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Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in

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Eid (2010): Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Jordan
Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade

in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Jordan
By: Ehab Khalil Eid
Co- Directors
Prof. Margarita África Clemente Muñoz
and
Prof. Zuhair Sami Amr
This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s
Degree of “Management, Access, and Conservation of Species in Trade; the
International Framework”.
In Addition, This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the “Advance Diploma Study Degree”
Antonio Machado Headquarter

International University of Andalucía
June, 2010
1
Dedication
To my Wife and my Son, who always been there

through the hard times, and stood behind me and
knew I would succeed.
Ehab Khalil Eid
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am very grateful to the International University of Andalucía (UNIA) - Sede Antonio Machado
Headquarter for their financial support which included the courses fees and accommodation.
This support allowed me to attend the VIII master degree in “Management, Conservation and
Access of Species in Trade; the International Framework”, and without their extremely generous
and strong support, this thesis would not have happened.
I am heartily thankful to my supervisors; Prof. Margarita Clemente and Prof. Zuhair Amr, whose
encouragement, guidance and intellectual comprehension from the initial to the final level
enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and assisted me to achieve this work.
As well, I wish to thank the support of the Student Conference on Conservation Science (SCCS),
internship program for funding my visit to the United Nation for Environmental Program-World
Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge-United Kingdome in where I have
learned how to extract and analyze CITES trade data. Thanks are extended here to Mrs. Shireen
Green “Conference Administrative” for all arrangement and coordination she have done to make
my visit possible.
I gratefully acknowledge Ms. Annette Baxter for her kind assistant into reviewing parts of my
thesis. Her notes and editing were very fruitful for shaping up my thesis.
Also I wish to thank my extraordinary team Mr. Thabit Al-Share and Mr. Omar Abed for their
encouragement, support and patient during the period of my absence to study in Spain.
My exceptional thanks go to Ms. Suad Al Abiad, “Wildlife Enforcement officer” at the Royal
Society for the Conservation of Nature, for her assistant and continuous support to collect the
required information and data, and for her advises on different issues related to the stakeholders
of CITES in Jordan.
I wish to acknowledge my organizational support of the Royal Society for the Conservation of
Nature, namely Mr. Yehia Khalid “Director General”, Mr. Mohammad Yousef “Conservation
Division Head” Ms. Enas Sakkijjha “Research and Survey Section”, and Mr. Mahdi Quatrameez
“Wildlife Enforcement Section Head\ CITES Management Authority” for their understanding
and support.
I wish to thank Dr. Randa Al Akash “CITES Management Authority- Ministry of Agriculture-
Jordan”, Dr. Ayman Salti “Ministry of Agriculture- Jordan”, Mr. Nabil Al Nezami “Jordan’s
Custom Officer” for their assistant and kindness during the interviews period and for their
valuable assistant about their role in CITES implementation in Jordan.
My gratitude is extended to Mr. Ahmad Saied Saied from the International Fund for Animal
Welfare (IFAW) - international office for providing the required information about the role of
IFAW in raising the capacity building of CITES in Jordan and the Middle Eastern countries.
3
My greetings to my colleagues of the VIII master degree at the International University of

Andalucía for their friendship, and thoughtfulness. To all of them, your friendship will last
forever.
I would like to extend my appreciation to the UNEP- WCMC team for their hospitality, kindness
and support during my stay in Cambridge, UK. My special thanks go to the species program staff
of the UNEP- WCMC, namely: Mr. Pablo Sinovas, who makes my internship achievable, Mrs.
Elizabeth White, Harriet Gillett for their continuous assistant, Mr. Gerardo Fragoso, Mrs. Sarah
Ferriss, Mr. Ackbar Joolia, Mrs. Jane Kloda, Mrs. Kelly Malsch, Mrs. Claire McLardy, and Mrs.
Julia Ng for their kindness and generosity.
Greeting to Mr. Hussam Mubarak for volunteering his time to review and translate part of my
thesis about the “conservation from an Islamic prospective”. Your efforts are most appreciated.
I will never forget all professors, teachers and assistant who spent and volunteer their time to
teach us the concepts behind the multilateral conventions and biodiversity conservation.
Exceptional thanks to my friend Mr. Ibrahim Al Hasani “Birdlife International” for his
continuous support and encouragement to keep working hard on this thesis.
I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the
completion of the thesis, and deeply sorry if I have forget any of them.
Finally, for never-ending support, and enthusiasm, I want to thank my companion in life Muna,
my beloved son Laith, my parents, brothers and sister.
4
ACRONYMS
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
RSCN The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
WES Wildlife Enforcement Section
DVM Department of Veterinarian Medicine
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
JUST Jordan University for Science and Technology
CoPs Conference of the Parties
NGO Non Governmental Organization
IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare
ASEZA Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority
APP. Appendix
IATA International Air Transport Association
kg Kilogram
One-letter code of purpose appeared in the report
B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation
E Educational
G Botanical Gardens
H Hunting trophies
L Enforcement (e.g. evidence in court, specimen for training)
M Bio-medical research
N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild
P Personal
Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions
S Scientific
T Commercial Trade
Z Zoos
One-letter code of source appeared in the report
A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11,
paragraph a), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions
of Article VII, paragraph 5, of the Convention (specimens of species included in
Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non-commercial purposes and
specimens of species included in Appendices II and III).
C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev. CoP11), as well
as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII,
paragraph 5, of the Convention (specimens of species included in Appendix I that
have been bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and specimens of species
included in Appendices II and III).
D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Appendix-I
plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and
derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4, of the
Convention.
F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfill the
definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev. CoP11), as well as parts
and derivatives thereof.
5
I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be used with another code)

O Pre-Convention specimens (may be used with another code)
R Specimens originating in a ranching operation
U Source unknown (must be justified)
W Specimens taken from the wild
6
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
Chapter One: Introduction
Table 1.1 Middle East countries that have Signed the CITES, in Chronological Order 24
Table 1.2 Jordanian animal and plant species listed in CITES Appendices 28
Chapter Three: Results
Table 3.1 Volume of animals and plants groups in trade in Jordan 34
Table 3.2 CITES Permits Issued by Jordan between 2004 and 2008 (Source: RSCN 34
Management Authority)
Table 3.3 Volume of trade in animals specimens according to CITES Appendices in 35
Jordan
Table 3.4 Partner countries in trade (Export and/ or Import) with Jordan 35
Table 3.5 Comprehensive Table on All Mammalian species Imported by Jordan 39
(Unit=Blank)
Table 3.6 Imports of Mammals in other terms by Jordan 42
Table 3.7 Partner Countries that Exported Live- specimens of Birds to Jordan (Unit= 46
Blank)
Table 3.8 Comprehensive Table illustrates all Birds species Imported by Jordan 48
Table 3.9 Imports of Birds in other Terms by Jordan 55
Table 3.10 Comprehensive Table on All Reptiles species Imported by Jordan 61
Table 3.11 Exporters Reported Quantities of Reptile’s Specimens “Other than Live 64
Specimens”
Table 3.12 Comprehensive Table on All Invertebrates Species Imported by Jordan 69
Table 3.13 Comprehensive Table on All mammals species Exported by Jordan 74
Table 3.14 Comprehensive Table on All mammals species Exported in other Terms 76
Table 3.15 Comprehensive Table on All birds species exported by Jordan “Unit= 83
Blank”
Table 3.16 Comprehensive Table on All Reptiles Species Exported by Jordan “Unit= 93
Blank”
Table 3.17 Comprehensive Table on All invertebrates Species Exported by Jordan 100
“Unit= Blank”
Table 3.18 Comprehensive Table on All Plants Species Exported by Jordan “Unit= 102
Blank”
Table 3.19 Detailed information about plant species exported to Jordan “Exporters 103
annual reports”
Table 3.20 History of Jordanian CITES Annual Reports 104
Table 3.21 Role and Tasks of the Management Authority of CITES in Jordan 104
Table 3.22 Roles and Tasks of the Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan 105
Chapter Four: Discussion
Table 4.1 Plant species imported by Jordan 119
7
LISTS OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
Chapter Three: Results
Figure 3.1 Contribution of exporter countries of live specimens of mammals (Jordan’s 35
Annual Reports)
Figure 3.2 Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of Mammals imported 35
between 1997- 2008
Figure 3.3 Reported Quantities on Mammal Species imported by Jordan in other 40
Terms (Unit= Blank)
Figure 3.4 Left side: Squirrel Monkey eating an insect, Right side: Total number of 41
Squirrel Monkey in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.5 Left side: Green Monkey Photo by: Xlandfair, Right side: Total number of 42
Green Monkey in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.6 Left side: Arabian Oryx at Shaumari Wildlife Reserve “Photo by: Ehab 42
Eid- RSCN”, Right side: Total number of Arabian Oryx in trade of export
to Jordan
Figure 3.7 Left side: Tiger, Right side: Total number of Tigers in trade of export to 43
Jordan
Figure 3.8 Left side: Lion, Right side: Total number of Lions in trade of export to 43
Jordan
Figure 3.9 Trend in Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of birds between 45
1984 and 2008
Figure 3.10 Left side: Rose-ringed Parakeet “Photo by: J. M. Garg”, Right side: Total 53
number of Rose-ringed Parakeet in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.11 Left side: Java Sparrow “Photo by Jason L.Buberel”, Right side: Total 54
number of Java Sparrow in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.12 Left side: Yellow-collared Lovebird “Photo by Chris Gin”, Right side: 55
Total number of Yellow-collared Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.13 Left side: Rosy-faced Lovebird “Photo by: Alastair Rae”, Right side: Total 55
number of Rosy-faced Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.14 Left side: Red-headed Lovebird “Photo by: JoJan”, Right side: Total 56
number of Red-headed Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.15 Partner Countries that contributed to Export Live Reptiles Specimens to 57
Jordan
Figure 3.16 Trend in Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of reptiles 57
between 1999 and 2008
Figure 3.17 Left side: Green Iguana, Right side: Total number of Green Iguana in trade 63
of export to Jordan
Figure 3.18 Left side: North African Spiny-tailed Lizard, Right side: Total number of 63
North African Spiny-tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.19 Left side: Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard “Photo by: RSCN”, Right side: 64
Total number of Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.20 Left side: Ocellated Spiny-tailed Lizard “Photo by: Nadja Pöllath”, Right 64
side: Total number of Ocellated Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export to
Jordan
Figure 3.21 Left side: Ornates Spiny-tailed Lizard, Right side: Total number of Ornates 65
Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
Figure 3.22 Exporter Countries of Live- invertebrates Species to Jordan 66
Figure 3.23 Partner Countries of Imports of Live- specimens of Mammals 70
8
Figure 3.24 Trend in Exported Mammalian Species between 1995 and 2008 70
Figure 3.25 Left side: White-tufted-ear Marmoset “Photo by: Raimond Spekking”, 76
Right side: Total number of White-tufted-ear Marmoset in trade of export
from Jordan
Figure 3.26 Total number of Arabian Oryx in trade of export from Jordan 76
Figure 3.27 Total number of Squirrel Monkey in trade of export from Jordan 77
Figure 3.28 Total number of Green Monkey in trade of export from Jordan 77
Figure 3.29 Left side: Fennec Fox, Right side: Total number of Fennec Fox in trade of 78
export from Jordan
Figure 3.30 Partner Countries of Imports of Live- bird’s specimens with Jordan 79
Figure 3.31 Sum of exporter’s reported quantities on birds live specimens 79
Figure 3.32 Left side: Grey Parrot, Right side: Total number of Grey Parrot in trade of 86
export from Jordan
Figure 3.33 Left side: Orange-winged Amazon “Photo by Philipp weigell”, Right side: 87
Total number of Orange-winged Amazon in trade of export from Jordan
Figure 3.34 Total number of Rose-ringed Parakeet in trade of export from Jordan 87
Figure 3.35 Left side: Ducorps's Cockatoo “Photo by: Kathy Lewis”, Right side: Total 88
number of Ducorps's Cockatoo in trade of export from Jordan
Figure 3.36 Left side: Blue-and-yellow Macaw “Photo by Benjamint”, Right side: Total 88
number of Blue-and-yellow Macaw in trade of export from Jordan
Figure 3.37 Number of imported live- specimens of Reptiles imported by Partner 89
Countries
Figure 3.38 Trend in the Sum quantities of reptile’s specimens exported by Jordan 90
between 1999 and 2008
Figure 3.39 Left side: Mediterranean Spur- thighed Tortoise “Photo by: RSCN”, Right 94
side: Total number of Mediterranean Spur- thighed Tortoise in trade of
export from Jordan
Figure 3.40 Left side: Indian Star Tortoise “Photo by Cburnett”, Right side: Total 95
number of Indian Star Tortoise in trade of export from Jordan
Figure 3.41 Left side: Veiled Chameleon “Photo by Chris Kadet”, Right side: Total 95
number of Veiled Chameleon in trade of export from Jordan
Figure 3.42 Total number of Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export from 96
Jordan
Figure 3.43 Total number of Ornates Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export from Jordan 96
9
LISTS OF ANNEXES
Annex No. Title Page No.
Annex I CITES Convention Text 137
Annex II CITES Permits Used by Jordan’s Managemnt Authority 149
Annex III Conf. 9.7 (Rev. CoP15) - Transit and Transshipment 150
Annex IV Conf. 13.6 Implementation of Article VII, paragraph 2, concerning 'pre- 152
Convention’ specimens
Annex V Conf. 13.7 (Rev. CoP14): Control of trade in personal and household 153
effects
Annex VI Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) - Specimens of Animal Species Bred in Captivity 156
Annex VII Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15) - Regulation of Trade in Plants 158
Annex VIII Bonn Amendment to the Text of the Convention 162
Annex IX Annex X: Questioner Sheet Number one (Management and Scientific 164
Authority)
Annex X Annex X: Questioner Sheet Number one (Management and Scientific 165
Authority)
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment......................................................................................................................................... 3
Acronyms..................................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Lists of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Lists of Annexes......................................................................................................................................... 10
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 17
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 17
1.2 Conservation from an Islamic Perspective ............................................................................. 18
1.3 Historical Overview of Trade Conventions on Wild Animals and Plants ........................... 20
1.4 CITES Origin ............................................................................................................................ 20
1.4.1 How CITES Works ........................................................................................................... 21
1.5 CITES in the Middle East ........................................................................................................ 23
1.6 CITES in Jordan....................................................................................................................... 24
1.6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 24
1.6.2 Management Authority of CITES in Jordan.................................................................. 24
1.6.3 Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan ........................................................................ 25
1.6.4 Enforcement Authority of CITES in Jordan.................................................................. 25
1.6.5 Development of Legislation, Regulations and Policies................................................... 25
1.6.6 Permits Form..................................................................................................................... 26
1.6.7 Records of Trade............................................................................................................... 26
1.6.8 Publication of CITES Reports ......................................................................................... 26
1.6.9 Jordanian Species listed in the CITES Appendices ....................................................... 26
1.7 Study Objectives........................................................................................................................ 29
1.7.1 General Objective ............................................................................................................. 29
1.7.2 Study Objectives................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter Two: Methods............................................................................................................................. 30
2.1 Data Acquisition........................................................................................................................ 30
2.2 Interviews................................................................................................................................... 30
2.3 Field Visits ................................................................................................................................. 31
11
Chapter Three: Results ............................................................................................................................ 32

3.1 Trade Volume in Jordan .......................................................................................................... 32
3.2 Imports of Jordan ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.1 Jordan’s Imports of Mammals ........................................................................................ 34
3.2.2 Jordan’s Imports of Bird’s............................................................................................... 44
3.2.3 Jordan’s Imports of Reptiles............................................................................................ 56
3.2.4 Jordan’s Imports of Invertebrates .................................................................................. 65
3.3 Exports of Jordan ..................................................................................................................... 69
3.3.1 Jordan’s Exports of Mammals......................................................................................... 69
3.3.2 Jordan’s Exports of Bird’s ............................................................................................... 78
3.3.3 Jordan’s Exports of Reptiles............................................................................................ 89
3.3.4 Jordan’s Exports of Invertebrates................................................................................... 96
3.3.5 Jordan’s Exports of Plants ............................................................................................... 98
3.4 Administrative Compliance to CITES .................................................................................. 100
3.4.1 Role and Tasks of the Management Authority............................................................. 100
3.4.2 Role and Tasks of the Scientific Authority ................................................................... 101
3.4.3 Annual and Biennial Reports......................................................................................... 102
3.5 Enforcement and Legislative Compliance to CITES........................................................... 103
3.5.1 Measures Taken to Implement CITES Provisions in Jordan ..................................... 103
3.5.2 Enforcement and Methods of Inspection ...................................................................... 104
3.6 CITES and capacity-building in Jordan............................................................................... 105
Chapter Four: Discussion....................................................................................................................... 106
4.1 Trade Volume.......................................................................................................................... 106
4.1.1 Trade in Live-specimens of Mammals .......................................................................... 108
4.1.2 Trade in Live-specimens of Birds .................................................................................. 111
4.1.3 Trade in Live-specimens of Reptiles.............................................................................. 113
4.1.4 Trade in Live- specimens of Invertebrates ................................................................... 115
4.1.5 Trade in Plant Specimens............................................................................................... 116
4.2 CITES Administration ........................................................................................................... 118
4.2.1 Role of the Management Authority............................................................................... 118
4.2.2 Role of the Scientific Authority...................................................................................... 120
4.2.3 Findings Made Prior to Issuing Permits ....................................................................... 120
4.2.4 Enforcement of CITES in Jordan.................................................................................. 120
12
4.2.5 Capacity Building of CITES in Jordan......................................................................... 124

4.2.6 Confiscated Specimens ................................................................................................... 125
Chapter Five: Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 127
5.1 Regarding Trade Volume in Jordan ..................................................................................... 127
5.2 Regarding Enforcement and Legislations............................................................................. 128
5.3 Regarding: Management and Scientific Authorities ........................................................... 129
References................................................................................................................................................ 133
Annexes .................................................................................................................................................... 137
Annex I: CITES Convention Text ..................................................................................................... 137
Annex II: CITES Permits Used by Jordan’s Managemnt Authority............................................. 149
Annex III: Conf. 9.7 (Rev. CoP15) - Transit and Transshipment .................................................. 150
Annex IV: Conf. 13.6 Implementation of Article VII, paragraph 2, concerning 'pre-Convention’
specimens ............................................................................................................................................. 152
Annex V: Conf. 13.7 (Rev. CoP14): Control of trade in personal and household effects............. 153
Annex VI: Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) - Specimens of Animal Species Bred in Captivity.......................... 156
Annex VII: Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15) - Regulation of Trade in Plants.......................................... 158
Annex VIII: Bonn Amendment to the Text of the Convention....................................................... 162
Annex IX: Questioner Sheet Number one (Custom Officers)......................................................... 163
Annex X: Questioner Sheet Number one (Management and Scientific Authority)...................... 164
13
ABSTRACT
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
or what is called by Washington Convention, is a multilateral convention signed in 1973 and get
into force two years after. It aims to save wild species of fauna and flora through the regulation
and restriction of the international trade. As well, it works by subjecting the international trade in
specimens of species covered by the Convention to certain controls, where any import, export,
re-exports or introduction from the sea has to be authorized through a permitting system. Jordan
Government has paid attention to the importance of regulating wildlife trade in order to insure
the survival of species. Accordingly, it acceded to CITES on December 14th, 1978, bringing it
into force on March 14th, 1979.
After nearly 31 years since the Government of Jordan get into force within CITES provisions, it
was necessary to conduct a comprehensive review to evaluate and explores trade volumes, and
investigate whether Jordan’s current administration, legislative, and enforcement system comply
with its CITES obligations. Accordingly, this thesis established the base from which several
topics can be investigated in depth in order to improve the implementation of CITES in Jordan
and it is considered the first attempt of its kind from Jordan to review the implementation of a
multilateral convention signed by the Government of Jordan.
This study aimed to identify the number of species in trade; prepare a list of species according to
CITES Appendices; review, and assess number of permits issued by the Management
Authorities; Assess the role of the Management and Scientific Authorities into implementing
CITES; review the enforcement role on ports of entry, and methods of inspections; evaluate
efforts of capacity building for the relevant stakeholders of CITES including rangers, police,
custom officers, main importer and exporter companies; and obtain information on confiscated
animals or plants, as well as the facilities provided for confiscating procedure.
A set of methods were used in order to achieve the objectives of the study, including data
acquisition, in where all available documents related to CITES and its implementation in Jordan
were collected. As well, a set of interviews were conducted with key persons who are currently
contributing to - or have, in the past, contributed to CITES implementation in Jordan including
Management and Scientific Authorities, Custom Officers and rangers in order to assess their
compliance to the CITES. And lastly, several field visits were made to ex-situ conservation
facilities (e.g. zoos and aquaria) that were currently actively involved, had been involved at some
time or could become involved in conservation and international trade of wildlife resources.
To investigate the volume of trade, data were extracted from CITES trade statistics derived from
the CITES Trade Database, United Nations for Environmental Programs-World Conservation
Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdome. Analyzing these data has
showed that Jordan started to record trade (export/ imports) of live-specimens of wildlife since
1987, eight years after the enforcement of this convention in Jordan. In addition, trade in live-
specimens of animals and plants were higher than the trade in other terms such as the ivory
carvings, skulls, skins …etc, and constituted around 99%, according to Jordan’s Annual Reports.
Moreover, four major groups of animals were recorded in direct trade; these are: mammals,
birds, reptiles and invertebrates. In addition, plants were found in the trade records but to a lesser
extent.
14
Jordan’s annual reports have identified a total of 178,388 live-specimens of animals and plants in
trade (exports and/ or imports). Birds were by far the largest group of animals imported by
Jordan and comprised 89% of the total live-specimens, while mammals make the least group
imported. On the other hand, Jordan exported more reptiles’ specimens with around 97% of the
total live-specimens, but invertebrates were the least group in trade of exports from Jordan.
Variation in reporting between Jordan’s annual reports and partner’s countries annual report was
recognized. These variations were mainly due to little experiences in CITES-species
identification, recording errors and the absent of flora scientist in the Scientific Authority. Also,
and after investigating live-specimens of plants exported to Jordan according to partner countries
annual report, a total of 76,478 specimens belong to 42 plant species of ten families were found
in trade with Jordan, although Jordan’s annual reports mentioned nothing on the imports of any
plant specimens. The majority of specimens and comprised 75% were belongs to family
Cycadaceae, followed by Cactaceae with 12%, and family Primulaceae with 7%. The Sago
Cycad; Cycas revoluta showed a high export volume and comprised 75% of the total plant
specimens exported to Jordan, which is most probably due to the effortless propagation of this
plant species in nurseries. The major country in trade was China which exported 98%, followed
by Thailand with only 1% and the remaining shared between Italy and Netherland.
Interviews with CITES Management Authorities of Jordan have showed that the full
responsibility over CITES including permits issuing is under the Wildlife Enforcement Section
of the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, in addition, the role of the Department of
Veterinarian Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture is only to determine if the specimens in
trade are free of diseases or not. Both CITES- permits and the veterinarian certificates are part of
other documents which are needed to issue the final acceptance by the Ministry of Agriculture on
any export and/ or import in Jordan.
Shortcomings were presented in performing the roles of the Management Authority such as: the
lack of a database to assess the number of CITES permits issued by the Management Authority
of Jordan, the lack of a security stamp and/ or embossed seal when issuing CITES permits and
certificates, recording errors when filling CITES permits, no record of number of specimens and
species in trade by the custom officers, little coordination neither at the institutional level nor the
partner’s level, and the absence of the Scientific Authority while issuing CITES permits.
Regarding the CITES Scientific Authority, it is represented by a fauna expert from Jordan
University for Science and Technology, and prior to 2006, a senior flora researcher was named
to support the Scientific Authority on the flora part. The Scientific Authority for fauna is playing
most of the roles and tasks regarding CITES implementation. But still a number of weaknesses
are in need for improvement in order to improve the performance of the Scientific Authority.
In-depth analysis of Jordan’s inspection results was not possible as there is no baseline data
available for calculation of inspection rate or inspection effectiveness within Jordan.
Furthermore, data recorded by rangers on confiscated specimens are not consistent and detailed
data on the percentage of inspection that resulted in CITES detentions and the number and types
of products that was detained or seized were not available. Moreover, there is no data entry
15
regarding the enforcement of CITES, and a lack of database that meets the needs of wildlife
enforcement or effectively compile and report wildlife trade data.
Despite that the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, as a CITES Management
Authority has been very active in developing the capacity on CITES in the regional level, it lacks
a clear policy to raise the level of experiences of enforcement personnel at the national level to
receive continuing, comprehensive training to assist them in carrying out their duties.
In conclusion, it is essential to supervise all permits issued especially when wild-sourced

