to clean the dishes must be
estimated by the user which is not part of the system.

Timer setting Dishwasher Clean dishes

Example 2: A lawn water sprinkler system that is controlled by a timer. The system will still run even if it
is raining outside if the timer is set. The user still needs to monitor the system.

Timer setting Sprinkler Moist soil

Example 3: A car, without built in automatic cruise control, to be use at constant speed. The system will
work at a flat road but if it encounters a hill or a valley without varying the position of the gas pedal the
car will slow down or speed up.

Gas pedal position Car Speed

A closed-loop control system is an automated system and also called Feedback Control System.
It uses a feedback to send back the signal from the output to the comparator to compare it with
set input. That feedback signal can be negative or positive.
 COMPARATOR

ERROR
INPUT CONTROLLER PLANT OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
SENSOR

CONTROL DEVICE

A typical Closed-loop Control System

Example 1:
 CHAPTER II
CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
A block diagram is a pictorial representation, composed of blocks and
arrows, of the relationship between the input and the output of a control system.

BLOCK
INPUT OUTPUT
The simplest form of a block diagram

COMPARATOR

ERROR FEEDFORWARD
PLANT Controlled Output (c)
Reference Input (r) (CONTROL) ELEMENTS
g1 g2

FEEDBACK ELEMENTS
h