specimens are reported in order to find out if a non-determinant finding study should be carried
out or if it was a recording error. The enforcement of the Convention is ongoing and number of
seizures were performed involving CITES Appendix-I and -II species. But since Jordan borders
are met with Iraq and Palestine, taking into consideration Lebanon as an adjacent country, all are
a non-CITES party, will increase chances for smuggling activities which requires further detailed
training programs, stricter enforcement and introducing new methods of inspections. In addition,
it is important to develop a database to analyze the effectiveness of enforcement programs in
Jordan, and to strengthen the collaboration on the regional and international level.
Looking at the authorities with regard to personnel, equipments, activities and enforcement, it
turned out that many problems occurred, such as the lack of staff, resources and finances, the
need for training of enforcement officers and the lack of efficient communication and
coordination. The Government of Jordan has designated both CITES Management Authority and
CITES Scientific Authority, but neither part has had a full complement of staff and both of these
authorities are understaffed. This is particularly critical for the CITES Management Authority,
which does not have the human and financial resources to effectively carry out all of its
responsibilities. As a result Jordan is not meeting all of its obligations under CITES. Lack of
database to document all species in trade either CITES listed species or non-CITES listed species
as well as confiscated specimens is present and should be taken into consideration through a
clear policy that insure the development of CITES implementation in Jordan.
Recommendations to improve CITES implementation in Jordan were provided and it included

recommendations concerning the trade volume, Management and Scientific Authorities
compliance to CITES provisions, Custom officers, awareness, capacity building and enforcement
at the ports of entry.
As a general note, the author found that CITES does not appear to be a priority for the
government of Jordan government as insufficient resources are directed. However, the RSCN is
doing its best to improve the implementation of CITES in Jordan over years. And it starts to set
an examples in the capacity building of CITES in the Middle East region. But still, several steps
are needed for better implementation of CITES in Jordan.
16
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
was signed originally in 1973 and came into force two years later as a multilateral convention. It
aimed to save wild species from extinction through the regulation and restriction of the
international trade.
Although, most of the Middle Eastern countries joined CITES, little was published on trade of
animals and plant species in the region. A comprehensive survey of the ivory trade in Egypt was
conducted by Martin and Milliken (2005) where they reported that illegal ivory tusks are still
imported to Egypt, mainly from Democratic Republic of Congo and Southern Sudan and are
moved overland of Sudan into Egypt. Their study involved addressing the implementation and
enforcement deficiencies; raise awareness and publicity on wildlife trade controls. Moreover,
they stated that the scale of the current trade at retails level is still significant and of a
conservation concern. Their recommended the urgent need to review and improve policies,
legislations and regulatory measures in order to fulfill the requirements of Resolution Conf.
10.10 (Rev. 12). As well, they recommended that ivory trade should be reviewed as part of the
CITES Standing Committee process for assessing domestic ivory markets worldwide, with a
view to including Egypt as a priority country for attention within the context of the action plan
for the control of trade in African elephant ivory.
Kecse- Nagy (2006), revised CITES implementation in Turkey, where he identified the
administrative, enforcement, educational, practical support, international cooperation and
problems on CITES in Turkey.
Al Salem (2006) studied the magnitude of the consumption and trade of Agar wood for the years
2005 and 2006 in the State of Kuwait. She has investigated the cultural and traditional heritage
relation to the trade in this material. She stated that the Agar wood used mainly in welcoming the
guests, during happy occasions such as marriage and child birth. Agar wood is also frequently
used in winter months, on pilgrimage season as well as in major religious occasions such as
Ramadan month, the Feast and for incensing mosques.
Amr et al (2007) discussed animal trade in Syria, and addressed the illegal trade of reptiles in
Damascus Animal Market. They found that reptiles were the main animals in trade including
Spur-thighed Tortoise, and Dice Snake. Their results also showed that more than ten shops are
specialized in selling live local animals of birds, reptiles and mammals. Moreover, they
emphasized the importance of enforcement and awareness as a priority to regulate this illegal
trade.
Notes on the implementation of CITES in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were provided by
Soorae et al (2007). They revised the national legislations, awareness strategies, implementation
and enforcement of CITES in the UAE.
17
In addition, Soorae et al (2008) conducted a survey on the trade of wildlife as pets in the UAE.
Their survey showed that birds are the most popular species in the pet trade, followed by reptiles
and marine/ freshwater species for aquaria. Mammals are not prominent in trade. In addition,
awareness of CITES in the UAE showed that 60% with 40% being unaware of the convention. In
addition, they illustrated that trade in captive-bred falcons is carried out mainly via private
establishments as they serve a specific clientele and as the birds are expensive; they need to be
kept under strict climatic and hygienic conditions.
Even though, Lebanon is not a Party in CITES, notes on the illegal wild animals trade was
described by Dakdouk (2009). He pointed out that tens of thousands of animals are imported,
exported or re- exported from Lebanon each year including CITES species such as Chimpanzees
and reptiles. In addition, he highlighted the importance of the Spur- thighed Tortoise as a pet
animal in the Lebanese Market which requires further enforcement and monitoring.
In Jordan, an attempt was performed by Eid et al (2010), to identify the magnitude of illegal
animal trade in the Friday Public Market in Amman, Jordan. Their study included identifying
species that are in trade, their volumes, and number of CITES species present in the market.
Results showed that 23 bird’s species are in trade in which 16, and 7 species are listed in
Appendix II and III respectively. In addition, only one CITES listed species of reptiles “Greek
Tortoise” was in trade but no mammals of CITES- species were reported.
1.2 Conservation from an Islamic Perspective
For more than 1430 years ago, Allah distinguished Islam with a global and comprehensive
message, not only dedicated or exclusive to humankind, but it accommodate the entire universe
including humans, animals, and plant whereas Allah say in Qur’an verse 21:107 “And We have
sent you (O Muhammad, peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) not but as a mercy for the
‘Alamin (mankind, Jinns and all that exists)”. With this, the eternal message of Islam concurred
with the mercy of Allah, the Almighty that encompassed everything (He created) and with His
Godly attribute as Lord of the whole universe. This was the base where Islam as a religion cared
for animals, and where the laws of Islam ordained kindness and mercy toward them. Equally, the
prophetic Sunnah (traditions of the Prophet) clarified the rights and obligations of wildlife. Also,
the scholars of Islam mentioned minute juristic details (considered as some of our marvelous
jurisprudence novelties), and precede some of the most important theories said around kindness
towards animals in the twentieth century.
The Islamic viewpoint on nature is that the vast universe is Allah’s creation and has to be
founded on control and guidance from Almighty. Thus, all creatures should be treated with
respect, since they have their own ways to communicate with God and worship Him through
Nature; all were created for a purpose and live in harmony with human beings on Earth.
According to the Qur’an, verse 10:5, “Allah has not created all this without truth”, verse 25:2,
“For it is He who created everything and ordained it with due potential”, and in verse 30:30
“Not to allow any change to corrupt what Allah has created” (Amr & Quatrameez, 2002 in lit.
Menon & Sakamoto, 2002).
18
Allah ordained humans as responsible for the protection of wildlife and He also held them
accountable for the consequences of their deeds and warned against corrupting His creation “Do
no mischief on the earth, after it had been set in order, but call on Him with fear and longing (in
your hearts): for the Mercy of Allah is (always) near to those who do good” Qur’an verse 7:56.
In addition, the traditions of the Prophet showed the importance of kindness and mercy toward
animals, where more than forty Hadiths (saying of the Prophet) tackled this subject.
Some of the Surahs (chapters of Qur’an) have names of animals to substantiate the importance of
this matter and to show that each has its own role in life. Moreover, Qur’an discussed the
benefits of animals “And verily in cattle (too) will be find an instructive sign. From what is
within their bodies between excretions and blood, We produce, for your drink, milk, pure and
agreeable to those who drink it” Qur’an verse 16:66.
Caring for wildlife was further emphasized in Islam in both the Qur’an and the Sunnah. In
Qur’an verse 54:28, there is a reference to Allah insisting that the people of Thamud share their
water with their camels. In the Sunnah of the Prophet Mohammad, we see many instances where
he advocated kindness to animals, e.g. the woman who was punished by Allah because she
imprisoned a cat until it died of hunger. The Prophet also tells us that a prostitute’s sins were
forgiven because she gave water to a thirsty dog. In Islam, it is forbidden to disturb nesting birds
or separate young animals from their parents. The Prophet once saw His followers carrying a
young bird and He promptly ordered them to return it to its mother (Abdul, 2002 in lit. Menon &
Sakamoto, 2002).
According to Islam, charity also includes planting trees for the benefit of animals. The Prophet
Muhammad says in the Sunnah: “If anyone plants a tree or sows it is a charity on his part”
(Imam Ahmad, Mushad). The Prophet Muhammad also said: “The world is green and beautiful
and God has appointed you as His steward over it. He sees how you acquit yourselves”. Islam
stresses the concept of balance between Man and other creatures, permitting hunting but
prohibiting hunting as a sport. Felling trees without good reason is considered in Islam to be a
waste of God’s bounties, according to Verse 7:31 of the Qur’an, “Eat and drink, but waste not by
excess; Verily He does not love the excessive” (Amr & Quatrameez, 2002 in lit. Menon &
Sakamoto, 2002).
Qur’an also pointed out that the world of animals has its own characteristics, nature, and feelings
in verse 6:38 “There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings,
but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing have We omitted from the Book, and they (all)
shall be gathered to their Lord in the end”, telling us that all creatures have the right to survive
on this Earth. Thus, Islam has established certain rules on how to treat animals in order to ensure
their survival (Amr & Quatrameez, 2002; Anwarul et al., 2002 in lit. Menon & Sakamoto, 2002).
Accordingly, it is clear that Qur’an emphasized the importance of being kind and merciful to
animals, and the tradition of the Prophet Muhammad was a practical application of the holy
Qur’an.
19
1.3 Historical Overview of Trade Conventions on Wild Animals and Plants
By the end of the 19th century, European colonial powers were becoming extremely concerned
about animal conservation in the African continent (Heijnsbergen, 1997). Accordingly, in 1897,
initial contacts took place between the United Kingdom and Germany to discuss the possibility
of an international prohibition on small ivory export, which led in 1899 to a proposal for a
general conference on game protection. The conference was held in London in 1900 and
consequently, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Belgium, France, Italy and Portugal signed
a convention aimed at guaranteeing conservation of various species of wild animals in Africa
that were useful or inoffensive to humans (London Convention, 1900). This convention was the
first multilateral convention to deal with the protection of a large number of species of terrestrial
animals (Sand, 2001; Heijnsbergen, 1997).
In 1931, the convention for the regulation of whaling was agreed in Geneva and become the first
example of global fauna regulation (Sand, 2001). This convention was signed by 26 States from
all five continents and came into force in 1935, with 17 ratifications and seven accessions. The
convention had its shortcomings, as it was limited to baleens (whalebones) and did not include
any reference to the importance of closed seasons or rotation zones in preventing whale killing.
Subsequently, a convention on nature protection and wildlife preservation in the Western
Hemisphere was signed in 1940 and took effect in 1942. This convention aimed to preserve all
species and genera of Native American flora and fauna from extinction and to preserve areas of
extraordinary beauty, striking geological formations or sites of aesthetic, historic or scientific
value (Vallance, 1937).
After that, the Algiers African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
was signed in 1968. The aim of this convention was to encourage individuals and joint action for
the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and fauna, for the present and
future welfare of mankind, from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and
aesthetic point of view (Dzidzornu, 2004; Lindahl, 1974).
None of the aforementioned conventions were sufficiently relevant on a global level because
trade in wildlife knows no borders; accordingly, its regulation requires international cooperation
to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. The Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the CITES, was adopted in the
spirit of such cooperation and accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000 species
of animals and plants, no matter whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats or dried
herbs (Hemley, 1994).
1.4 CITES Origin
Trade in animals and plants species is affecting the world’s wild fauna and flora and is
considered a major threat to biodiversity. Since trade is diverse, the level of species exploitation
is high and further aggravated by additional threats, such as habitat loss. Accordingly, it was
important to have an agreement to safeguard these resources for the future and ensure
sustainability of trade. For that reason, governments signed an international agreement - the
CITES, sometimes referred to as the Washington Convention, as it was concluded in Washington
20
D. C. The aim of the convention was to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival (Heinen & Reibstein, 2009; Hemley, 1994;
Wijnstekers, 1990).
CITES was the result of a resolution adopted at the 8th General Assembly of the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which was held in Nairobi in 1963. The
Resolution expressed concerns about wildlife trade and called for a mechanism for trade
regulation. Subsequently, three drafts were produced, starting in 1964. The first draft was sent to
90 nations in 1967 and was followed by a second draft in 1969; the third draft was prepared in
1971 and sent to 130 nations (Heinen & Reibstein, 2009; Hutton & Dickson, 2000; Hemley,
1994; Heppes & Mcfadden, 1987).
Although, a large number of nations agreed to sign, a meeting was planned to obtain increased
support for the agreement in Washington D. C. in 1973. The meeting was attended by
representatives from 80 countries, with the participation of a further eight countries and six
international organizations as observers. The delegates agreed on the final text of the convention,
comprising the preamble, 25 articles and three species lists (Appendix I, II, and III) and a permit
model (Heinen & Reibstein, 2009; Hutton & Dickson, 2000; Hemley, 1994; Anon, 1973).
The Swiss Government agreed to act as depositary for the Convention. Canada, Chile, Cyprus,
Ecuador, Nigeria, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, the United States of America and Uruguay
were the first countries to ratify the Convention. On 1st of July 1975, CITES entered into force,
90 days after the 10th ratification For many years, CITES has had more Parties than any other
conservation agreement - 175 Parties, at the time of writing; the CITES has been in force for
over 35 years.
1.4.1 How CITES Works
CITES is an international agreement to which States adhere voluntarily. Although it is legally

binding on the Parties, it does not replace national laws; but it provides a framework to be
respected by the Parties, who should adopt domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is
implemented on a national level (Hemley, 1994).
Any country can join the Convention by making a formal declaration in writing to that effect,
which is sent to Switzerland as the Depositary Government. Ninety days after the Depositary
receives the document containing the declaration via diplomatic channels, the Convention comes
into force for the State in question. Subsequently, any state that has agreed to be bound by the
Convention (and become a member of CITES) is known as a Party to CITES (Hemley, 1994).
Any State that is a Party to CITES may withdraw from the Convention at any time, by means of
a process of denunciation.
Furthermore, a declaration has to be made by each country to be bound by the provisions of

CITES; this is known as ‘ratification’, ‘acceptance’, ‘approval’ or ‘accession’. Ratification,
acceptance and approval are legally equivalent actions but are only applicable in respect of the
States that signed the Convention when it was open for signature, i.e. between 3rd of March 1973
(when it was concluded) and 31st of December 1974. Acceptance and approval are actions taken
21
by certain States when their country’s constitutional law does not require a treaty to be ‘ratified’.
All States that signed the Convention have now ratified, accepted or approved it. The term
‘accession’ is used in relation to States that did not sign the Convention (Hemley, 1994).
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain

controls. Any import, export, re-exports or introduction from the sea of species covered by the
Convention has to be authorized through a permitting system. Each Party to the Convention must
designate one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering permits and one or
more Scientific Authorities to advise them on the impact of trade on the status of the species
(Hemley, 1994).
Approximately 5,000 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants are listed in the three
CITES Appendices in order to ensure their protection against over-exploitation. The species are
grouped in the Appendices according to the degree of threat from international trade. In some
cases, whole groups are listed, e.g. primates, cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), sea
turtles, parrots, corals, cacti and orchids; in others, only a subspecies or a geographically separate
population of a species (e.g. the population of just one country) is included (Hemley, 1994).
Since all species, listed in Appendix I, are threatened with extinction, trade is permitted only in
exceptional circumstances. Appendix II species are not necessarily threatened with extinction but
trade must be controlled in order to ensure that it is not detrimental to their survival. Appendix
III species are protected in at least one country that has requested the other CITES Parties to
assist in controlling the trade. Changes to Appendix III follow a different procedure from
Appendices I and II, since any Party may propose an amendment to Appendix III (Heinen &
Reibstein, 2009; Hemley, 1994).
A specimen of a CITES-listed species can only be imported or exported (or re-exported) by any
State that is a Party to the Convention when the appropriate document has been obtained and
submitted for clearance at the port of entry or exit. Basic conditions are applied for Appendices I
and II (Hemley, 1994), as follows:
 Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and
plants. They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in
specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for
instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided
it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-
export certificate). The Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general
prohibition.
 Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that
may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike
species", i.e. species of which the specimens in trade look like those of species listed for
conservation reasons. International trades in specimens of Appendix-II species may be
authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit
is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some
countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates
should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are
met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild.
22
 Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates
trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent
unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in
this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.
All non-Party countries should follow the CITES; accordingly, when a specimen from a CITES-
listed species is transferred between a country that is a Party to CITES and a non-Party country,
the former may accept documentation equivalent to the permits and certificates described above
(Hemley, 1994; Anon, 1973).
1.5 CITES in the Middle East
The Middle East is the area around the eastern Mediterranean, from Turkey to northern Africa
and eastward to Iran. It includes 20 countries as follows: Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Bahrain, Algeria,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya Arab Jamahiriya, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Palestine, Oman,
Morocco, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
(Hanafi, 2007; Held, 2000; Koppes, 1976). To date, 16 of the twenty countries in the Middle
East have implemented the CITES; Bahrain, Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine are not yet Parties to
the Convention (Online at: www.cites.org).
Iran was the first country in the Middle East to become a Party to CITES in 1976, Oman being
the last country to join in 2008 (see Table 1.1). The United Arab Emirates signed the convention
on 21 November 1974, withdrew on 27 January 1988 - the first withdrawal in the history of the
Convention, and subsequently rejoined the Convention again on 9 May 1990 (Online at
www.cites.org).
Table 1.1: Middle East countries that have Signed the CITES, in Chronological Order
Order State ISO1 Date One2 Date Two3

4 Tunisia TN 10/07/1974 (R) 01/07/1975
19 Morocco MA 16/10/1975 (R) 14/01/1976
30 Iran IR 03/08/1976 (R) 01/11/1976
41 Egypt EG 04/01/1978 (A) 04/04/1978
47 Jordan JO 14/12/1978 (A) 14/03/1979
76 Sudan SD 26/10/1982 (R) 24/01/1983
81 Algeria DZ 23/11/1983 (A) 21/02/1984
104 United Arab Emirates AE 08/02/1990 (A) 09/05/1990
132 Saudi Arabia SA 12/03/1996 (A) 10/06/1996
134 Turkey TR 23/09/1996 (A) 22/12/1996
138 Yemen YE 05/05/1997 (A) 03/08/1997
154 Qatar QA 08/05/2001 (A) 06/08/2001
158 Kuwait KW 12/08/2002 (R) 10/11/2002
160 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LY 28/01/2003 (A) 28/04/2003
161 Syrian Arab Republic SY 30/04/2003 (A) 29/07/2003
173 Oman OM 19/03/2008 (A) 17/06/2008
1
Two-letter ISO country code
2
Date One, Date in which each country should Ratify, accept or Approve the Convention
3
Date Two: Date of entry into force in each country.
23
1.6 CITES in Jordan
1.6.1 Overview
Although, Jordan is considered a relatively small country, covering an area of 89.342 square
kilometer, it is considered a leading country in biodiversity conservation in the Middle East. So
far, there are eighteen laws and eight regulations in force, including provisions on environmental
protection. However, the main legislation covering the protection of birds and wild animals,
hunting regulations, cooperation between different governmental agencies and competent
authorities, assignment of responsibilities and powers of enforcement, allocation of financial
resources and available funds, is found in the Aqaba Regional Authority Law No. 32 of 2000,
Agricultural Law No. 44 of 2002, and the Environmental Protection Law No. 1 of 2003. There
are several governmental and non-governmental agencies involved in the implementation of
these laws and regulations (Amr et al., 2004).
The Government of Jordan understood the importance of international conventions in preserving

wild fauna and flora species and was keen to follow these conventions; accordingly, three years
after the CITES came into force in 1975, Jordan acceded to the Convention on December 14th,
1978, bringing it into force on March 14th, 1979. Thus, Jordan is listed as Party number 47
among the countries that have signed the CITES throughout the world and number four among
Middle Eastern countries (Online at: www.cites.org).
In addition, Jordan has accepted the Amendment to Article XI of the Convention adopted at
Bonn (Germany) on the 15th of September 1982 and entered into force in the 13th of April 1987
(See Annex VIII for further details on Bonn amendment).
Jordan’s borders include one sea, which give it a small coastline at the Gulf of Aqaba of the Red
Sea. In addition, there are a number of land borders in Jordan where two points of entry at the
Jaber border and Al Ramtha border are shared with Syria, another two point of entry are shared
with Palestine through King Hussien Bridge and Wadi Araba border, as well as three points of
entry are joint with Saudi Arabia borders through Al Emiri, Al Modawarah and Al Dorah borders
and a single point of entry through Al Karamah border with Iraq. Moreover, two air points of
entry are present in Jordan and represented by Queen Alia International Airport and Marka
Military Airport.
1.6.2 Management Authority of CITES in Jordan
The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) is the only Non Governmental
Organization (NGO) in the Middle Eastern countries to have received a mandate from the
government of Jordan to establish, manage and operate nature reserves in Jordan and also, to
take full responsibility for managing wildlife protection and for the control and monitoring of
hunting (Amr et al, 2004). It was formally designated by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) to
work side by side with the Department of Veterinarian Medicine (DVM) of the MOA, as the
National Management Authority of the CITES. In addition, it has the only permit-issuing office
in Jordan.
24
The CITES Management Authority in Jordan is associated with the Wildlife Enforcement
Section (WES) at the RSCN, in the capital city of Amman. The Management Authority consists
of one CITES Administrator supervising an assistant. Their responsibilities include compiling
records of trade; compiling and submitting CITES reports; implementing resolutions and
decisions; coordinating national CITES implementation; developing permit forms and issuing
permits and certificates per year. In addition, CITES Management Authority responds to
numerous public enquiries, provides advice on interpretation of the Convention to enforcement
staff, promotes awareness of CITES in Jordan and the neighboring countries, coordinates
Management Authority functions relating to the Secretariat and other Parties and prepares for
and participates in meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (CoPs).
According to CITES Administrator, CITES Management Authority coordinates CITES issues

through several means:
1. Routine calls to and from the Management Authority with the responsible partners.
2. Direction and interpretations through regular mailings, and
3. Copies of updated information on the convention through CITES Notifications,
Resolutions and Decisions.
1.6.3 Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan
The Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan works on a voluntary bases from expert in wildlife
of Jordan. It has been represented by a fauna expert from the Jordan University of Science and
Technology (JUST). The Scientific Authority for flora is coordinated by a senior flora researcher
from the Jordan Royal Botanical Garden.
1.6.4 Enforcement Authority of CITES in Jordan
The RSCN and through its WES is responsible to enforce CITES in Jordan after the mandate
from the MOA. Although, only two full time staff are applying CITES provisions, they receives
supports from four full time rangers at the RSCN, environmental police, borders staff and custom
officers who are submitting notifications to the CITES Management Authority about any illegal
trade on Jordan’s borders.
1.6.5 Development of Legislation, Regulations and Policies
Since the enforcement of CITES in Jordan in 1979, the following legislations deals with the
Convention generally or specifically in the Country:
 Aqaba Regional Authority Law No. 32 of 2000 (Available online in Arabic at:
www.aqabazone.com/fiWES/Lawbook%20E%20&%20A%20Final.pdf)
 Agricultural Law No. 44 of 2002 (Available online in Arabic at:
www.eppo.org/ABOUT_EPPO/EPPO_MEMBERS/.../PRE-JO-2007.doc)
 Environmental Protection Law No. 1 of 2003 (Available online in Arabic at: nais-
jordan.gov.jo/Rakin_upload/LawsLeg/158.pdf)
25
 Agricultural Law No. (Z/2) of 2010 in accordance to article 57 of paragraph (a) of

Agricultural Law Number 44 for the year 2002 ((Available online in Arabic at:
http://www.moa.gov.jo/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=lK3pPdheBW8%3d&tabid=138)
1.6.6 Permits Form
Res. Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP15) sets out a number of criteria for standardizing CITES permits and
certificates to assist inspection agencies in orderly and effective processing of wildlife
shipments, as well as reduces fraud relating to permits. Annex 1 of the Resolution specifies
information that permit forms are expected to incorporate, including names and addresses of
importer and exporter, scientific name of the species in trade, source of the specimen, quantity
and unit of measure of specimen and the signature and franking stamp of the issuing authority
(online at: www.cites.org/eng/res/all/12/E12-03R15.pdf; Anon, 2002).
Jordan has adopted a standardized CITES permit form (which can be used for export, re-export,
import or other purposes) that complies with the Resolution Conference 12.3 (Rev. CoP15) -
(See Thesis Annex II). In addition, these permits are only issued from the WES of the RSCN.
1.6.7 Records of Trade
Although CITES Article VIII (6) requires each Party to maintain records of trade in specimens of
species included in the Appendices. Still no formal records are found at the Management
Authority of CITES in Jordan.
1.6.8 Publication of CITES Reports
According to CITES, each Party is required to prepare reports on its implementation of the
Convention. These reports are to consist of an annual report on the trade data /and a biennial
report on the legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken to enforce the
Convention. In addition, Res. Conf. 11.17 (Rev. CoP14) stresses the importance of annual
reports as the only available means of monitoring the implementation of the Convention and the
level of international trade in CITES-listed species (Anon, 2000). The Resolution states, “Failure
to submit an annual report by 31st of October of the year following the year for which the report
was due constitutes a major problem with the implementation of the Convention”.
1.6.9 Jordanian Species listed in the CITES Appendices
According to the CITES species trade database, (Online (2010):

http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html), a total of 197 animal and plant species were
listed in CITES appendices as shown in table 1.2 below where a total of 21 mammals, 62 birds, 6
reptiles, 2 fish, 102 corals and 4 plant; 166 species were listed in Appendix II, 16 in Appendix I,
and 15 in Appendix III.
26
Eid (2010): Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Jordan
Table 1.2: Jordanian animal and plant species listed in CITES Appendices
Species name App. Species name App. Species name App.

Mammals
Canis aureus III Canis lupus I & II Vulpes cana II
Vulpes Vulpes III Ursus arctos II Lutra lutra I
Martes foina III Herpestes javanicus III Acinonyx jubatus I
Caracal caracal II Felis chaus II Felis margarita II
Felis silvestris II Panther leo II Panther leo persica II
Panther pardus I Cervus elaphus III Dama dama I
Dama dama mesopotamica I Gazelle dorcus III Oryx leucoryx I
Birds
Struthio camelus I Ciconia nigra II Geronticus eremite I
Platalea leucorodia II Phoenico pterusruber II & III Oxyura leucocephala II
Pandion haliaetus II & III Accipiter brevipes II Accipiter gentilis II
Accipiter nisus II Aegypius monachus II Aquila chrysaetos II
Aquila clanga II Aquila heliacal I Aquila nipalensis II
Aquila pomarina II Aquila verreauxii II Buteo buteo II
Buteo lagopus II Buteo rufinus II Circaetus gallicus II
Circus aeruginosus II Circus cyaneus II Circus macrourus II
Circus pygargus II Gypaetus barbatus II & III Gyps fulvus II & III
Hieraaetus fasciatus II & III Hieraaetus pennatus II & III Milvus migrans II
Milvus milvus II Neophron percnopterus II Pernis apivorus II
Pernis ptilorhynchus II Torgos tracheliotus II Falco biarmicus II
Falco cherrug II Falco columbarius II Falco concolor II
Falco eleonorae II Falco naumanni II Falco pelegrinoides I & II
Falco peregrines I & II Falco subbuteo II Falco tinnunculus II
Falco vespertinus II Anthropoides virgo II Grus grus II
Chlamydotis macqueenii I & II Otis tarda II Numenius tenuirostris I & II
Tyto alba II Asio flammeus II Asio otus II
Athene noctua II Bubo ascalaphus II Bubo bubo II
Ketupa zeylonensis II Otus brucei II Otus scops II & III
Strix aluco II Strix butleri II
Reptiles
Testudo graeca II Dermochelys coriacea I & II Uromastyx aegyptia II & III
Chamaeleo chamaeleon II Varanus griseus I Eryx jaculus II & III
Fish
Rhincodon typus II Carcharodon carcharias II & III
Corals
27
Pocillopora damicornis II Stylophora pistillata II Acropora cytherea II

Acropora digitifera II Acropora eurystoma II Acropora forskalii II
Acropora granulose II Acropora hemprichii II Acropora humilis II
Acropora hyacinthus II Acropora nasuta II Acropora pharaonis II
Acropora squarrosa II Acropora valida II Acropora variabilis II
Astreopora myriophthalma II Montipora danae II Montipora edwardsi II
Montipora effuse II Montipora informis II Montipora maeandrina II
Montipora spongiosa II Montipora stilosa II Montipora tuberculosa II
Montipora venosa II Montipora verrucosa II Alveopora allingi II
Alveopora daedalea II Alveopora fenestrata II Alveopora ocellata II
Alveopora verrilliana II Goniopora stutchburyi II Coscinaraea monile II
Gardineroseris planulata II Leptoseris explanata II Leptoseris mycetoseroides II
Leptoseris yabei II Pachyseris speciosa II Pavona cactus II
Pavona danai II Pavona decussate II Cantharellus doederleini II
Ctenactis crassa II Ctenactis echinata II Fungia fungites II
Fungia granulose II Fungia horrid II Fungia klunzingeri II
Fungia moluccensis II Fungia patelliformis II Fungia paumotensis II
Fungia scruposa II Fungia scutaria II Herpolitha limax II
Galaxea fascicularis II Echinophyllia aspera II Mycedium elephantotus II
Oxypora lacera II Acanthastrea echinata II Blastomussa merleti II
Cynarina lacrymalis II Lobophyllia corymbosa II Lobophyllia costata II
Lobophyllia hemprichii II Hydnophora exesa II Hydnophora microconos II
Merulina ampliata II Merulina scheeri II Barabattoia amicorum II
Caulastraea tumida II Cyphastrea chalcidicum II Cyphastrea microphthalma II
Cyphastrea serailia II Echinopora fruticulosa II Echinopora gemmacea II
Echinopora lamellose II Erythrastrea flabellate II Favia favus II
Favia laxa II Favia matthaii II Favia pallid II
Favia rotumana II Favia speciosa II Favia stelligera II
Favites abdita II Favites chinensis II Favites complanata II
Favites flexuosa II Favites pentagona II Favites peresi II
Goniastrea aspera II Goniastrea edwardsi II Goniastrea pectinata II
Leptastrea bottae II Leptastrea inaequalis II Leptastrea purpurea II
Leptastrea transversa II Montastraea annuligera II Montastraea valenciennesii II
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi II Gyrosmilia interrupta II Balanophyllia gemmifera II
Dendrophyllia arbuscula II
Plants
Cyclamen persicum II Galanthus fosteri II Ophrys umbilicata II
Sternbergia clusiana II
28
1.7 Study Objectives
After nearly 31 years since Jordan has entered into force within the CITES, it is necessary to
conduct a review on the implementation of this Convention in Jordan to come up with a
comprehensive assessment which explores trade volume, and investigate whether Jordan’s
current administration, legislative, and enforcement system comply with its CITES obligations
and identifies areas in need for improvement. Accordingly, this study aimed to:
1.7.1 General Objective
 To review the implementation of CITES in Jordan
1.7.2 Study Objectives
4. Identify the number of species in trade in Jordan.

5. To prepare a list of species in trade and categorize them according to CITES Appendices.
6. To review, and assess number of permits, issued by the Management Authorities in
Jordan.
7. Assess the role of the Management and Scientific Authority into the implementation of
CITES in Jordan.
8. Review the enforcement role on ports of entry, and methods of inspections.
9. Evaluate efforts of capacity building for the relevant stakeholders to CITES in Jordan
including rangers, police, custom officials, main importer and exporter companies.
10. Obtain information on confiscated animals or plants, as well as the facilities provided for
confiscating procedure.
29
CHAPTER TWO: METHODS

During this study, three methods were implied to collect data related to CITES implementation
in Jordan. These methods included: collecting all available documents (permits, confiscations,
awareness, and implementations), interviews of officials, administrative and scientific personnel
involved in the implementation of CITES, and field visits which covered local zoos, and
aquarium.
Moreover, trade data used were obtained from CITES trade statistics derived from the CITES
Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, Cambridge, UK.
2.1 Data Acquisition
This method implied collecting all available documents related to the CITES and its
implementation in Jordan, including:
 All permits and certificates on file at the Wildlife Enforcement Section of RSCN
 All reports on the confiscation of specimens, and the facilities to hold these specimens.
 All documents identifying the main CITES stakeholders in Jordan
 Information about capacity-building programs and donors
 Awareness campaigns and publications on CITES in Jordan
 Any relevant document or material related to CITES implementation in Jordan.
A visit was made to the United Nations Environment Program-World Conservation Monitoring
Center (UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, United Kingdom) in March and April, 2010 for the
following purposes:
 To collect data from CITES annual reports for the period 1979-2008
 To verify the dates on which Jordan submitted annual and biennial reports
 Trade data analysis
Further visits were made to MOA, Customs Office and Ministry of Environment, to collect any
relevant documents or information on the implementation of CITES in Jordan.
2.2 Interviews
A set of interviews were conducted with key persons who are currently contributing to - or have,
in the past, contributed to CITES implementation in Jordan:
 Management Authority.
 Scientific Authority.
 RSCN staff working in relation to the CITES.
 MOA staff whose work is related to the CITES.
 Customs Officers.
 Environmental Police.
30
Interviews involved a questionnaire identifying respondent’s role vis-à-vis CITES, their level of
knowledge on CITES and its provisions, implementation effectiveness, and their personal point
of view on the Convention and its application in Jordan (See Annex IX, Annex X).
2.3 Field Visits
Several field visits were made to ex-situ conservation facilities (e.g. zoos and aquaria) that were
currently actively involved, had been involved at some time or could become involved in
conservation and international trade of wildlife resources. These visits focused on issues, such as
the species involved, existence of permits, awareness level of staff and managers of zoos, their
views on the Convention and the role of the Management Authorities in implementing CITES
provisions.
31
CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS
3.1 Trade Volume in Jordan
Trade data on direct imports and exports of Jordan were analyzed, according to Jordan’s Annual
Reports, over the period of 1979 until 2008. In addition, variation between Jordan’s reports and
partner’s countries of export/ import were demonstrated. It was found that Jordan has started to
record trade (export/ imports) of live-specimens of wildlife since 1987, eight years after the
enforcement of this convention in Jordan. Accordingly, this thesis has investigated the volume of
trade over the period of 1987 and 2008.
Trade in live-specimens of animals and plants were higher than other terms of specimens in trade
such as ivory carvings, skulls, skins …etc, and constituted around 99% of the total specimens
“Jordan’s Annual Reports”. In addition, trade included four major groups of animals: mammals,
birds, reptiles and invertebrates. As well, plants were reported in trade but to a lesser extent.
Table 3.1 showed import and exports of Jordan over the period of 1987 and 2008. Birds group
were by far the most imported specimens by Jordan, and plants was the least. As well, reptiles
were the major group exported from Jordan and invertebrates was the least. In addition, it was
clearly noticed that export of specimens from Jordan was higher than its imports.
Table 3.1 Volume of animals and plants groups in trade in Jordan
Species Group Imports % Live Exports % Live Total

Mammals 189 94% 256 95% 445
Birds 38895 99% 3351 100% 42246
Reptiles 4146 100% 130692 100% 134838
Invertebrates 273 100% 78 77% 351
Plants 0 0 1111 100% 1111
Total 43503 ---- 135488 ---- 178991
CITES permits issued over the period of 2004 and 2008 were collected and analyzed as shown in
table 3.2 below. The highest number of permits issued was in year 2005, where the lowest was in
year 2004, and the average permits issued between 2004 and 2008 was 126 permits. It was
clearly seen that the Management Authority has issued more export permits than imports
permits. It was difficult to count the number of permits and certificates before 2004 given the
lack of availability.
Table 3.2: CITES Permits Issued by Jordan between 2004 and 2008 (Source: RSCN Management Authority)
Year Import Permits Export Permits Re- export Permits Total

2004 6 44 32 82
2005 9 92 58 159
2006 13 125 10 148
2007 3 129 8 140
2008 95 4 6 105
Total 126 394 114 634
32
All species imported and/ or exported by Jordan were included in CITES Appendices. Regarding
imports, the majority of specimens were included in CITES Appendix III and comprised 56.7%,
followed by CITES Appendix II and I with 42.8% and 0.5% respectively. Exported specimens
from Jordan were mainly of CITES Appendix II and constituted 99.8% while 0.1% equally of
CITES Appendix I and III was exported from Jordan (Table 3.3).
Table 3.3: Volume of trade in animals specimens according to CITES Appendices in Jordan
Jordan’s Import/ No. of Jordan’s Export/ No. of Specimens

Groups Specimens
I II II I II II
Mammals 64 111 3 70 167 6
Bird’s 141 13844 24350 10 3169 171
Reptiles 0 4146 0 0 130692 0
Invertebrates 0 273 0 0 60 0
Total No. of Specimens 205 18374 24353 80 134088 177
Jordan’s annual reports have stated a total of 56 partner countries in a direct trade of import and
or export over the period of 1987-2008. Out of these, 45 countries have reported exports to
Jordan, 32 reported imports from Jordan, and 18 countries traded in both export and import with
Jordan (Table 3.4). Moreover, the top five countries of origin for live-specimens exported to
Jordan were Pakistan, Unknown, Netherland, Sudan and Qatar, while the top five countries of
destination for live- specimens exported by Jordan were Japan, United State of America, Taiwan,
Slovenia and Hong Kong.
Table 3.4: Partner countries in trade (Export and/ or Import) with Jordan
Reported Trade Reported Trade

Country Country
Imports Exports Imports Exports
Argentina √ Pakistan √
Austria √ Palestine √ √
Belgium √ Paraguay √
Bulgaria √ √ Philippines √ √
Canada √ √ Qatar √ √
China √ √ Republic of Korea √
Czech Republic √ √ Russian Federation √ √
Egypt √ Saudi Arabia √
El Salvador √ Senegal √
France √ Sierra Leone √
Germany √ √ Singapore √
Ghana √ Slovakia √
Guyana √ Slovenia √ √
Hong Kong, SAR √ South Africa √ √
Hungary √ Spain √ √
Indonesia √ √ Sri Lanka √
Iraq √ Sudan √
Italy √ Sweden √
Kazakhstan √ Switzerland √ √
Kenya √ Syrian Arab Republic √ √
Japan √ Taiwan, Province of China √
Kuwait √ √ United Republic of Tanzania, √
Lebanon √ Thailand √
33
Malaysia √ Ukraine √
Mexico √ United Arab Emirates √ √
Netherlands √ √ United Kingdom √ √
New Zealand √ √ United States of America √ √
Nicaragua √ Unknown √
3.2 Imports of Jordan
During the study period, four major groups were imported by Jordan, these are: mammals, birds,
reptiles and invertebrates. The following sections described each group separately, identified
partners in trade, and volume of trade in CITES-listed species.
3.2.1 Jordan’s Imports of Mammals
According to Jordan’s annual reports, mammals were first recorded as imports by Jordan in
1997, with a total of 21 species belong to seven families. Conversely, partner’s countries have
started to report exports of mammals to Jordan since 1981, and identified 50 mammalian species,
which belongs to 12 families (Table 3.5). The following described live specimens of mammals
(unit is blank) that were exported to Jordan according to its annual reports, and it illustrated the
variations with partner’s countries reporting. In addition, mammals that was exported to Jordan
in other terms i.e. bodies, ivory carvings…etc, were demonstrated.
3.2.1.1 Jordan’s Imports of Live-Specimens of Mammals
Over the period of 1997 and 2008, 14 countries have exported a total of 178 live-specimens of
mammals to Jordan (Jordan’s Annual Reports) (Table 3.5). Most exports to Jordan where from
unknown countries and constituted 35.4% of the sum numbers of specimens imported by Jordan.
In addition, Guyana, United Republic of Tanzania, Italy and Palestine have contributed to 12.4%,
11.2%, 10.7% and 10.1% of the total number of live specimens of mammals exported to Jordan
respectively (Figure 3.1). Bulgaria, Russian Federal and Hungary showed the lowest countries to
export mammals to Jordan with 1% equally of the total numbers of specimens exported to Jordan
(Figure 3.1).
34
70
Total Number of Live Specimens Exported

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 3.1: Contribution of exporter countries of live specimens of mammals (Jordan’s Annual Reports)
Figure 3.2 below shows the number of live-specimens of mammals imported over the period of
1997 and 2008. It is clear that number of specimens imported increased fairly rapidly during
1999 and 2006. In 1997, five specimens were imported by Jordan. This number has decreased to
zero during 1998, but it has increased sharply during 1999 to almost 36 specimens. A second
drop was noticed in 2001 in where only six specimens were imported. After that, a steady
increase was recognized in 2002 with an overall increase during 2006, which fall again in 2007
and lastly, the number rose to 20 specimens in 2008. As a general conclusion, there was no
obvious trend in the imports of mammals by Jordan over the studied period.
50
45
Number of Live Specimens Imported
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.2: Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of Mammals imported between 1997- 2008
35
All live-specimens of mammals exported to Jordan where included in CITES Appendices, with a
total of 15, 36 and three species listed in Appendix I, II and III respectively (Table 3.5). About
74% of these specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.
CoP11), and the remaining 24% were taken from the wild (Table 3.5).
The majority of mammals imported by Jordan were used for commercial purposes and
constituted about 54%, in addition, specimens for circuses and traveling exhibitions, zoos,
scientific purposes, personal and reintroduction or introduction into the wild were imported by
Jordan and constituted 13%, 13.5%, 11.2%, 4.5% and 2.8% correspondingly (Table 3.5).
36
Table 3.5 Comprehensive Table on All Mammalian species Imported by Jordan (Unit=Blank)
Appendix I Species
Source= C
Family Name Scientific Name Common Name Purpose Jordan’s Exporters
Reported Reported
Quantities Quantities
Addax nasomaculatus Addax Antelope Z 4
Capra falconeri Straight-horned Markhor Z 10
Oryx dammah Scimitar-horned Oryx Z 4
Bovidae
N 3
Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx S 20
T 2
Cebidae Saguinus Oedipus Cotton-top Tamarin T 6
Equidae Equus zebra Plains Zebra T 2
Panthera onca Jaguar Z 2
T 4
Panthera pardus Leopard
Z 8 5
P 2
Felidae
Panthera tigris Siberian Tiger Q 14
Z 5
Panthera tigris altaica Siberian Tiger Z 2 2
Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger T 1
Source= W
Elephantidae Elephas maximus Asian Elephant Q 2
Panthera leo Lion P 2
Felidae
Panthera pardus Leopard T 3
Source= F
Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard Z 1
Appendix II Species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Bovidae Ammotragus lervia Egyptian Barbary Sheep T 50
Callithrix jacchus Common Marmoset B 14
B 6
Cebidae Callithrix penicillata Black-tufted Marmoset
T 186
Callithrix pygmaea Pygmy Marmoset T 8 22
37
Saguinus midas Midas Tamarin T 3

Saimiri sciureus Squirrel Monkey T 32
Papio hamadryas Hamadryas Baboon Q 1
Cercopithecidae
Papio ursinus Savanna Baboon Q 1
Delphinidae Tursiops aduncus Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin Q 2
N 1
Equus hemionus Asiatic Wild Ass
Z 1
Equidae N 5
Equus hemionus onager Onager S 2
5
Caracal caracal Caracal T 4 2
Felis silvestris Wild Cat 4
Leptailurus serval Serval Cat T 9
Felidae Q 5 8
T 1
Panthera leo Lion
Z 4 9
3
Q 2 2
Ursidae Ursus arctos Brown Bear T 2
Z 2 2
Source= W
Saguinus midas Midas Tamarin T 7 29
Cebidae
Saimiri sciureus squirrel Monkey T 15 115
Cercopithecus mitis Blue Monkey T 5
Cercopithecus mona Mona Monkeys P 1
P 53
Cercopithecidae Chlorocebus aethiops Green Monkey
T 20 340
Erythrocebus patas Red Guenon T 6
Papio Anubis Olive Baboon T 2
T 20
Leptailurus serval Serval Cat
Felidae Z 2
Panthera leo Lion P 3
Source= F
Bovidae Ammotragus lervia Egyptian Barbary Sheep S 3
Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque Q 1
Cercopithecidae
Papio ursinus Savanna Baboon Q 1
Felidae Panthera leo Lion Q 2
Source= Blank “Unidentified”
38
Camelidae Lama glama guanicoe Llama Q 1

Cercopithecus spp. Monkey Species 2
Chlorocebus aethiops Green Monkey 2
Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating Macaque Q 1
Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque Q 5
Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed Macaque Q 2
Ursidae Ursus arctos Brown Bear Q 4
Appendix III species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck T 21
Bovidae
Gazella dorcas Dorcus Gazelle P 3 4
Source= W
Bovidae Gazella dorcas Dorcus Gazelle P 10
39
3.2.1.2 Imports of Mammals Reported in Other Terms
In addition to live-specimens, Jordan’s annual reports have identified imports of ivory carvings
in 2003 (N=6) and 2008 (N=5), as shown in table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Imports of Mammals in other terms by Jordan
Family Name Scientific Name Country of Source Purpose Appendix Jordan’s reported
Export quantity
Loxodonta africana United Kingdom W P 1 6
Elephantidae
Elephantidae spp. Unknown O S 1 5
On the other hand, partners’ countries have stated exports of mammals to Jordan as bodies,
cloths, feet, garments, ivory carvings, plates, skins, small leather products, trophies and
specimens (Figure 3.3).
320
300
280
bodies
Exporter Reported Quantities
260
240 feet
220
200 garments
180 ivory carvings
160
140 plates
120 shoes
100
80 skins
60
small leather products
40
20 specimens
0
trophies
Figure 3.3: Reported Quantities on Mammal Species imported by Jordan in other Terms (Unit= Blank)
40
3.2.1.3 Top five species in trade of import by Jordan
1. Squirrel Monkey; Saimiri sciureus

 Principal trade term: Live specimens
 Principal source: Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.)
 Top Trading Partners: Unknown, Guyana
 CITES Appendix: II
 IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern, 2008
A total of 47 live-specimens of the Squirrel Monkey bred in captivity were imported by Jordan
and from two countries of origins. In 2005, Guyana exported a total of 15 wild sourced live-
specimens and in 2006, an additional 32 live- specimens were exported by unknown countries.
All specimens were exported to Jordan for commercial purposes (Figure 3.4).
35
No. of Specimens in Trade

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.4: Left side: Squirrel Monkey eating an insect, Right side: Total number of Squirrel Monkey in
trade of export to Jordan
2. Green Monkey; Chlorocebus aethiops

 Principal source: Wild specimens
 Top Trading Partners: United Republic of Tanzania
A total of 20 live-specimens of the Green Monkeys were exported to Jordan from the wilderness
of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1999 (Figure 3.5).
41
25

20
15
10
0
1997 1999 2000
Figure 3.5: Left side: Green Monkey “Photo by: Xlandfair”, Right side: Total number of
Green Monkey in trade of export to Jordan
3. Arabian Oryx; Oryx leucoryx

 Top Trading Partners: Unknown
 CITES Appendix: I
 IUCN Red List Status: Endangered, 2008
A total of 20 live- specimens of the Arabian Oryx were imported by Jordan in 2008 from an
unknown country of origin (Figure 3.6).
25
20
15
10
0
1984 1990 2008
Figure 3.6: Left side: Arabian Oryx at Shaumari Wildlife Reserve “Photo by: Ehab Eid-RSCN”, Right
side: Total number of Arabian Oryx in trade of export to Jordan
4. Tiger; Panthera tigris

 Top Trading Partners: Italy, South Africa
 IUCN Red List Status: Endangered, 2008
42
A total of 16 live-specimens were exported to Jordan, mainly from Italy which contributed to 14
specimens to be used for circuses purposes. Another two specimens were exported by South
Africa but they were personal-held animals (Figure 3.7).
10

8
0
1982 1999 2000 2003 2005
Figure 3.7: Left side: Tiger, Right side: Total number of Tigers in trade of export to Jordan
5. Lion; Panthera leo

 Principal source: Nine Specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with
Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) and three were taken from the Wild.
 Top Trading Partners: Italy, Syrian Arab Republic
 IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable, 2008
A total of 12 live-specimens of the Lion were exported from Italy (N=3), Syrian Arab Republic
(N=3), Canada (N=2), Palestine (N=2) and Kazakhstan (N=2). Specimens were imported for
Circuses mainly, but they were used in zoos and as personal-held specimens. Two wild
specimens from Canada and Palestine were reported, which highlighted a recording errors when
permits issuance since this species was extinct from Palestine and no distribution in Canada was
recorded (Figure 3.8).
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2006 2007
Figure 3.8: Left side: Lion, Right side: Total number of Lions in trade of export to Jordan
43
3.2.2 Jordan’s Imports of Bird’s
Jordan has started to record imports of birds since 1987 whereas a total of 55 bird’s species
belongs to seven families were reported (Jordan’s Annual Reports). Dissimilar reporting were
obtained from partners countries of export, as they have started to report exports of birds to
Jordan since 1984 with a total of 118 birds species belongs to 12 families (Table 3.8). Following
is a description of live-specimens of birds that was imported by Jordan according to its annual
report, as well as the variations with the exporter countries reports. In addition to live-specimens,
other terms of specimens of birds exported to Jordan were demonstrated.
3.2.2.1 Jordan’s Imports of Live-Specimens of Birds
A total of 32 countries have exported a total of 38,335 live-specimens of birds to Jordan over the
studied period (Jordan’s Annual Reports). Pakistan was the top trading country and exported
62.2% of the total live-specimens of birds to Jordan, followed by unknown countries,
Netherlands and Qatar with 8.6%, 5.5% and 5.2% correspondingly. Kenya was the least country
to export birds to Jordan with one specimen over the studied period (Table 3.7).
Table 3.7: Partner Countries that Exported Live- specimens of Birds to Jordan (Unit= Blank)
Country of Export No. of Specimens % Country of Export No. of Specimens %

Argentina 115 Nicaragua 6
Belgium 1000 Pakistan 23830
China 200 Paraguay 50
Czech Republic 300 Philippines 42
Egypt 100 Qatar 2000
France 60 Senegal 300
Germany 1050 Sierra Leone 2
Guyana 733 Singapore 180
Iraq 10 South Africa 209
Palestine 50 Spain 60
Italy 1250 Sri Lanka 50
Kenya 1 Taiwan, Province of China 592
Kuwait 3 United Arab Emirates 451
Lebanon 250 United Kingdom 2
Netherlands 2116 United States of America 9
New Zealand 14 Unknown 3300
During 1987, around 13900 live-specimens of birds were exported to Jordan. This number has
decreased sharply to reach zero during 1989 and remains constant until 1991. After that, a slight
increase in the number of imported specimens of birds was recognized and reached around 6,000
live-specimens in 1989. However, sum quantity of imported bird’s specimens showed a second
sharp decline after 2001 to reach zero again and remains at that level until 2008 (Figure 3.9).
44
16000
Number of Live Specimens Imported

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Figure 3.9: Trend in Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of birds between 1984 and 2008
All live-specimens of birds exported to Jordan were listed in CITES Appendices, with a total of
141 specimens for Appendix I species, 13,844 and 24,350 for Appendix II and III respectively
(Table 3.8). Although, 36.9% of the total live-specimens of birds were bred in captivity in
accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.CoP11), but the majority were from unidentified source
and comprise 62.3%. Specimens taken from the wild and originating from ranching operation
were also encountered and constituted about 0.7% and Less than 1% respectively (Table 3.8).
Jordan was importing live specimens of bird’s for commercial purposes mainly, however,
personal and breeding in captivity specimens were also reported as imports by Jordan and
contributed to 0.1% equally for each.
45
Table 3.8 Comprehensive Table illustrates all Birds species Imported by Jordan
Appendix I species
Source= C
Reported Reported
P 12 6
Falco hybrid Hybrid Falcon
T 24
Falconidae
Falco peregrines Peregrine Falcon P 1 10
Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon T 4
Crossoptilon mantchuricum Brown-eared Pheasant 2
T 2
Phasianidae Lophophorus impejanus Himalayan Monal
2
Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe's Pheasant 2
Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot T 5 5
B 4
Amazona ochrocephala oratrix Yellow- crowned Amazon
T 4 4
Psittacidae B 17
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Blue Macaw
T 12 12
Ara militaris Military Macaw T 8
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Red- fronted Parakeet T 176
T 50
Struthionidae Struthio camelus Ostrich
Z 6
Source= W
Falconidae Falco peregrines Peregrine Falcon P 18
Psittacidae Ara macao Scarlet Macaw T 15
Source= D
Falconidae Falco hybrid Hybrid Falcon P 1
Source= R
Psittacidae Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot B 10
Source= U
Falconidae Falco hybrid Hybrid Falcon P 1
Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon P 1
Psittacidae Ara macao Scarlet Macaw Q 1
Appendix II Species
Source= C
46
Reported Reported
Accipitridae Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrow Hawk P 1
Estrildidae Lonchura oryzivora Java Sparrows T 7270 1870
P 9 7
Falco cherrug Saker Falcon
T 4
Falconidae
Falco columbarius East Siberian Merlin P 5
Falco hybrid Hybrid Falcon P 4
T 380 2880
Agapornis fischeri Fischer's Lovebird
10
Agapornis nigrigenis Black- cheeked Lovebird T 20
T 2730 2326
Agapornis personatus Yellow- collared Lovebird
10
T 650 1432
Agapornis roseicollis Rosy- faced Lovebird
860
Amazona aestiva Turquoise- fronted Amazon T 20 55
Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot T 6
Amazona oratrix Double Yellow Headed Amazon T 1 4
Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Macaw T 96
Ara chloropterus Red and Green Macaw T 1
Ara severus Severe Macaw T 4
P 3 2
Aratinga acuticaudata Blue- crowned Conure
T 10
Psittacidae Aratinga aurea Peach-fronted Parakeet T 5
Aratinga jandaya Yellow- headed Conure T 124
Aratinga solstitialis Sun Conure T 30 644
Cacatua alba White Cockatoo T 16
Cacatua galerita Sulphur- crested Cockatoo T 50 32
Cacatua galerita eleonora Sulphur- crested Cockatoo T 30 30
Cacatua goffiniana Goffin's Cockatoo T 52
Cacatua leadbeateri Major Mitchell's Cockatoo T 4 4
Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata Yellow- crested Cockatoo T 50
Cyanoliseus patagonus Burrowing Parakeet T 4
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red- fan Parrot T 2
Diopsittaca nobilis Hahn's Macaw T 10
Eclectus roratus Red- sided Parrot T 20
Eolophus roseicapillus Galah Cockatoo T 10 24
Eos histrio Red and Blue Lory T 10
Eos rubra Moluccan Red Lory T 10
47
Forpus spp. Violet- necked Lorikeetc T 20

Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot 2
T 30
Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot
2
T 2
Neophema splendida Scarlet- chested Parrot
2
Neophema spp. Parrot species T 20
T 40 66
Neopsephotus bourkii Bourke's Parrot
4
Northiella haematogaster Blue Bonnet T 2
T 158
Platycercus adscitus Pale- headed Rosella
2
T 369
Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella
2
T 10 1999
Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella
80
T 54
Platycercus icterotis Western Rosella
2
Platycercus venustus Northern Rosella 2
Poicephalus gulielmi Red- fronted Parrot T 15
P 1
Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot
T 130 76
Polytelis alexandrae Princess Parrot T 6
Polytelis anthopeplus Regent Parrot T 22
Polytelis swainsonii Superb Parrot T 24
T 20 841
Psephotus haematonotus Red- rumped Parrot
60
Psephotus varius Australian Parrot T 12
Psilopsiagon aymara Grey- hooded Parakeet T 20
Psittacula cyanocephala Plum- headed Parakeet T 100
Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet T 660
P 7 8
Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot T 341 2359
2
Psittacus erithacus timneh Timneh African Grey Parrot P 1
Psittrichas fulgidus Pesquet's Parrot P 3
Rhea Americana Greater Rhea T 2
Source= W
48
Emberizidae Paroaria coronate Red-crested Cardinal T 84

Falconidae Falco cherrug Saker Falcon P 170
Balearica pavonina Black Crowned Crane T 14
Gruidae
Grus grus Eurasian Crane T 4
Tauraco hartlaubi Hartlaub's Turaco T 48
Musophagidae
Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's Turaco T 30
Amazona aestiva Turquoise- fronted Amazon T 50 686
Amazona albifrons White- fronted Parrot T 2
Amazona amazonica Orange- winged Amazon T 140 885
Psittacidae
Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot T 61
Amazona autumnalis Red- lored Amazon T 52
Amazona dufresniana Blue- cheeked Parrot T 7
Amazona farinose Mealy Amazon T 20 97
Amazona festiva Bodinus' Amazon T 16
Amazona ochrocephala Yellow- crowned Amazon T 34 101
Aprosmictus erythropterus Red- winged Parrot T 10
Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Macaw T 4 185
Ara chloropterus Red and Green Macaw T 21 211
P 1
Aratinga acuticaudata Blue- crowned Conure
T 10
Aratinga leucophthalma White- eyed Parakeet T 2
Aratinga mitrata Mitred Parakeet T 120
Aratinga pertinax Brown- eared Conure T 5
Cacatua sanguine Bare- eyed Cockatoo T 24
Chalcopsitta atra Black Lory T 7
Chalcopsitta sintillata Yellow Streaked Lory T 11
Charmosyna josefinae Josephine's Lorikeet T 20
Charmosyna multistriata Striated Lorikeet T 20
Charmosyna papou Papuan Lorikeet T 10
Charmosyna placentis Red- flanked Lorikeet T 14
Charmosyna pulchella Little Red Lorikeet T 20
Cyanoliseus patagonus Burrowing Parakeet T 32
Cyclopsitta diophthalma Double- eyed Fig Parrot T 10
Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii Orange- breasted Fig-parrot T 4
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red- Fan Parrot T 24
Diopsittaca nobilis Hahn's Macaw T 10 24
Eos rubra Moluccan Red Lory T 48
Eos squamata violet- necked Lori T 16
49
Geoffroyus geoffroyi Jobi Red- cheeked Parrots T 32

Loriculus aurantiifrons Orange- fronted Hanging Parrots T 20
Loriculus stigmatus Sulawesi Hanging Parrot T 18
Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet T 89
Nandayus nenday Nanday Conure T 10
Orthopsittaca manilata Red- bellied Macaw T 75
Pionites melanocephalus Black- headed Caique T 40
Pionus maximiliani Scaly- headed Parrot T 63
Pionus menstruus Blue- headed Parrot T 12
Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot T 2
Prioniturus platurus Golden Parakeet T 10
Psittacula longicauda Long- tailed Parakeet T 63
Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori's Fig Parrot T 24
P 2
Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot
1
Tanygnathus lucionensis Blue- naped Parrot T 9
Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet T 50
Pteroglossus aracari black- necked Aracari T 2
Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan T 20
Ramphastidae
Ramphastos tucanus Orange- billed Toucan T 4 27
Ramphastos vitellinus Channel- billed Toucan T 10
Source= F
Psittacidae Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot T 30
Source= R
Amazona albifrons White- fronted Parrot T 1
Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot T 6 137
Psittacidae
Amazona autumnalis Red- lored Amazon T 31
Amazona farinose Mealy Amazon T 10
Source= U
Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot P 2
Psittacidae
Psittrichas fulgidus Pesquet's Parrot T 3
Source= Blank “Unidentified
Agapornis fischeri Fischer's Lovebird T 100
Agapornis pullarius Red- headed Lovebird T 700
Agapornis roseicollis Rosy- faced Lovebird T 700
T 28
Amazona aestiva Turquoise- fronted Amazon
78
Psittacidae Amazona amazonica Orange- winged Amazon T 24
50
Amazona farinose Mealy Amazon T 1

Amazona ochrocephala Yellow- crowned Amazon T 2
Amazona tucumana Tucuman Amazon 5
Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Macaw T 4
Ara chloropterus Red and Green Macaw T 2
Aratinga acuticaudata Blue- crowned Conure 10
Aratinga aurea Peach-fronted Parakeet 10
T 8
Aratinga leucophthalma White- eyed Parakeet
10
T 100 25
Aratinga mitrata Mitred Parakeet
72
Cacatua alba White Cockatoo T 57
Cacatua galerita Sulphur- crested Cockatoo 1
Cacatua goffiniana Goffin's cockatoo T 63
T 2
Cacatua sulphurea Yellow- crested Cockatoo
2
Lorius garrulous Chattering Lory T 120
Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet 45
Nandayus nenday Nanday Conure 20
Orthopsittaca manilata Red- bellied Macaw T 8
Pionus maximiliani Scaly- headed Parrot 10
Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella 2
Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella 10
Psittacula alexandri Princess Parrot T 200
Psittacula cyanocephala Plum- headed Parakeet T 128
Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet T 100
Psittacula himalayana Slaty- headed Parakeet T 50
P 2
T 45
Psittacus erithacus timneh Timneh African Grey Parrot T 30
Source= C
Reported Reported
Anatidae Anas crecca Eurasian Teal T 50
T 50
Amadina fasciata Cutthroat Finch
Estrildidae 30
Estrilda troglodytes Black- rumped Waxbill T 50
51
Serinus leucopygius White- rumped Seedeater T 10

Fringillidae T 110
Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary
20
Musophagidae Musophaga violacea Violet Turaco T 10
Vidua chalybeate Village Indigobird T 10
Ploceidae
Vidua macroura Pin- tailed Whydah T 10
P 2
Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose- ringed Parakeet
T 24300 9849
52
3.2.2.2 Imports of Birds Reported in Other Terms
In addition to live-specimens of birds, a total of 560 bodies were exported to Jordan and belongs
to three species of one family (Jordan’s Annual Reports), (Table 3.9). More than 98% of these
bodies were exported to Jordan in 1988 and the remaining was imported by Jordan in 1989.
Table 3.9 Imports of Birds in other Terms by Jordan
Family Name Scientific Name Country of Export Source Purpose Appendix Jordan’s
reported
quantity
Aquila nipalensis Syrian Arab Republic T II 50
Accipitridae Buteo buteo Lebanon T II 200
Buteo buteo Syrian Arab Republic T II 310
On the other hand, partners’ countries have not stated any exported bird’s specimens other than
live birds to Jordan over the studied period.
1. Rose-ringed Parakeet; Psittacula krameri

 Principal source: Not reported from the Permits, Bred in captivity in accordance with
Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.)
 Top Trading Partners: Pakistan, Unknown, and United Arab Emirates
 CITES Appendix: III
 IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened, 2008
A total of 24,300 live- specimens of the Rose-ringed Parakeet were exported to Jordan between
1987 and 1999. All specimens were bred in captivity. Pakistan has exported the majority of
specimens and constituted 20,850 live-specimens. In addition, 3,000 specimens were exported
from unknown countries and 450 from the United Arab Emirates. Purpose of importing these
specimens were not identified in 92% of the total specimens imported to Jordan; however, 8%
were exported for commercial purposes (Figure 3.10).
14000
No. of Specimens in
12000
10000
Trade
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1987 1988 1992 1993 1994 1998 1999
Left side: Rose-ringed Parakeet “Photo by: J. M. Garg”, Right side: Total number of Rose-
ringed Parakeet in trade of export to Jordan
53
2. Java Sparrow; Lonchura oryzivora

 Top Trading Partners: Pakistan, Qatar, and Italy
 IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable, 2008
A total of 7,270 live-specimens of Java Sparrow were exported to Jordan over the period of 1997
and 1999. All specimens were used for commercial purposes. Pakistan was the top trading
country with 35% of the total specimens exported to Jordan, go after it Qatar, Italy, Netherland,
Guyana and Lebanon with 28%, 17%, 10%, 7% and 3% respectively (Figure 3.11).
7000
No. of Specimens in Trade 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1997 1998 1999 2002
Figure 3.11: Left side: Java Sparrow “Photo by Jason L.Buberel”, Right side: Total
number of Java Sparrow in trade of export to Jordan
3. Yellow-collared Lovebird; Agapornis personatus

 Principal source: Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.),
 Top Trading Partners: Belgium, Germany and Netherland.
Yellow-collared Lovebird was started to be reported as exports to Jordan since 1991 with a total
of 2,730 live-specimens. All of which were imported by Jordan for commercial purposes.
Belgium and Germany have contributed equally to export a thousand specimens to Jordan.
Moreover, Netherland, Egypt, France, Spain and Taiwan exported 490, 100, 60, 60, and 20 live-
specimens respectively (Figure 3.12).
54
3000

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1984 1991 1999 2000 2001 2002
Figure 3.12: Left side: Yellow-collared Lovebird “Photo by Chris Gin”, Right side:
Total number of Yellow-collared Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
4. Rosy-faced Lovebird; Agapornis roseicollis

 Principal source: Unidentified, Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf.
10.16 (Rev.). Wild specimens
 Top Trading Partners: Netherland, Czech Republic and Taiwan
Rosy-faced Lovebird has started to be reported as imports by Jordan since 1987 until 2001. A
total of 1,350 live-specimens were exported to Jordan for commercial purposes. Netherland was
the top trading country with 520 specimens, followed by Czech Republic and Taiwan who
contributed equally to export 300 specimens. After that Pakistan and China has exported 130 and
100 specimens respectively (Figure 3.13).
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Figure 3.13: Left side: Rosy-faced Lovebird “Photo by: Alastair Rae”, Right side: Total number of
Rosy-faced Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
5. Red-headed Lovebird; Agapornis pullarius

 Principal source: Unidentified
55
 Top Trading Partners: Unknown, Netherland, and Taiwan.

A total of 700 live-specimens of the Red-headed Lovebird were exported mainly for commercial
purposes. Source of all specimens were unidentified in CITES permits as well as the majority of
specimens (N=300) were from unknown countries. However, Netherland and Taiwan contributed
equally to export a total of 200 specimens (Figure 3.14).
450
400

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1987 1988
Figure 3.14: Left side: Red-headed Lovebird “Photo by: JoJan”, Right side: Total number of Red-headed
Lovebird in trade of export to Jordan
3.2.3 Jordan’s Imports of Reptiles
Only live-specimens of Reptile’s were imported by Jordan over the studied period. Jordan has
started to record reptiles imports since 1999 with a total of 21 species belongs to seven families
(Jordan’s Annual Reports). However, different reporting were obtained from partners countries,
as they have started to report exports of reptiles to Jordan since 1988 with a total of 61 reptiles
species belongs to 14 families (Table 3.10). Subsequently, a detailed description of Jordan’s
reported live-specimens of reptiles was demonstrated, as well as the variation with partner
countries.
3.2.3.1 Jordan’s Imports of Live Specimens of Reptiles
Over the period of 1999 and 2008, ten countries have exported a total of 4146 live specimens of
reptiles to Jordan (Jordan’s Annual Reports). Sudan was the top trading country with about 48%
of the total live-specimens of reptiles exported to Jordan, followed by El Salvador, and Czech
Republic with 24% and 18% in that order (Figure 3.15).
56
2500
Total No. of Live Specimens Exported

2000
1500
1000
500
Figure 3.15: Partner Countries that contributed to Export Live Reptiles Specimens to Jordan
A distinguished increase in Jordan’s imports of live-specimens of reptiles was recognized during

2002. But a sharp decrease was noticed after to reach almost zero in 2005. After that, a steady
increase in number of exported reptile’s specimens to Jordan was identified with a total of 600
specimens in 2007 (Figure 3.16).
2500
Total No. of Live Specimens exported
2000
1500
1000
500
Figure 3.16: Trend in Jordan’s Reported Quantities of Live Specimens of reptiles between 1999 and 2008
All reptiles specimens recorded by Jordan as imports were included in CITES Appendices II
(Table 3.10). Moreover, a total of 2,135 specimens have a wild source, as well 1,862 specimens
bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev. CoP11), 119 specimens from
unknown source and 30 specimens originated from ranching facilities (Table 3.10). Jordan was
57
importing reptile’s species for commercial purposes except for four specimens imported by
Jordan for circuses purposes (Table 3.10).
58
Table 3.10 Comprehensive Table on All Reptiles species Imported by Jordan
Appendix I species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile T 4
Crocodylus palustris March Crocodile Z 2
Crocodylidae
Crocodylus porosus Australian Saltwater Crocodile Z 2
Pythonidae Python molurus molurus Indian Python Z 4
Trionychidae Lissemys punctata punctata Indian Flap-shelled Turtle Z 5
Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor Z 2
Appendix II species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Boa constrictor Boa Constrictor T 120 344
Epicrates cenchria Peruvian Rainbow Boa T 100 12
Boidae
Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda T 100 2
Eunectes notaeus Yellow anaconda T 100 6
Iguanidae Iguana iguana Green Iguana T 1080 6959
Morelia viridis Green Tree Python T 14
Q 4 1
Python molurus bivittatus The Indian Python T 228 1480
Pythonidae
1
Python regius Ball Python T 10
Python reticulates Reticulate Python T 100 21
Geochelone elegans Indian Star Tortoise T 20 20
Testudinidae
Testudo hermanni Hermann's Tortoise T 300
Source= W
Uromastyx acanthinurus Moroccan Spiny- tailed Agama T 500
Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian spiny- tailed lizard T 500
Agamidae
Uromastyx ocellata Eyed Spiny- tailed lizard T 500 100
Uromastyx ornate Ornate Spiny- tailed Lizard T 500
Boidae Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda T 6
Iguanidae Iguana iguana Green Iguana T 120 300
59
Apodora papuana Papuan Python T 2

Morelia amethistina Amethystine Python T 5
Python brongersmai Red Blood Python T 10
Python curtus Short- tailed Python T 8
Pythonidae
Python regius Royal Python T 15 30
Python reticulates Reticulated Python T 68
P 4
Python sebae African Rock Python
T 10
Testudinidae Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise P 2
Source= F
Leiopython albertisii White- lipped Python T 20
Pythonidae Morelia spilota Carpet Python T 25
Python molurus bivittatus The Indian Python Q 1
Geochelone sulcata African Spurred Tortoise P 7
Testudinidae
Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise T 100
Source= I
Pythonidae Python molurus bivittatus The Indian Python T 3
Source= R
Q 10
Python regius Royal Python
Pythonidae T 30 295
Python sebae African Rock Python T 10
Agamidae Uromastyx spp. Spiny- tailed Lizard T 10
Chamaeleo deremensis Giant Three- horned Chameleon T 20
Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked chameleon T 19
Chamaeleo gracilis Graceful Chameleon T 10
Chamaeleo jacksonii Jackson's Chameleon T 10
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo melleri Meller's Chameleon T 30
Iguanidae Iguana iguana Green Iguana Z 3
Python molurus bivittatus The Indian Python Q 1
Pythonidae
Python sebae African Rock Python T 10
Chelonoidis carbonaria Red-footed Tortoise P 1
Testudinidae
Geochelone elegans Indian Star Tortoise Z 10
Varanus albigularis White- throated Monitor T 10
Varanidae
Varanus salvator Water Monitor Z 2
60
Source= C
Reported Reported
Trionychidae Pelodiscus sinensis Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle T 600
Ptyas mucosus Oriental Ratsnake Z 10
Colubridae
Xenochrophis piscator Asiatic Water Snake Z 10
Elapidae Naja naja Asian Cobra Z 15
Viperidae Daboia russelii Eastern Russell's viper Z 5
61
3.2.3.2 Imports of Reptiles Reported in Other Terms
Jordan annual reports described only import of live-specimens of reptiles over the studied period,
but partner countries have stated exports of reptile’s specimens to Jordan in other terms, (Table
3.11).
Table 3.11: Exporter’s Reported Quantities of Reptile’s Specimens “Other than Live Specimens”
Term of specimens exported to Jordan No. of Specimens

Belts 384
Bodies 26
Extract 50
Garments 210
Handbags 703
large leather products 88
Shoes 6556
skin pieces 51
skin/leather items 1515
Skins 124
Skulls 1
small leather products 9910
Wallets 76
Watchstraps 4178
Grand Total 23872
1. Green Iguana; Iguana iguana

and Wild
 Top Trading Partners: El Salvador, Guyana, and Spain
 IUCN Red List Status: Not Evaluated
Green Iguana was first reported as exports to Jordan since 2003with sum quantity of 1200 live-
specimens distributed as 1080 specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution
Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) and 120 taken from the wild. All specimens were imported by Jordan for
commercial purposes where El Salvador has exported a total of a thousand specimens, Guyana
with 120 specimens, Spain with 50 specimens and Ghana with 30 specimens exported over the
period of 2003 and 2006 (Figure 3.17).
62
700

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Figure 3.17: Left side: Green Iguana, Right side: Total number of Green Iguana in trade of export to
Jordan
2. North African Spiny-tailed Lizard; Uromastyx acanthinura

 Principal source: Wild
 Top Trading Partners: Sudan
A total of 500 live-specimens of the North African Spiny-tailed Lizard were exported from
Sudan to Jordan during 2002. All specimens have a wild source origin and they were used for
commercial purposes (Figure 3.18).
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2002
Figure 3.18: Left side: North African Spiny-tailed Lizard, Right side: Total number of North African
Spiny-tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
3. Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard; Uromastyx aegyptia

 Top Trading Partners: Sudan.
63
As for the North African Spiny-tailed Lizard, a total of 500 wild sourced specimens of the
Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard were exported by Sudan during 2002 for commercial purposes
(Figure 3.19).
600

500
400
300
200
100
0
2002
Figure 3.19: Left side: Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard “Photo by: RSCN”, Right side: Total number of
Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
4. Ocellated Spiny- tailed Lizard; Uromastyx ocellata

Sudan has exported a total of 500 live-specimens of the Ocellated Spiny-tailed Lizard during
2002. All specimens were taken from the wild and used for commercial purposes (Figure 3.20).
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2002
Figure 3.20: Left side: Ocellated Spiny-tailed Lizard “Photo by: Nadja Pöllath”, Right side:
Total number of Ocellated Spiny- tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
64
5. Ornates Spiny- tailed Lizard; Uromastyx ornata

Sudan contributed to export the entire number of live-specimens of the Ornates Spiny-tailed
Lizard to Jordan and constituted a total of 500 live-specimens. All specimens were taken from
the wild and used for commercial purposes (Figure 3.21).
600

500
400
300
200
100
0
2002
Figure 3.21: Left side: Ornates Spiny-tailed Lizard, Right side: Total number of Ornates Spiny-
tailed Lizard in trade of export to Jordan
3.2.4 Jordan’s Imports of Invertebrates
Invertebrates species were first recorded as imports by Jordan since 2000, where a total of ten
species belongs to six families were identified. Partner countries have identified exports to
Jordan since 1997 with a total of 58 invertebrates species belongs to 18 families (Table 3.12).
Jordan’s annual reports have only identified live-specimens of invertebrates, which was
illustrated in this section.
3.2.4.1 Jordan’s Imports of Live Specimens of Invertebrates
Over the period of 2000 and 2008, only three countries have exported a total of 273 live-
specimens of invertebrates to Jordan (Jordan’s Annual Reports). Indonesia exported the largest
numbers of invertebrates to Jordan with about 73%, followed by Netherlands and France which
contributed to 22%, and 5% respectively (Figure 3.22).
65
250
Total No. of Specimens Exported

200
150
100
50
0
France Indonesia Netherlands
Figure 3.22: Exporter Countries of Live- invertebrates Species to Jordan
All live-invertebrates specimens recorded as imports to Jordan where included in CITES

Appendix II. Among these specimens, 74% were born in captivity (F1 or subsequent
generations) that do not fulfill the definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.
CoP11), and 26% were bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev. CoP11),
(Table 3.12). In addition, all invertebrates’ specimens were imported for commercial purposes.
66
Table 3.12 Comprehensive Table on All Invertebrates Species Imported by Jordan
Appendix II Species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Scorpionidae Pandinus imperator Emperor Scorpion T 8
Brachypelma albopilosum Tarantula T 35
Theraphosidae
Brachypelma smithi Mexican Red- knee Tarantula T 30
Source= W
(Scleractinia) Scleractinia spp. Coral species T 2445
Acroporidae Acropora humilis Staghorn Coral T 10
Catalaphyllia jardinei Elegance Coral T 108
Euphyllia ancora hammer coral T 50
Euphyllia cristata Large Polyp Stony coral T 217
Caryophyllidae Euphyllia glabrescens Torch Coral T 65
Physogyra lichtensteini Bubble coral T 18
Plerogyra sinuosa Grape Coral T 85
Plerogyra turbid Bladder Coral T 26
Eguchipsammia fistula Golden Shower T 108
Tubastraea coccinea colonial-cup coral T 4
Dendrophylliidae
Turbinaria mesenterina Pagoda coral T 20
Turbinaria peltata Cup coral T 22
Caulastraea tumida Brain Coral T 53
Echinopora lamellose Hedgehog Coral T 3
Faviidae
Favites chinensis Pineapple Coral T 10
Montastraea annuligera False knob coral T 10
Fungia fungites Mushroom coral T 2
Fungia moluccensis Mushroom coral T 5
Fungiidae Fungia paumotensis Disk Coral T 10
Heliofungia actiniformis Mushroom coral T 237
Polyphyllia talpina Joker's Boomerang Coral T 8
Helioporidae Heliopora coerulea Blue Coral T 10
Milleporidae Millepora spp. Fire coral T 17
Blastomussa wellsi Swollen Open Brain Coral T 9
Cynarina lacrymalis Button Coral T 38
Mussidae
Lobophyllia corymbosa flat brain Coral T 63
Lobophyllia hemprichii Brain Coral T 27
67
Scolymia vitiensis Button Coral T 5

Symphyllia agaricia Meat Coral T 15
Symphyllia spp. Closed Brain Coral T 2
Oculinidae Galaxea fascicularis Galaxia Coral T 30
Goniopora lobata Flower Pot Coral T 46
Goniopora minor flowerpot Coral T 42
Poritidae
Goniopora stokes flowerpot Coral T 321
Porites spp. Porites Corals T 41
Theraphosidae Brachypelma albopilosum Mexican Red- knee Tarantula Q 5
Trachyphylliidae Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Brain Coral T 156
Tridacna crocea Boring Giant Clam T 80
Tridacnidae Tridacna maxima Crocea Clam T 50
Tridacna squamosa Fluted Clam T 43
Tubiporidae Tubipora musica Organ Pipe Coral T 2
Source= F
(Scleractinia) Scleractinia spp. Coral species T 40
Acropora Formosa Acropora T 10 135
Acropora humilis Branching Acropora T 10 135
Acropora spp. Acropora Species T 120
Acroporidae Montipora digitata Velvet Coral T 20
Montipora foliosa Cabbage Coral T 20
Montipora millepora Cluster Coral T 50
Montipora verrucosa Pore Coral T 10
Hydnophora rigida Horn Coral T 30
Merulinidae
Merulina ampliata Merulina Coral T 15
Pocillopora damicornis Cauliflower Coral T 20 30
Pocillopora verrucosa Cauliflower Coral T 30 20
Pocilloporidae
Seriatopora hystrix Pink Birdsnest Coral T 10
Stylophora pistillata Hood Coral T 10
Porites cylindrical Finger Coral T 20 20
Poritidae
Porites spp. Finger Coral Species T 70
Source= R
Scorpionidae Pandinus imperator Emperor Scorpion Q 8
68
3.2.4.2 Imports of Invertebrates Reported in Other Terms
Although, Jordan annual reports have only stated the imports of live-invertebrates, partner
countries reported export of invertebrates in other term and as follows: United State of America
exported 4 kg of wild Goniopora spp. for commercial purposes in 1997. Indonesia has exported
raw corals of wild sourced Scleractinia spp. during 2006, 2007 and 2008 with a sum quantity of
80 kg and 850 specimens (unidentified units). Moreover, Malaysia have also exported 1,078
specimens of unidentified units of Scleractinia spp. during 2007 and 2008, however, both
Indonesian and Malaysian specimens were exported for commercial purposes. Lastly, Canada
exported raw corals of wild Porites spp. during 2002 with a sum quantity of 10 (unidentified
unit) and used for personal purposes.
3.3 Exports of Jordan
This section dealt with direct export of specimens from Jordan over the studied period of 1987
and 2008 in where four major groups were exported, these are: mammals, birds, reptiles and
invertebrates. The following sections described each group separately and identify partners in
trade, volume of trade in CITES listed species.
3.3.1 Jordan’s Exports of Mammals
Jordan has started to record exports of mammal’s specimens since 1994 (Jordan’s annual
reports); with a total of 17 species belong to seven families. Conversely, partner’s countries have
started to report imports of mammals from Jordan since 1981, and identified 26 mammalian
species, which belongs to ten families (Table 3.13). This section addressed all direct exports of
mammals with a particular concern to live specimens as reported by Jordan annual reports. In
addition, variations with partner countries which have stated importing mammals from Jordan
were identified. Lastly, any imports other than live specimens were illustrated.
3.3.1.1 Jordan’s Exports of Live-Specimens of Mammals
A total of 13 countries were in direct trade with Jordan and a total of 243 live-specimens of
mammals were exported since 1995 (Jordan’s Annual Reports). The top trading countries were
not identified; however, Saudi Arabia Guyana and Sudan have imported a total of 51, 41 and 34
live-specimens of mammals from Jordan (Figure 3.23).
69
60
Total No. of Live Specimens Imported

50
40
30
20
10
Figure 3.23: Partner Countries of Imports of Live- specimens of Mammals
Figure 3.24 identifies the number of live-specimens of mammals exported by Jordan between
1995 and 2008. During 1995, around two live-specimens of mammals were exported from
Jordan; this number has risen to 30 specimens in 2002. During 2004, a slight decrease was
recognized with a sharp increase in 2006. Number of specimens dropped rapidly to around eight
in 2007 and it rose again to 21 specimens in 2008.
70
60
No. of Live Specimens Exported
50
40
30
20
10
0
1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.24: Trend in Exported Mammalian Species between 1995 and 2008
A total of 70, 167 and six specimens of mammals were listed in Appendix I, II and III
respectively (Table 3.13). More than 98% of these specimens were bred in captivity in
accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.CoP11), while less than 2% were taken from the wild
and confiscated specimens (Table 3.13). Also, Jordan was exporting mammals for different
70
purposes; however, the vast majorities were for commercial purposes. In addition, species were
imported to be bred in captivity, as a personal-held animals, Reintroduction or introduction into
the wild, zoos and unknown purposes which reflected recording errors.
71
Table 3.13 Comprehensive Table on All mammals’ species Exported by Jordan
Appendix I Species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Addax nasomaculatus Addax Antelope B 5
B 31
Bovidae N 16
Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx
P 4 12
20
Panthera onca Jaguar P 3
Felidae
Panthera pardus Arabian Leopard Z 2
E 8
Hominidae Pan troglodytes Robust Chimpanzee
Z 8
Source= W
Felidae Panthera pardus Arabian Leopard T 3
Hylobatidae Nomascus concolor Black Gibbon B 1
Source= F
Felidae Panthera pardus Arabian Leopard Z 3
Source= I
Felidae Panthera pardus Arabian Leopard 3
Appendix II Species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Canidae Vulpes zerda Fennec Fox T 15
B 6
Callithrix jacchus Common Marmoset P 4
T 50 10
Cebidae
Callithrix penicillata Black- tufted Marmoset T 12 6
Cebus olivaceus wedge- capped Capuchin B 4
Saguinus midas Red-handed Tamarin B 6
72
T 6
Saimiri boliviensis Black- headed Squirrel Monkey B 10
P 1 2
Saimiri sciureus Common Squirrel Monkey
T 35
Cercopithecidae Chlorocebus aethiops African Green Monkey T 28
Caracal caracal Caracal P 2
Leptailurus serval Serval Cat P 5
Felidae
T 3
Panthera leo Lion
Z 2
Source= W
P 2
Cebidae Saimiri sciureus Common Squirrel Monkey
T 2 2
Source= I
Cercopithecidae Papio hamadryas Hamadryas Baboon 1
Appendix III Species
Source= C
Reported Reported
Bovidae Gazella dorcas Dorcus Gazelle T 6
73
3.3.1.2 Jordan’s Exports of Mammals in Other Terms
Beside of live-specimens of mammals, Jordan’s annual reports have stated exporting specimens in other term as shown in table 3.14
below. Moreover, a notable variation in reporting was recognized with the importing countries.
Table 3.14 Comprehensive Table on All mammals species Exported in other Terms
Appendix I Species
Source= C
Family Name Scientific Name Term Purpose Jordan’s Exporters
Reported Reported
Bovidae Oryx leucoryx Skulls S 1
Elephantidae Loxodonta africana Bodies P 1
Felidae Panthera tigris Bodies P 1
Source= W
Elephantidae Loxodonta africana Tusks W 2
Source= I
Elephantidae Elephantidae spp. Ivory Carvings 10
Loxodonta africana Tusks P 1
Felidae Panthera tigris Skins E 1
Moschidae Moschus spp. Derivatives 1
Source= O
Elephantidae Elephantidae spp. Ivory Carvings Q 5
Loxodonta africana Ivory Carvings Q 10
Felidae Panthera pardus Skins 1
Appendix II Species
Source= W
Reported Reported
Canidae Canis lupus Skins P 5
Tayassuidae Tayassu pecari Shoes T 106
74
Small Leather Products T 36

Source= I
Bone Products 23
Elephantidae Loxodonta africana E 1
Ivory Carvings
37
Source= O
Elephantidae Elephantidae spp. Ivory Carvings S 6
Source= C
Reported Reported
Bovidae Bubalus arnee Skulls S 1
In addition, one kg of Loxodonta africana tusks was reported by the United State of America as imports from Jordan in 1992, even
though it wasn’t reported by Jordan’s annual reports.
75
3.3.1.3 Top five species of mammals in trade of export by Jordan
1. White-tufted-ear Marmoset; Callithrix jacchus

 Top Trading Partners: Saudi Arabia, Unknown
A total of 54 specimens were exported from Jordan as live-specimens. All specimens were bred
in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) and they were exported mainly for
commercial purposes, except for four personal-held specimens (Figure 3.25).
25

20
15
10
0
2002 2003 2004 2006
Figure 3.25: Left side: White-tufted-ear Marmoset “Photo by: Raimond Spekking”, Right side: Total
number of White-tufted-ear Marmoset in trade of export from Jordan
2. Arabian Oryx; Oryx leucoryx

25
 Principal trade term: Live
No. of Specimens in
specimens 20
 Principal source: Bred in captivity 15
Trade
in accordance with Resolution

10
Conf. 10.16 (Rev.)
 Top Trading Partners: Unknown, 5
United Arab Emirates, Syrian Arab 0
Republic 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2008
 IUCN Red List Status: Endangered, Figure 3.26: Total number of Arabian Oryx in
2008 trade of export from Jordan
Over the period of 1996 and 2008, a total of 51 live-specimens of the Arabian Oryx were
exported from Jordan. A total of 28 specimens were exported to unknown countries, followed by
the United Arab Emirates which imported 11 specimens. Syrian Arab Republic imported eight
specimens and only four specimens were exported by Jordan to Saudi Arabia (Figure 3.26).
76
3. Squirrel Monkey; Saimiri sciureus

40
 Principal trade term: Live specimens 35
No. of Specimens in
 Principal source: Bred in captivity in 30
accordance with Resolution Conf. 25
Trade
20
10.16 (Rev.), Wild source 15
 Top Trading Partners: Guyana 10
 CITES Appendix: II 5
0
 IUCN Red List Status: Least
2004 2005 2006
Concern, 2008
A total of 40 live-specimens of the Squirrel Figure 3.27: Total number of Squirrel Monkey in
trade of export from Jordan
Monkey were exported by Jordan. Top trading
country was Guyana which imported 35 specimens, followed by Qatar; United Arab Emirates
which imported two specimens equally, come after Saudi Arabia with one specimen. All
specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) (Figure
3.27).
4. Green “Vervet” Monkey; Chlorocebus

aethiops
No. of Specimens in 30
25
 Principal trade term: Live
20
specimens
Trade
15
 Principal source: Wild specimens
10
 Top Trading Partners: Sudan 5
 IUCN Red List Status: Least 2004 2005 2006
Concern, 2008
Figure 3.28: Total number of Green Monkey in
Sudan has imported a total of 28 live- trade of export from Jordan
specimens of the Green Monkeys in 2005 for
commercial purposes (Figure 3.28).
5. Fennec Fox; Vulpes zerda

 Top Trading Partners: Japan
A total of 15 live-specimens of the Fennec Fox were exported to Japan in 2005 for commercial
purposes (Figure 3.29).
77
16

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2004 2005 2006
Figure 3.29: Left side: Fennec Fox, Right side: Total number of Fennec Fox in trade of export from
Jordan
3.3.2 Jordan’s Exports of Bird’s
Jordan has started to record export of bird’s specimens since 1991 (Jordan’s Annual Reports);
with a total of 41 species belong to seven families. On the other hand, partner’s countries have
started to report imports of birds from Jordan since 1983, and identified 52 birds’ species, which
belongs to eight families (Table 3.15). Since almost all specimens reported either from Jordan or
partner countries were live-specimens, this section addressed them and identified the variation in
reporting with partner countries.
3.3.2.1 Jordan’s Exports of Live-Specimens of Birds
A total of 28 countries have reported imports of 3,350 live-specimens of birds from Jordan since
1995 (Jordan’s Annual Reports). United Arab Emirates was the top importer country with a sum
numbers of 822 live-specimens of bird’s, followed by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar with 488,
458 and 382 live-specimens of birds correspondingly (Figure 3.30).
78
900
Total No. of Live Specimens of Birds Exported from

800
700
600
500
400
Jordan
300
200
100
0
Philippines
Syrian Arab Republic
United Kingdom
Cuba
Singapore
Netherlands
PS
Lebanon
Sudan
Unknown
Bahrain
Brunei Darussalam
Croatia
Czech Republic
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates

Cyprus
Qatar
Egypt
Kuwait
Germany
Japan
Oman
Thailand
South Africa
United States of America

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Malaysia
Figure 3.30: Partner Countries of Imports of Live- bird’s specimens with Jordan
During 1991, Jordan exported one live-specimens of bird. This number started to increase
steadily to reach almost a thousand birds specimens in 2003. A year after, number of exported
bird’s specimens has dropped down to nearly 600 and raised up again in 2005 to around 1,400
specimens. It was clearly noted that after 2005, no single record of live-specimens of birds were
exported by Jordan’s (Figure 3.31).
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Figure 3.31: Sum of exporter’s reported quantities on birds live specimens
79
The majority of specimens were included in CITES Appendix II with a sum quantity of 3169
specimens belong to 37 species. In addition, ten live specimens of bird’s which belongs to seven
species were included in CITES Appendix I, and only one species listed in Appendix III was
exported with a sum quantity of 171 live specimens (Table 3.15).
The majority of specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.
CoP11) with 74% of the total specimens exported from Jordan, followed by 25.8% taken from
the wild. Specimens of unknown source constituted Less than 0.5% while specimens from
unidentified source were less than 0.1% (Table 3.15). Lastly, Jordan was exporting birds mainly
for commercial purposes; however, they were exported for personal-held animals, breeding in
captivity, and for zoos purposes.
80
Table 3.15 Comprehensive Table on All birds species exported by Jordan “Unit= Blank”
Appendix I species
Source= C
Jordan’s Exporters
Family Name Scientific Name Common name Purpose Reported Reported
Falconidae
Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot P 2
Psittacidae Amazona ochrocephala oratrix Yellow- crowned Amazon T 12
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Blue Macaw B 8 8
Source= W
Falconidae Falco peregrines Peregrine Falcon P 26
Psittacidae Amazona auropalliata Yellow- naped Parrot T 2
Source= U
Falconidae
Source= I
Falconidae Falconidae spp. Falcon Species 1
Source= D
Falconidae Falco hybrid Hybrid Falcon P
Falconidae Falco peregrines Peregrine Falcon T 1
Appendix II species
Source= C
Family Name Scientific Name Common name Purpose Jordan’s Exporters
Reported Reported
Accipitridae Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture Z 2
Falco cherrug Saker Falcon P 4 2
Falconidae P 10
Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel
T 55 30
Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo T 7
81
Agapornis personatus Yellow- collared Lovebird P 50

Agapornis roseicollis Rosy- faced Lovebird T 200
Agapornis spp. Lovebird T 30
B 4
Amazona aestiva Turquoise- fronted Amazon P 3 2
T 22 44
P 9
Amazona amazonica Orange- winged Amazon
T 17 152
Amazona dufresniana Blue- cheeked Parrot P 2
P 11
Amazona farinose Mealy Amazon
T 61
B 3
Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Macaw P 19 11
T 32 91
B 3
Ara chloropterus Red and Green Macaw P 7 14
T 4 41
P 1 11
Aratinga solstitialis Sun Conure
T 10
B 48 18
Cacatua alba White Cockatoo
T 30 80
P 7 39
Cacatua ducorpsii Solomons Cockatoo
T 155 193
P 1
Cacatua galerita Sulphur- crested Cockatoo
T 6
P 1 10
Cacatua galerita eleonora Sulphur- crested Cockatoo
T 6
Cacatua sulphurea Yellow-crested Cockatoo P 1
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red- fan Parrot T 12
Diopsittaca nobilis Hahn's Macaw P 1
Eclectus roratus Red- sided Parrot T 40
Eolophus roseicapilla Galah P 2 2
Psittacidae Eos rubra Moluccan Red Lory P 1
82
P 7 60
Lorius chlorocercus Yellow-bibbed lory
T 155 314
Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella T 10
P 2
Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella
T 54 50
P 8
Platycercus icterotis Western Rosella
T 40 48
Poicephalus gulielmi Red- fronted Parrot T 20 5
Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot T 40 20
Psephotus haematonotus Red- rumped Parrot T 48 40
B 1
P 225 199
T 1146 897
1
Ramphastidae Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan P 5
P 10
Strigidae Athene noctua Little Owl
T 60 60
Sturnidae Gracula religiosa Common Hill Myna P 1
Source= W
P 39
Falco cherrug Saker Falcon
T 20
Falconidae
Falco columbarius East Siberian Merlin P 2
Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel T 45 51
Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo T 7
P 3 2
Amazona aestiva Turquoise- fronted Amazon
T 36 13
P 6
Amazona amazonica Orange- winged Amazon
T 205 140
Psittacidae B 2
Amazona dufresniana Blue- cheeked Parrot
T 18 17
P 9
Amazona farinose Mealy Amazon
T 51
Amazona festiva Bodinus' Amazon B 7
83
T 23 22
B 30
Amazona ochrocephala Yellow- crowned Amazon P 5
T 34 19
P 26 1
Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Macaw
T 85 86
P 41
Ara chloropterus Ara chloropterus
T 47 33
Aratinga mitrata Mitred Parakeet T 30
Cacatua ducorpsii Ducorps's Cockatoo P 4
Cacatua galerita Sulphur- crested Cockatoo P 1
B 8
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red- fan Parrot
T 8
Diopsittaca nobilis Hahn's Macaw T 40 40
Orthopsittaca manilata Red- bellied Macaw T 30 30
Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot P 1
Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet 3
P 1
Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot T 30
5
Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan P 5
Ramphastidae
Ramphastos tucanus Orange- billed Toucan T 2
P 10
Strigidae Athene noctua Little Owl
T 30 28
Source= I
Amazona amazonica Orange- winged Amazon 1
Psittacidae
P 1
10
Source= U
Calyptorhynchus banksii Black Cockatoo T 10
Psittacidae P 2
4
84

Falconidae Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon T 1
Agapornis taranta Abyssinian Lovebird P 1
Amazona ochrocephala Yellow- crowned Amazon T 1
Cacatua moluccensis Moluccan Cockatoo P 2
Psittacidae
P 3
3
Source= C
Family Name Scientific Name Common name Purpose Jordan’s Exporters
Reported Reported
P 1
Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose- ringed Parakeet
T 170
Source= I
Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose- ringed Parakeet 2
85
3.3.2.2 Jordan’s Exports of Birds in Other Terms
Only single records of an egg specimen belong to Struthio camelus was exported from Jordan to
the United State of America in 1992 for scientific purposes (Jordan’s Annual Reports).
3.3.2.3 Top five species in trade of exports from Jordan
1. Grey Parrot; Psittacus erithacus

 Top Trading Partners: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait
 IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened, 2008
A total of 1372 live-specimens of the Grey Parrot were exported from Jordan between 1992 and
2008. Top trading countries were from the Gulf Area and all specimens were bred in captivity in
accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.). Specimens were exported mainly for
commercial purposes; however, 225 specimens were exported as personal-held animals and a
single specimen were exported to be bred in captivity (Figure 3.32).
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Figure 3.32: Left side: Grey Parrot, Right side: Total number of Grey Parrot in trade of export from
Jordan
2. Orange-winged Amazon; Amazona amazonica

 Principal source: Wild, Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16
(Rev.)
 Top Trading Partners: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and South Africa
The majority of exports of the Orange-winged Amazon were reported during 2003 and
constituted 61%. As well, six specimens were exported as personal pet animals and 222
specimens for commercial purposes (Figure 3.33).
86
160
140

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2003 2004 2005
Figure 3.33: Left side: Orange-winged Amazon “Photo by Philipp weigell”, Right side: Total number of
Orange-winged Amazon in trade of export from Jordan
3. Rose-ringed Parakeet; Psittacula krameri

Wild source
 Top Trading Partners: Egypt, Saudi
160
Arabia and Qatar
No. of Specimens in
140
 CITES Appendix: III 120
 IUCN Red List Status: Least 100
Trade
80
Concern, 2008 60
40
Rose-ringed Parakeet was exported from Jordan 20
for commercial purposes except a single 0
specimen which was a personal-held. A total of 1995 2003 2005
171 live-specimens bred in captivity in
accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) Figure 3.34: Total number of Rose-ringed
Parakeet in trade of export from Jordan
were exported, among them, 80 specimens
exported to Egypt, 60 specimens to Saudi Arabia, 30 to Qatar and one specimen to unknown
country (Figure 3.34).
4. Ducorps's Cockatoo; Cacatua ducorpsii

 Principal source: Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.).
Wild specimens
 Top Trading Partners: United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Lebanon
87
A total of 166 live-specimens of Ducorps's Cockatoo were exported by Jordan for commercial
purposes except 11 personal-held specimens exported to Qatar. United Arab Emirates has
imported a total of 80 specimens and considered the top trading country, followed by Qatar,
Lebanon and Kuwait with 61, 15 and ten specimens imported respectively (Figure 3.35).
180

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2004 2005
Figure 3.35: Left side: Ducorps's Cockatoo “Photo by: Kathy Lewis”, Right side: Total number of
Ducorps's Cockatoo in trade of export from Jordan
5. Blue-and-yellow Macaw; Ara ararauna

 Principal source: Wild, Bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16
(Rev.)
 Top Trading Partners: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
A total of 162 live-specimens of the Blue-and-yellow Macaw were exported mainly for
commercial purposes, in addition 45 specimens were exported as personal-held. Gulf area
showed the highest countries to import this Macaw species (Figure 3.36).
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2003 2004 2005
Figure 3.36: Left side: Blue-and-yellow Macaw “Photo by Benjamint”, Right side: Total
number of Blue-and-yellow Macaw in trade of export from Jordan
88
3.3.3 Jordan’s Exports of Reptiles
Reptile’s specimens were first recorded by Jordan’s annual reports as exports since 1999; with a
total of 33 species belong to eight families. On the contrary, partner’s countries have started to
report imports of reptiles from Jordan since 1989, and identified 30 species, which belongs to 11
families (Table 3.16). Jordan exported only live-specimens of reptiles which were illustrated in
the following section, as well as the variation with partner countries of imports from Jordan.
3.3.3.1 Jordan’s Exports of Live Specimens of Reptiles
A total of 32 countries reported imports of 130,692 live-specimens of reptiles from Jordan since
1999 according to Jordan’s annual reports. 46% of the total specimens were exported to Japan,
followed by United State of America and Taiwan with 27% and 10% in that order (Figure 3.37).
70000
Total No. of Live Reptiles Specimens Exported
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Indonesia
Canada
Croatia
Czech Republic
Republic of Korea
Slovenia
Taiwan, Province of China
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Denmark
Germany
Japan
Lebanon
Macao
Mexico
Spain
Thailand
Unknown
Australia
Bulgaria
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
Slovakia
United Arab Emirates

Hong Kong, SAR
Egypt
Kuwait
Switzerland
United States of America
Figure 3.37: Number of imported live- specimens of Reptiles imported by Partner Countries
Figure 3.38 illustrates number of reptiles specimens exported by Jordan over the period of 1999
and 2008. Figure identifies a gradual increase in number of exported specimens where it started
to raise from almost zero in 1999 to reach 40,000 specimens in 2007. However, a decrease in
number of exported specimens was found to occur during 2008.
89
45000
40000

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.38: Trend in the Sum quantities of reptile’s specimens exported by Jordan between 1999 and 2008
All specimens exported from Jordan were included in CITES Appendix II (Table 3.16). The
majority of specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16 (Rev.CoP11)
with 95% of the total specimens exported from Jordan, followed by 3% taken from the wild.
Specimens of unidentified source constituted Less than 0.2% (Table 3.16). Same as, more than
96% of the specimens exported by Jordan were used for commercial purposes, followed by Zoos
and personal-held animals with 3% and 1% respectively.
90
Table 3.16 Comprehensive Table on All Reptiles Species Exported by Jordan “Unit= Blank”
Appendix II Species
Source= C
Uromastyx acanthinura Sudan Uromastyx T 285 84
Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard T 10545 5336
Uromastyx benti Bent's Spiny-tailed Lizard T 1400
Uromastyx hardwickii Hardwick's spiny-tailed lizard T 300
Agamidae
Uromastyx ocellata Eyed Dabb Lizard T 200
Uromastyx ornate Ornate Spiny-Tailed Lizard T 4306 2155
Uromastyx spp. Spiny-Tailed Lizard T 227
Uromastyx thomasi Omani Spiny-tailed Lizard T 150 100
Alligatoridae Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator T 29
Eryx jaculus Sand Boa T 126 6
Eryx jayakari Arabian Sand Boa T 132 106
Boidae
Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda T 2
Gongylophis colubrinus Rough-scaled Sand Boa T 100 30
Chamaeleo africanus African Chameleon T 320 35
Q 20
Chamaeleo calyptratus Veiled chameleon
Chamaeleonidae T 13450 5461
Q 20
Chamaeleo chamaeleon Common Chameleon
T 2140 1243
P 1 15
Iguanidae Iguana iguana Green Iguana
T 415 150
Leiopython albertisii White- lipped Python T 5
Morelia spilota Carpet Python T 10
Pythonidae Morelia viridis Green Tree Python T 2
Python brongersmai Red Blood Python T 10
B 1
Python molurus bivittatus Indian Python
P 1
91
T 90
Aldabrachelys gigantean Aldabra Tortoise T 1 1
Geochelone elegans Indian star tortoise T 17273 7112
Geochelone platynota Burmese Star Tortoise T 20
Geochelone sulcata African Spurred Tortoise T 30 30
Malacochersus spp. Pancake Tortoise T 50
Malacochersus tornieri Pancake Tortoise T 640 65
Testudinidae Q 50
Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise
T 540 287
P 12
Q 30
Testudo graeca Greek Tortoise
T 71565 35036
Z 1200 300
Testudo hermanni Hermann's Tortoise T 500 200
Varanus albigularis White- throated Monitor T 240
Varanidae
Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor T 93
Source= W
Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard T 980 2350
Agamidae
Uromastyx ornate Ornate Spiny-Tailed Lizard T 200
Boidae Eryx jaculus Javelin Sand Boa T 10
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo chamaeleon Common Chameleon T 20
P 1
Testudinidae Testudo graeca Greek Tortoise
T 3270 7881
Varanidae Varanus albigularis White- throated Monitor T 50
Source= U
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo chamaeleon Common Chameleon T 50
Testudinidae Testudo graeca Greek Tortoise T 87
Source= I
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo calyptratus Veiled Chameleon T 68
P 1
Testudinidae Testudo graeca Greek Tortoise T 341
1
92
Source= R
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo calyptratus Veiled Chameleon T 270
Agamidae Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard P 6
Chelonoidis carbonaria Red-footed Tortoise P 1
Testudinidae P 1
Testudo graeca Greek Tortoise
T 200
Source= C
Chelydridae Macrochelys temminckii Alligator T 35
93
3.3.3.2 Top five species in trade of exports from Jordan
1. Mediterranean Spur- thighed Tortoise; Testudo graeca

Wild and unidentified.
 Top Trading Partners: Japan, United State of America and Taiwan
 IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable
A total of 76,249 live-specimens of the Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise (Greek Tortoise)

were exported by Jordan over the period of 1999 and 2008. Around 95% of these specimens
were bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), 3% taken from the wild
and 1% from unidentified source. The majority of specimens exported for commercial purposes
and makes 98% of the total specimens, as well around 2% of these specimens were used for zoos
and personal-held animals (Figure 3.39).
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.39: Left side: Mediterranean Spur- thighed Tortoise “Photo by: RSCN”, Right side: Total
number of Mediterranean Spur- thighed Tortoise in trade of export from Jordan
2. Indian Star Tortoise; Geochelone elegans

 Principal source: Bred in captivity
 Top Trading Partners: Japan, Taiwan, Thailand
 IUCN Red List Status: Lower Risk/least concern
A total of 17,273 live-specimens of the Indian Star Tortoise were exported by Jordan over the
period of 2004 and 2008. All these specimens were bred in captivity in accordance with
Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) and they were used entirely for commercial purposes (Figure
3.40).
94
6000

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.40: Left side: Indian Star Tortoise “Photo by Cburnett”, Right side: Total number of
Indian Star Tortoise in trade of export from Jordan
3. Veiled Chameleon; Chamaeleo calyptratus

 Top Trading Partners: United State of America, Japan, and Taiwan.
All specimens of the Veiled Chameleon and comprised 13,450 live-specimens were bred in
captivity and they were exported from Jordan for commercial purposes. Exports of this species
have started to be recorded since 2004 (Figure 3.41).
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 3.41: Left side: Veiled Chameleon “Photo by Chris Kadet”, Right side: Total number of Veiled
Chameleon in trade of export from Jordan
4. Egyptian Spiny- tailed Lizard; Uromastyx aegyptia

and from the wild.
 Top Trading Partners: United State of America, Japan and United Kingdome
95



IUCN Red List Status: Not Evaluated 3000
2500
A total of 11,525 live-specimens of the Egyptian 2000
Spiny-tailed Lizard were exported by Jordan 1500
since 2004 until 2008. Around 98% of these 1000
specimens were bred in captivity, and 2% taken 500
from the wild. All specimens were exported for 0
commercial purposes (Figure 3.42). 1989 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
5. Ornates Spiny- tailed Lizard; Uromastyx Figure 3.42: Total number of Egyptian Spiny-
ornata tailed Lizard in trade of export from Jordan
 Principal source: Bred in captivity in 2500

accordance with Resolution Conf. 2000
10.16 (Rev.)
1500
 Top Trading Partners: United State
of America, Japan and Switzerland 1000
 IUCN Red List Status: Not
0
Evaluated
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
A total of 4,306 live-specimens of the Ornates

Figure 3.43: Total number of Ornates Spiny-
Spiny-tailed Lizard were exported by Jordan for
tailed Lizard in trade of export from Jordan
purely commercial purposes. Same as other
Uromastyx species, trade of export has started to be recorded since 2004 until 2008 (Figure
3.43).
3.3.4 Jordan’s Exports of Invertebrates
Invertebrate’s specimens were only recorded as exports from Jordan in 2000, 2001 and 2002
(Jordan’s Annual Reports); with a total of eight species belong to three families. In opposition,
partner’s countries have stated imports of invertebrates in 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2003, and
identified six invertebrates’ species, which belongs to five families. This section addressed live-
specimens of invertebrates in particular. Other terms of export were also identified.
3.3.4.1 Jordan’s Exports of Live Specimens of Invertebrates
Two countries have imported invertebrates specimens from Jordan (Jordan’s Annual Reports).
Germany has imported 50 live-specimens of invertebrates during 2000, and ten specimens were
imported by Canada in 2002 (Table 3.17).
All specimens exported from Jordan were included in CITES Appendix II (Table 3.17).
Specimens exported to Germany were bred in captivity in accordance with Res. Conf. 10.16
(Rev. CoP11), while all specimens exported to Canada were from unidentified source (Table
3.17). However, all these specimens were exported for scientific purposes.
96
Table 3.17 Comprehensive Table on All invertebrates Species Exported by Jordan “Unit= Blank”
Appendix II species
Source= C
Faviidae Favia spp. Pineapple Brain Coral S 20
Oculinidae Galaxea fascicularis Galaxia Coral S 20
Poritidae Porites spp. Porites Coral S 10
Source= W
Faviidae Favia spp. Pineapple Brain Coral S 5
Oculinidae Galaxea fascicularis Galaxia Coral S 15
Source= U
Faviidae Favia spp. Pineapple Brain Coral 2
Pocilloporidae Stylophora pistillata Hood Coral 1
97
3.3.4.2 Jordan’s export of Invertebrates in Other Term
Six species of CITES Appendix II were exported by Jordan to Germany as raw corals for
scientific purposes and from unidentified source.
3.3.5 Jordan’s Exports of Plants
Plants specimens were recorded as exports from Jordan in 2004, 2006 and 2008 (Jordan’s
Annual Reports); with a total of seven species belong to two families. Conversely, partner’s
countries have stated imports of plants in 2002 and 2004, and identified two plants species,
which belongs to one family (Table 3.18). This following addressed all live specimens of plants
in particular as reported by Jordan annual reports. In addition, variation with partner countries of
imports from Jordan was identified, as well; any imports other than live-specimens were
illustrated.
3.3.5.1 Jordan’s Exports of Live-Specimens of Plants
China was the top trading country with Jordan and imported a total of 1,100 plant specimens in
2004, followed by the United Kingdom, which imported nine specimens in 2006, and lastly,
Ireland stated the imports of two specimens during 2008.
All specimens exported from Jordan were included in CITES Appendix II (Table 3.18). China
has imported specimens from plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Res.
Conf. 11.11(Rev. CoP15), paragraph a) and for commercial purposes. United Kingdom and
Ireland have imported a wild sourced specimen to be used for scientific purposes.
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Eid (2010): Review on the Implementation of the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Jordan
Table 3.18 Comprehensive Table on All Plants Species Exported by Jordan “Unit= Blank”
Appendix II species
Source= W
Anacamptis collina Fan Lipped Orchid S 3
Anacamptis papilionacea Mediterranean orchid S 1
Anacamptis sancta Holy Orchid S 3
Orchidaceae
Cephalanthera longifolia Sword- leaf Helleborine S 2
Ophrys umbilicata Woodcock Orchid S 1
Orchidaceae spp. Orchid species S 1
Source= A
Cactaceae Echinocactus grusonii Golden Barrel Cactus T 1100 550
Source= I
Cactaceae Opuntia spp. Indian Pear P 1
99
Eid (2010): Review on the Implementation of the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES) in Jordan
3.4 Administrative Compliance to CITES
3.4.1 Role and Tasks of the Management Authority
Information concerning roles and tasks of the Management Authority were obtained after
interviewing CITES Management Authorities represented by the WES of the RSCN and DVM
of the MOA to find out their compliance to CITES (Annex IX).
A total of four interviews with the responsible personnel of the Management Authorities of
Jordan were conducted as follows: two interviews distributed equally with the RSCN and MOA
Management Authorities. During these interviews, the roles of the Management Authority
according to CITES has been investigated as shown in table 3.21. As well, their tasks which are
either imposed by the text of the convention, included in Resolutions and Decisions or those that
would seem to be logical of a Management Authority at the national level were addressed.
Table 3.21 Role and Tasks of the Management Authority of CITES in Jordan
Not Partially
Role Achieved Done by
Achieved Achieved
Granting permits and certificates under the terms of the √ RSCN
Convention
Communicating with the CITES Secretariat and other √ RSCN
Parties
Not Partially
Task Achieved Done by
Achieved Achieved
Imposed by the text of the Convention
Permits issuance and acceptance provisions (Article III,
√ RSCN
IV and V)
To void and return export permits or re- export
√ RSCN, MOA
certificates (Article VI)
Effectiveness and applicability of special provisions
√ RSCN
(Article VII)
Communication with the Secretariat and Parties (Article
√ RSCN
IX)
Included in resolutions and decisions
Preparation of proposals for the Conference of the Parties √ RSCN
Preparation of annual and perennial reports √ RSCN
Coordination with national centers bureau of Interpol √ RSCN
National Tasks
To prepare and circulate all official information on
√ RSCN
CITES to scientific authority, customs, other ministries…
Enforcement and compliance √ RSCN
Responsibilities for confiscated specimens RSCN, other
√
agencies
Decisions about given back specimens if necessary RSCN, other
√
agencies
To cancel documents if necessary √ RSCN
To assess the value of illegal specimens √ RSCN -
Develop educational awareness about CITES √ RSCN
100
To inform and declare about CITES procedure √ RSCN

Training of official customs and responsible of internal
√ RSCN, IFAW
control
To develop reference materials adequate to the domestic
√
market
3.4.2 Role and Tasks of the Scientific Authority
The information was obtained after interviewing CITES Scientific Authority (fauna and flora
parts) which is represented by two interviews to find out their compliance to CITES (Table
3.14).
Table 3.22 Roles and Tasks of the Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan
Not Partially
Achieved Achieved
Advise the Management Authority whether export of
specimens would be detrimental to the survival of the √ Fauna Part
species in the wild
Advises the Management Authority on other scientific
√ Fauna Part
matters
Not Partially
Achieved Achieved
Determination that the export of specimens of species
included in Appendices I and II is not detrimental to their √ Fauna Part
survival
Determination that the purpose of the import of
specimens of a species included in Appendix I is not √
detrimental to its survival
Determination whether the intended recipient of live
Appendix-I specimens is suitably equipped to house and √
care for them
Determination whether introduction from the sea would
√
be detrimental to the survival of the species involved
Monitor export permits granted and actual exports to
ensure that the species is maintained at a level consistent
√
with its role in the ecosystems in which it occurs, and to
avoid an Appendix-I listing
Provide advice as to whether or not scientific institutions
seeking registration meet the criteria established in √ Fauna Part
Resolution Conf. 11.15 (Rev. CoP12)
Review applications submitted under Article VII,
paragraphs 4 or 5 (is the facility capable of captive
√ Fauna Part
breeding or artificial propagation?) - also in Resolution
Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP14)
Gather and analyze information on the biological status of
species affected by trade to assist in the preparation of √ Fauna Part
proposals to amend the Appendices
Review proposals to amend the Appendices submitted by
√ Fauna Part
other Parties
Before making a decision on the disposal of confiscated
live specimens, the Management Authority must consult √ Fauna Part
with and obtain advice of its own Scientific Authority
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The Scientific Authority, in preparing its advice, must

follow the guidelines in the two Annexes to Resolution √ Fauna Part
Conf. 10.7
Interpretation of listings √ Fauna Part
Consultation with the CITES Nomenclature Committee
√ Fauna Part
as appropriate
Identification of nomenclatural issues that may warrant
further review by the appropriate CITES committee and
√ Fauna Part
preparation of proposals to amend the Appendices if
appropriate
Support and cooperation in the development and
√
maintenance of checklists
Identification of specimens √ Fauna Part
Determining the national status of CITES species √ Fauna Part
Working with the Animals and Plants Committees of
√ Fauna Part
CITES
3.4.3 Annual and Biennial Reports
According to CITES web database, Jordan has started to submit annual reports in 2002 (Online
at http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/reports.shtml). However, Jordan has been consistently late
in filing CITES annual reports. CITES Management Authority has submitted a CITES annual
report on time only in 1988, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2002 and 2004 throughout the convention period
(Table 3.23). Also, all annual reports were submitted by e- mail.
Table 3.23: History of Jordanian CITES Annual Reports
Report Year Date Due Submission Date Status

Since 1979 to 1986 October of each year Not Reported Not Reported
1987 October 1988 July 1989 9 Months
1988 October 1989 July 1989 On Time
1989 October 1990 August 1991 10 Months
1990 October 1991 August 1991 On Time
1991 October 1992 March 2001 89 Months
1996 October 1997 January 1998 3 Months
1997 October 1998 February 1999 4 Months
1998 October 1999 February 1999 On Time
1999 October 2000 October 2000 On Time
2000 October 2001 Not Reported Not Reported
2001 October 2002 Not Reported Not Reported
2002 October 2003 February 2003 On Time
2003 October 2004 May 2006 7 Months Late
2004 October 2005 May 2005 On Time
2008 October 2009 May 2009 On Time
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Moreover, Jordan has only submitted one biennial report in the 17th of June 2006 and was
submitted electronically (available at http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/reports.shtml).
3.5 Enforcement and Legislative Compliance to CITES
3.5.1 Measures Taken to Implement CITES Provisions in Jordan
The MOA is the governmental authority responsible for the final decision on any import, export,
or re-export of animal and plant specimens in Jordan, based on interim Agricultural Act Number
44 of 2002. The following procedure applies to all trade operations:
1. A formal application is addressed to the MOA describing:

 Scientific and Common names of the species to be traded
 Total number of specimens to be traded
 Full address of the exporter/ importer
 Certified origin of the specimens
2. The application is submitted to the RSCN Management Authority and the following steps
will be followed:
 The species to be traded will be reviewed to determine their CITES status
 If the species are CITES-listed, the exporter/ importer shall submit a certificate of
origin, information in respect of the source of the specimen(s) and an export permit
for its import to Jordan
 A CITES certificate/permit, including all necessary information, and related
documents.
 A formal letter indicating that the species is a non-CITES specimen, where
applicable.
 Generally if the paperwork is straightforward, the processing time for import, export
or re- export permits will be issued in the same day of application.
3. The application is returned to the MOA, who will then forward it to the veterinary
department for their advice on any possible risks of disease.
There is also a set of general rules to be complied with for trade to proceed:
1. If the species being traded is a bird species, the application should include proof that it
was obtained from a valid source.
2. All trade in animals and plants should take place across the national borders of Jordan
(land and air borders), except in the case of birds, which have only one point-of-entry at
the Jaber border - “Jordanian- Syrian land borders”.
3. According to the World Organization of Animal Health procedures, all shipments shall
be accompanied by a veterinary health certificate issued by the official veterinary
authority in Jordan. The certificate should confirm that specimens in trade are free from
infections or diseases, particularly Newcastle disease.
103
After obtaining approval from the MOA, the shipment should be prepared to minimize any risk
of injury to the specimens, particularly in the case of birds, which should be transported in cages
which that guarantee health and safety.
Prior to shipment, it is essential to notify Jaber border staff and the veterinary department of
animal resources of the MOA, at least one week in advance of the arrival of any shipment
containing birds. On arrival, the responsible veterinarian at Jaber Border shall carry out a rapid
test on at least 20% of randomly sampled bird feces. A waiting-period of 48 hours will be
necessary until the results of the tests are available. If the results are negative, the shipment will
be released; if positive, the shipment will be seized, at no cost to the MOA. A shipment should
be imported or exported within three months, as from the date on which the application is
approved.
3.5.2 Enforcement and Methods of Inspection
In Jordan, it is the responsibility of the WES of the RSCN to conduct inspecting and ensure that
trade is conducted in compliance with CITES. WES is composed of a head (administrative), who
is supervising one assistant. The head of the WES is the only one responsible for providing
training to other governmental agencies, conducting public outreach programs, answering
queries from importers and exporters.
Any passenger travelling with wild animal or plant specimens should visit the Customs
quarantine center at border checkpoints, complete the required form and comply with the
following requirements:
1. For imports of specimens to Jordan:

 Veterinary certificate, certifying that the specimen is free from disease, issued in
the country of origin and by the Veterinary Department in Jordan.
 Valid CITES import permit, issued by the Royal Society for the Conservation of
Nature (RSCN) - the CITES Management Authority.
2. For exports from Jordan:

 Veterinary certificate, certifying that the specimen is free from disease, issued by
the Veterinary Department in Jordan.
 CITES export permit, issued by RSCN, prior to initiating the process.
 CITES import permit, issued in the destination country.
3. For specimens in transit through Jordan

 Export permit from the country of origin.
 Import permit from the final destination country.
If a passenger does not comply with the aforementioned requirements, the specimen will be
confiscated and quarantined until compliance. All confiscated specimens will be held at
Shaumari Wildlife Reserve in enclosures except raptors which kept in the RSCN- HQ office until
the Management Authority decided about the specimens.
104
It was difficult to get the information related to convictions concerning CITES species in Jordan,
however, any case involve the illegal trade of wildlife specimens will refer to the Judiciary of
Jordan.
3.6 CITES and capacity-building in Jordan
At the national level, CITES Management Authority of RSCN has produced a full-color poster
titled as “Passport” after a fund allocated by the British Embassy of Jordan. This poster was
printed in Arabic and distributed along with a guide to custom offices in Jordan. It aimed at
increasing public awareness of CITES while traveling.
During 2008, a full-color guide entitled “Field Guide for Identifying the Most Traded Animals
and Plants Species of CITES” was produced by CITES Management Authority of Jordan in
collaboration with international fund for animal welfare IFAW. This guide was printed in Arabic
with the aim to assist custom officers in the Arabian countries of the Middle East. It provides
basic information on the most traded CITES species in the Middle East and is distributed in
regional workshops.
The RSCN has provided information on its Internet website which includes information about
CITES, Appendices, and requirements of importing and/ or exporting specimens from Jordan
(Online at:
http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/RSCN/HelpingNature/EnforcingtheLaw/CITES/tabid/90/Default.
aspx ).
Regardless the few materials that has been produced by the CITES Management Authority of
Jordan, several training workshops were conducted aimed at developing the capacity of its staff
and personnel responsible for implementation of the CITES in Jordan and Middle Eastern
countries. But some shortcomings are present in these training courses as they illustrates only
general concepts of CITES-related issues and they form a repetitive presentations and work
agenda. Moreover, no specialized training courses were offered by Jordan’s Management
Authority to raise the level of experiences of enforcement personnel to receive continuing,
comprehensive training to assist them in carrying out their duties.
105
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION

In 1979, Jordan became one of the first countries in the Middle East to enforce CITES (online at:
www.cites.org). Today, Jordan is implementing the convention in an exemplary manner for the
Middle Eastern countries that are still developing their own programs. This thesis is considered
the base from which several topics can be investigated in depth, especially that trade volume,
administrative, enforcement and capacity building were analyzed as well as several
recommendations to improve the implementation of this Convention were provided.
Some of the basic requirements of the Convention are being met, and in some aspects the
Jordanian government is doing an exemplary job of implementing CITES through its
Management Authorities. However, in other areas Jordan’s execution of CITES is weak. In most
cases the inadequacies in Jordan’s CITES program can be traced to insufficient resources
directed at administering and enforcing the convention. The aim of this section is to highlight
some of the progress made and introduce areas that need further attention.
4.1 Trade Volume
Jordan’s annual reports have identified a total of 178,388 live-specimens of animals and plants in
trade (exports and/or imports) over the period of 1979 and 2008. A total of 99.4% of traded
specimens were represented by the animals groups (Table 3.1). In addition, trade in Jordan
showed a higher export of live-specimens of animals (mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates)
than imports with a total of 134,345 compared to 42,932 live-specimens.
Analysis of trade data revealed substantial variation in reporting between Jordan Annual Reports
and partner countries Annual Reports; these discrepancies in reporting could be the result of:
 Recording error when compiling CITES annual reports in Jordan.

 Recording error when transferring these data into CITES trade database or UNEP-
WCMC Trade Database.
 Custom officers neglecting to sign the number of specimens in trade when checking the
shipments.
 Mistakes committed at the Custom office during the inspection of traded specimens.
 A lack of inspection for the shipments of wild animals and plants.
 Lack of experience to identity plant and animals specimens in trade.
 Smuggling activities due to little experiences in wildlife identification.
Despite these factors, Jordan Annual Reports reported a higher volume of trade in animal groups;
partner countries of exports stated to the contrary as they have reported a higher volume of trade
in plant specimens with 54%. This variation could be clarified with the previously mentioned
reasons, but a major reason could clarify these discrepancies between animal and plants groups
reporting is the absence of a Scientific Authority to deals with flora part in Jordan until late 2006
paying into attention the following points:
 Scientific Authority is voluntary work assigned to various experts in the country
106
 Weaknesses of communication between Scientific and Management Authorities due to

various constraints
 Of-interest in the Management Authority to nominate a specialized expert in flora to
follow-up issues related to plant species and CITES until late 2006.
 Disagreements between the Management Authority and flora experts in Jordan.
 Lack of coordination between the Management Authority to develop the capacity of the
current Scientific Authority for the flora part in issues related to CITES.
 Insufficient experience of Jordan’s custom officers, border staff and environmental police
with the plant species listed in CITES Appendices.
 Lack of specialized training courses addressing flora and CITES.
Birds represented the largest group of animals in trade in Jordan and comprised 89% of the total
live-specimens imported by Jordan, whereas mammals were considered the least imported group.
These results are in accordance to the global level where over 8.5 million CITES-listed live birds
were traded from 1996 to 2003 according to Kecse-Nagy (2006), who also stated that the largest
reported importers of CITES-listed live birds globally are the EU15 Member States, accounting
for 77% of global imports, which is equivalent to 20 times the amount imported by Japan
(314,545) and 100 times by the USA (68,050).
Further studies on the international trade of bird species was conducted by Inskipp (1990) who
investigated the international trade in the 1990s, where it was estimated to be between two and
five million specimens a year, mainly of ornamental and song birds. Recently, Vargas-Terán,
(2008) showed that these figures dropped due to the enforcement of international regulations
related to the conservation of several bird species. In addition, roughly 2,600 species were
registered under trade, consisting of Passeriformes (small birds) and Psittaciformes (macaws,
parrots, cockatoos, parakeets and lorikeets), which dominated the world markets at 70% and 20%
representation, respectively.
Figures from Jordan are in accordance to the global trade in birds, where behind the high imports
of bird specimens to Jordan are three main reasons: 1) Jordanian preference of birds as pet
species due to their beautifulness colors and songs 2) the fairly inexpensive price of birds, and 3)
Jordan’s relatively low per capita income. Eid et al (2010) found that the majority of specimens
in trade in the Friday Public Market in the capital city of Amman are birds, with a total of 16,942
specimens compared to 86 and nine specimens of reptiles and mammals, respectively. Prices of
birds are ranged between $1.40 and $494.90 which is considered reasonable to some extent to
Jordanian citizens, taking into consideration that the majority of traded species are of the lower
prices, while Parakeets and Falconidae are mainly exported to the gulf area since they generates
a good economical profitable of the Jordanian and the willingness of the Gulf people to keep
them as pets and in falconry.
Conversely, reptiles represented the highly-exported specimen by Jordan totaling 97% of the all
specimens exported; invertebrates were the least exported groups. This can be attributed to the
presence of two ranching operations in Jordan and the high demands over reptilian species for
food, pets and skins from Japan, United States and Taiwan, which accounted the highest
demanded countries over these specimens from Jordan. In addition, Jordanians traditionally do
not view reptiles as pets.
107
All species imported and/ or exported by Jordan were included in CITES Appendices. The
majority of specimens imported by Jordan were included in CITES Appendix III and comprised
56.7% of the total specimens, followed by CITES-Appendix II and I with 42.8% and 0.5%,
correspondingly. Exported specimens from Jordan were mainly listed under CITES Appendix II
and constituted 99.8%, whereas only 0.1% equally of CITES Appendix I species was exported
from Jordan. Although these figure showed the trade in CITES-listed species but still the lack of
a trade database to show the magnitude in CITES-listed and CITES non-listed species trade avert
the ability to provide an estimation for the enforcement effectiveness in Jordan.
An attempt to investigate the magnitude of trade in Amman Friday Public Market was conducted
by Eid et al (2010), where they found that 56.6% of the total birds specimens are non-CITES
listed specimens in relation to 43.4% of CITES-listed specimens. As well, all mammalian species
were a non-CITES listed specimens. In addition, the study showed that 66.7% of the reptilian
specimens are non-CITES listed specimens in relation to 33.3%. The presence of non-CITES
listed specimens in the market are an indication to the magnitude of trade of non-CITES listed
specimens paying into attention that prices of these specimens are lower (Eid et al, 2010). This is
indeed emphasizing the urgent need for a detailed database to show the magnitude of trade.
4.1.1 Trade in Live-specimens of Mammals
Jordan began reporting trade of live-specimens of mammals in 1995, recording more exports
than imports. The majority of the imported specimens of mammals were from unknown
countries which reflect a recording error when preparing the CITES permits. Additionally, errors
were clearly noticed after reviewing species in trade and their sources of origin, e.g., the Arabian
Leopard was extinct in Jordan according to Amr (2000); however this species was exported as a
wild source specimen from Jordan. Same as, the Black Gibbon and tusks of Loxodonta africana
are belonging to a non-native species to Jordan and they were reported in Jordan’s exports
permits as a wild-sourced specimen. This highlight the need to review all CITES permits by the
Scientific Authority to ensure the correctness of information.
In addition, exported mammalian specimens were mainly bred in captivity in Jordan, even
though no registered ranching operations for mammals are present in Jordan, unless if they were
breeding in zoos which are not considered as breeding facilities. This should be investigated in
depth to identify the locations of breeding facilities of mammals, their numbers and their status.
Additionally, penalties should be imposed to the un-registered operations.
The family Cebidae was one of the most traded families in terms of import and export from
Jordan with a total of 71 and 112 specimens, in that order. Jordanian prefers to view these
species in zoos rather than keeping them as pet’s species (Eid. Pers. Comm.). The least
frequently imported family was Elephantidae with two specimens representing a single species.
Regarding exports from Jordan, it was found that family Hominidae was the least exported with
eight specimens of a single species (Table 3.5 and Table 3.13).
The Squirrel Monkey; Saimiri sciureus (family: Cebidae) was the most frequently imported
species into Jordan and the third most exported species from Jordan. This species is native to
108
South America (Boubli, 2008). Although the S. Monkey is considered a Least Concern species
by the IUCN Red List, 2008, but it is still among many rainforest animals whose status may be
harmed by deforestation (online at: www.iucnredlist.org). Carretero- Pinzon et al., (2009)
conducted his research on the illegal national trade of the S. Monkey where they found that trade
is continues, even though export was ceased in 1974. In addition, their study showed that people
kill many individuals of the group just to catch one, and they are also used for medical research
which represents the main threats on this species.
Moreover, several studies addressed trade in S. Monkey (Cooper 1968; Cooper and Hernández-
Camacho 1975; Mack and Eudey 1984) where they stated that Europe and USA were the major
countries importing this species during the 1960’s and 1970’s. Globally, this species was the
third most traded mammalian species between 2004 and 2008 (Online at http://cites-
dashboards.unep-wcmc.org/global?id=Mammals). Trade in this species in Jordan is not
significant, paying into attention that Guyana exported the largest number of Squirrel Monkey
specimens to Jordan; it also imported the largest number of specimens from Jordan. Despite that
records of trade from Jordan in this species are confusing but it could be clarified by returning
specimens to their country of origin since they were not sold paying into attention that all
specimens were imported by Jordan for commercial purposes, and Jordanian habits do not prefer
this species as a pet.
Similarly, the Green Monkey; Chlorocebus aethiops was the second most traded species of
export and import from Jordan with a total of 20 live-specimens imported compared to 28 live-
specimens exported. The Green Monkey is distributed over Sudan to Mongolia in the south and
in Djibouti, Ethiopia and Eritrea and its range extends as far east as the Ethiopian Rift Valley
(Dandelot and Prevost 1972). The IUCN Red List assessment in 2008 considered this species as
a common and adaptable species over its range, and there are assumed to be no major threats on
it. In Jordan, it is most likely to be held at zoos because the likelihood of people keeping these
animals as pets is very low. This species is also considered within the top ten most traded
mammalian species globally (Online at http://cites-dashboards.unep-
wcmc.org/global?id=Mammals).
The Arabian Oryx; Oryx leucoryx was the third most highly imported species by Jordan and the
second highest exported by Jordan. A total of 20 live-specimens of Oryx were imported during
2008, compared to 51 living-specimens exported from Jordan over the period of 1996 and 2008.
A recording error was noticed as the country of origin in the import permit was not identified;
however, these specimens are most likely exported by the UAE to support the reintroduction
program of the Arabian Oryx at Wadi Rum Protected Area in the southern part of Jordan.
Generally, the Arabian Oryx was bred successfully in the captivity in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE
and Oman with records of successful re-introduction from Oman. The relatively high exports
records of this species are due to the successful breeding program of Oryx in Shaumari Wildlife
Reserve and the demands over this species for re-introduction programs in the Arabian
Peninsula.
A total of 16 live-specimens of Tiger; Panthera Tigris were exported to Jordan, mainly from
Italy, which contributed to 14 specimens and additional two specimens came from South Africa.
It is a native species to Southeast Asia and threats are represented by poaching for fur and
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destruction of habitat, which greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild (online at:
www.iucnredlist.org). Despite that no records in CITES permits identified using tigers in zoos,
this species was found to be a common species in the zoos of Jordan, again demonstrating the
importance of supervising any permits produced by the Management Authority through the
Scientific Authority. As well, follow up to consider specimens available in the zoos of Jordan,
and their registration is needed.
The fifth species in trade of import was the Lion; Panthera Leo with a total of 12 live-specimens
exported from Italy (N=3), Syrian Arab Republic (N=3), Canada (N=2), Palestine (N=2) and
Kazakhstan (N=2). Specimens were primarily imported by Jordan for circuses, but they were
also used in zoos and as personal-held specimens. Two specimens from Canada and Palestine
were reported from a wild origin, which is incorrect and demonstrates an error in permit issuance
because this species was extinct from Palestine and there was no wild population in Canada.
Once more, recording errors are present in different countries reporting but monitoring permits
and collaboration at the national, regional and international level is needed to decrease these
errors.
Bauer (2008) identified the main threats on Lions population where he stated that indiscriminate
killing, (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect life and livestock),
prey base depletion, and habitat loss are the major threats which lead to decrease its population
in the wild. The lion was found to be successfully bred in zoos of Jordan and it is considered one
of the most preferable animals for exhibitions in Jordan (Eid, E. Person. Comm.). Lions are
among the most desired animals in the Arabian Peninsula, because it represents strength and
vigor, as well many Arabian names are derived from the synonymous names of the lions, and
therefore it is a key element in any zoo or circus exhibition
The White-tufted-ear Marmoset; Callithrix jacchus was on the top five species of mammals
exported by Jordan with a total of 54 live-specimens. Despite that Coimbra-Filho (1984)
considered its populations to be declining due to habitat destruction in many parts of their
distribution, but another study conducted by Mittermeier et al., (1988) described this species as a
widespread and common species, and even replacing other Callithrix species, where it has been
introduced. However, Recently, UNEP-WCMC has produced CITES dashboards in collaboration
with CITES Secretariat in where they considered this species among the top ten traded
mammalian species on the global level. Despite its elegant appearance, but Jordanians do not
prefer to keep it as a pet species rather than their willingness to view it in zoos.
The Fennec Fox; Vulpes zerda was exported from Jordan with a total of 15 captive-bred live-
specimens to Japan in 2005 to be used for commercial purposes. These reports on the exported
specimens are confusing for different reasons: 1) this is a non-native fox species to Jordan, 2)
there was no single record of importing any specimens over the period of 1979 and 2008, and 3)
there are no registered breeding facilities for mammals in Jordan. Generally, this species is
trapped for exhibition or sale to tourists (F. Cuzin, pers. com.), who stated that new permanent
human settlements such as those in southern Morocco have resulted in the disappearance of
fennecs in these areas.
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Generally top trading species are not sold in the animal’s public markets in Jordan, but they are
used for commercial purposes to be re-exported to other countries. In addition, few species are
held in zoos for exhibition purposes. Eid et al, (2010) found that all mammalian species that
were present in the Friday Public Market are of local origin, which was either trapped or picked
up from the forests (Sciurus anomalus and Eiranicius concolar) or from the desert (Allactaga
euphratica) and all are a non-CITES listed species.
4.1.2 Trade in Live-specimens of Birds
All regions worldwide supplied the demand for wild birds, but mainly Africa, Asia, Oceania and
the Neotropics. Thomsen et al., (1992) described that Senegal and Tanzania are the main
producer of birds under international trade from Africa, while Europe and the United States of
America were the main consumers. According to CITES World Trade Database, the European
Union turned to be the largest market for wild birds, in where it imported 2.8 million wild birds
of CITES listed species between 2000 and 2003. This volume represents 93% of imports
registered worldwide for the same period and was the result of restrictions to wild bird imports
into the United States (U.S. Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992).
Birds are considered the most traded specimens in the markets of Jordan (Eid et al, 2010) and
they have been kept for their beauty, song and companionships. In Jordan, trade in bird’s
specimens was higher than other groups of animals over the studied period. Also, Jordan’s
imports have showed a higher numbers of specimens than exports. The notable decrease in trade
after year 2005 was in reference to His Excellency the Minister of Agriculture letter No.
5/4/22328 dated October, 18th, 2005 on the prohibition of all activities related to bird’s trade-in
or hunting in Jordan in response to stop the spread of the influenza (flu) virus.
Pakistan was the top trading exporting country for bird’s specimens to Jordan, where the Gulf
countries (UAE, Saudi Arabian, Kuwait and Qatar) were the main importing countries for bird’s
specimens from Jordan. Generally, Gulf area are mainly importing Falcons and Parakeets since
Falcon is culturally important species to their heritage, and the Bedouins used it to hunt game in
the past; as well as it was used for sport possibly as long ago as the eighth century. In addition,
the high income per capita for the gulf people allows them to pay for falcons and parakeets. In
Jordan, raptors are considered of an economic importance to Bedouins where they are hunted to
be sold for higher prices to the Gulf princes who came to Jordan for falconry. As well, parakeets
are sold for gulf area for the voices which increased with number of words the birds can produce.
Eid et al (2010) found that parakeets are the most expensive bird’s species in the Friday Public
Market and traders tend to sell them to people from the Gulf area who is visiting Jordan to spend
the summer period.
Moreover, several mistakes were found in Jordan annual reports regarding the source of bird’s
species which were in trade. While several species of non-native origin to Jordan were listed as
wild origins such as the Yellow- napped Parrot, Turquoise-fronted Amazon, Orange-winged
Amazon, Blue-cheeked Parrot, Mealy Amazon, Bodinus' Amazon, Yellow-crowned Amazon,
Blue and Yellow Macaw and other species. This certainly draw attention to the importance of
supervising CITES permits by the Scientific Authorities as mentioned before.
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The top five trading species in term of numbers imported by Jordan were as follows: Rose-ringed
Parakeet; Psittacula krameri, Java Sparrow; Lonchura oryzivora, Yellow-collared Lovebird;
Agapornis personatus, Rosy-faced Lovebird; Agapornis roseicollis and Red-headed Lovebird;
Agapornis pullarius. On the other hand, top trading species exported from Jordan were: Grey
Parrot; Psittacus erithacus, Orange-winged Amazon; Amazona amazonica, Rose-ringed
Parakeet; Psittacula krameri, Ducorps's Cockatoo; Cacatua ducorpsii and Blue-and-yellow
Macaw; Ara ararauna. The majority of these species are belonging to Parakeet family which is a
very popular family and Jordanian tends to have specimens for their beauty and voice. Eid et al,
2010 found that Parakeets prices started to increase with number of words produced by the
specimen.
Rose-ringed Parakeet is considered the top trading species where a total of 24,300 live-
specimens were exported to Jordan between 1987 and 1999. Despite that, the purpose of
importing 92% of these specimens was not identified in CITES permits, however, it is highly
expected that they were for commercial purposes due to the high number of specimens in trade.
Eid et al., (2010) identified 26 specimens in trade in the Friday Public Market in the capital city
of Amman with an average price of $56. In addition, the magnitude of importing specimens was
significantly higher than exports where only 171 live-specimens reported as exports from Jordan.
A survey was conducted in India and showed that Rose-ringed Parakeet was among the top ten
trading species, which showed that more monitoring on number of this species in trade is needed
Ahmad (2002).
Java Sparrow is another common species in trade in Jordan where a total of 7,270 live-specimens
were imported. Despite that it was considered historically as a rice crop-pest, and consequently
persecuted (Birdlife International, 2008), but notes on threats were described by trapping for the
domestic and international cage-bird trade, hunting for local consumption, competition with the
ecologically similar Tree Sparrow; Passer montanus, and possibly increased use of pesticides
(Birdlife International, 2008). Trade in the Friday Public Market showed a total of 11 specimens
with $22 for each. It is an attractive bird species and Jordanian has the motivation to have it as a
pet especially that its prices are reasonable (Eid et al, (2010).
The Yellow-collared Lovebird is locally common species, even though its global population size
has not been quantified according to del Hoyo et al. (1997). Jordan imported a total of 2,730
live-specimens for commercial purposes. Moreover, Rosy-faced Lovebird was exported to
Jordan with a total of 1,350 live-specimens for commercial purposes. Also, it was recorded in the
trade in Amman Friday Public Market with a total of 84 specimens (Eid et al 2010). Each
specimen is sold at a rate of $42 which is considered reasonable for Jordanian; particularly for its
elegant colors, thus Jordanian tends to grow it as a pet species. A total of 700 live- specimens of
the Red- headed Lovebird were exported mainly for commercial purposes. Although, the global
population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be uncommon except
locally in Ethiopia (del Hoyo et al. 1997). Generally, Lovebirds species are easily bred in
captivity, thus continuous trade in them are expected which requires future monitoring.
The top exported species from Jordan was the Grey Parrot with a total of 1,372 live-specimens. It
is a heavily traded species where over than 359,000 wild-caught individuals were reportedly
exported from range States from 1994-2003. In Jordan, it is considered one of the most popular
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avian pets due to its longevity and unparalleled ability to mimic human speech and other sounds.
Eid et al (2010) found that 84 specimens were in trade in the Friday Public Market and each
specimen cost around $282. In addition, they found that prices of this bird species increased with
its ability to mimic sounds where it could reach $550. Threats on this species are represented
mainly by the habitat loss and illegal trade.
The Orange-winged Amazon came second of the top exporting species. During 2005, UNEP-
WCMC CITES Trade Database stated that the species has been heavily traded since 1981 when
it was listed on CITES Appendix II, where a total of 268,510 wild-caught individuals have been
recorded in international trade. The Ducorps's Cockatoo was also among the top five species in
trade with a total of 166 live-specimens. del Hoyo et al. (1997) stated that its global population
size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common. Two specimens were found
in Amman Friday Public Market each cost around $ 425 (Eid et al. 2010).
Blue-and-yellow Macaw was the fifth top species exported from Jordan. It was heavily traded
since 1981, when it was listed on CITES Appendix II, with a total of 55,531 wild-caught
individuals have been recorded in international trade according to the UNEP-WCMC CITES
Trade Database reports produced during 2005. Jordan has exported a total of 162 live- specimens
to be used for commercial purposes, in addition 45 specimens were exported as personal held.
Gulf area showed the highest countries in trade of this Macaw species due to its elegant and
colorful feathers which make it an appropriate pet species.
4.1.3 Trade in Live-specimens of Reptiles
A detailed study on the international trade in live-specimens of reptiles was conducted in 1998
(Anonymous, 1998). The study showed that trade in reptiles has grown dramatically, and the
import, export, and re-export of live reptiles predominantly supplies the pet trade, and also
supplies the demand for food, educational, research purposes, breeding facilities, zoos, and
aquariums. In addition, the study identified the causes of the considerable rise in the international
trade in live reptiles, which might included an increase in the availability and variety of species,
improved reptile husbandry practices due to advanced technology and scientific knowledge,
increased restrictions on other wildlife trade, changing lifestyles that make reptiles more suitable
pets than other fauna, or simply an increased popularity that has made reptiles today’s
fashionable pets.
Jordan’s trade in reptilian specimens showed that Sudan was the top exporting country to Jordan.
This is in accordance to Berkhoudt (2002), who stated that Sudan was the top trading country for
reptilian specimens with over than 95% of the Nile Monitor exported to Hungry over the period
of 1992-1999. On the other hand, Japan showed the highest importing country of reptilian
specimens from Jordan. This is in agreement to the global level where Japanese people buy
turtles and tortoises as pets. In addition, Japan was the world’s largest importer of live tortoises
Testudinidae spp., importing over 50% of the world’s total imports in 1996 (Anon., 1999).
Generally, people use turtles and tortoises in several ways, such as for food or for traditional
medicine. Baillie et al 2004 showed that almost 42% (128) of the world’s 305 species of turtles
and tortoises are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and direct use by humans.
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TRAFFIC East Asia-Japan, 1999 produced the most comprehensive report on the international
trade with Japan, where it showed that Japan is the largest importer of live tortoises in the world,
having imported 29,000 specimens in 1996. In addition, the amount of live freshwater turtles and
tortoises imported in the 1980s was no more than about 2,000 individuals per year. In 1993 the
number increased to 11,000, and since then it has continued to increase, reaching 37,000 in 2001.
At present, import data shows general trends in Japan’s trade in live turtles and tortoises to focus
conservation interventions.
Reptile’s specimens showed a higher export rate than imports in Jordan. This is due to the high
demands over these species for food and as pets in the major importing countries as Japan, USA
and Taiwan. Also the presence of two active ranching operations in Jordan and the unwillingness
of Jordanian people in the acquisition of these species as pets. Recording errors were found in
trade permits where the Ornate Spiny-Tailed Lizard and White-throated Monitor where listed as
a wild sourced specimens which is not correct as they are not native species to Jordan.
Green Iguana; Iguana iguana was on the top trading list of reptilian species, which was imported
by Jordan with a total of 1,200 live-specimens. Iguanas are a very popular species sold in the pet
trade of Europe, and America. In the USA, the Green Iguana was considered by far the most
commonly imported species and made up more than 45% of the total trade in 2005. In Jordan,
little eagerness toward Iguanas and reptiles species as pet species was reported.
Moreover, five Uromastyx species were considered of high trade of imports from Jordan, these
are the North African Spiny-tailed Lizard; Uromastyx acanthinura, Egyptian Spiny-tailed
Lizard; Uromastyx aegyptia, Ocellated Spiny-tailed Lizard; Uromastyx ocellata and Ornates
Spiny-tailed Lizard; Uromastyx ornate. A total of 500 specimens were imported equally for each
species. The Ornates Spiny- tailed Lizard was mainly reported as exports for pet trade from
Djibouti, Egypt, Eretria, Somalia and Sudan. In addition, it was found that Sudan and Egypt were
the major exporting countries with a total of 11,702 and 4,528 specimens respectively during
1994-2003. According to CITES Notification Number 662 of 16 January 1992, which stated a
ban on trade in U. ocellata (and U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia and U. ornata) by the Egyptian
Government in 1991, but a considerable imports of the species originating in Egypt were still
recorded by importing countries in 1994 and 1995.
Jordan has exported a total of 76,249 live-specimens of the Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise.
Out of this number; 3,270 were reported from a wild origin, which holds a recording error and
they should be stated from a captive-breeding facilities (Source: CITES Management Authority-
Jordan). Generally, the trade in Greek Tortoise is relatively low and few people used it as a pet in
Jordan as well as Jordanian are not considering tortoises as a food source. Eid et al (2010)
reported 42 specimens in the Friday public market with around $1.4 for each. In Lebanon local
demand is not significant, but the large numbers of wild and captive bred specimens exported has
raised concerns by biologists in Lebanon and this lead to an export ban in 2004. The Lebanese
Management Authority reported to CITES Secretariat that since there are no export quotas, no
export is permitted, and that this ban will remain in place and will not be lifted until appropriate
regulations are in place. In view of this statement, trade in this species from the Lebanon was
decided by CITES to be of Least Concern (Dakdouk 2009).
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Cogalniceanu, (2010) stated that this tortoise is threatened by habitat destruction, food
consumption and pet trade. It is highly recommended for the Jordan Management Authority to
establish a quota on this species exports due to the high demands and volume of trade recorded
over the studied period.
Indian Star Tortoise; Geochelone elegans was also reported with high trade of export from
Jordan with a total of 17,273 live-specimens. Shepherd et al. (2004) studied the demands driven
to the trade of the I. S. Tortoise in Malaysia. They found that the pet trade has become a prime
driving-force for the illegal exportation of the I. S. Tortoise out of India and Sri Lanka. In
addition, they stated that trade in this species will continue illegally across international
boundaries, even though all of the countries involved in the trade chains to and from Malaysia.
Jordan has imported a total of 20 live-specimens of the Indian Star Tortoise from Slovenia and it
exported a total of 17,273 live-specimens which showed the active facilities for reptilian species
in Jordan and highlighted the importance of monitoring these facilities by the Management
Authorities of Jordan to insure their compliance to CITES convention.
The Veiled Chameleon; Chamaeleo calyptratus showed a noteworthy pattern of trade in Jordan
with a total of 13,450 live-specimens exported. This species were exported for commercial
purposes as pets. In addition, Jordan Management Authority annual reports has reported the
export of a total 4,306 live-specimens of the Ornates Spiny-tailed Lizard; Uromastyx ornate from
a wild origin which shows a recording errors as this is a non-native species to Jordan.
4.1.4 Trade in Live- specimens of Invertebrates
The majority of invertebrate’s specimens come from Indonesia which is considered as a major
market for live specimens of corals. The practice of catching coral reef fish and supplying them
live to local and overseas markets started in Southeast Asia during the 1980s and has since cast
its net to the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. Originally, trade expanded rapidly to meet
demand from Hong Kong. More recently, rising affluence in Singapore, China and Malaysia
caused exports to ascend. Exports of live coral reef fish from the region’s largest suppliers
Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia increased markedly from the late 1980s until the early
1990s.
Export of invertebrates from Jordan showed a few specimens constituted 60 live-specimens of

Galaxea fascicularis (N=20), Porites spp. (N=20) and Favia spp. (N=20). All of which were
included in CITES- Appendix II and they were used for scientific purposes only. However, all
these specimens were bred in captivity, except ten specimens were reported from unknown
source and of Porites spp. Trading partner countries were Germany which imported 50 live-
specimens, followed by Canada with ten specimens.
Generally, invertebrates are sold in shops in Jordan especially corals but the majority of these
specimens are originally come from the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan through smuggling activities
(Eid, Pers. Comm.).
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4.1.5 Trade in Plant Specimens
In spite of the absence of a detailed study to find out the exact volume of trade in CITES- listed
plant species, still these species are sold in flowers exhibitions in Jordan which makes the
information obtained from Jordan’s annual reports and CITES Management Authority
unreasonable, paying into attention that no single record of Jordan’s annual reports on imports
described any plant specimens entry to Jordan (Table 3.1). However, partner countries annual
reports stated exports of plant specimens to Jordan in terms of live, seeds, wax and extracts
specimens.
Although the majority of plant specimens were belongs to CITES Appendix II, still 140 seeds
specimens exported to Jordan are listed in CITES Appendix I, and all are belong to the family
Cactaceae and as follows: Ariocarpus fissuratus (N=20), Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus (N=20),
Ariocarpus retusus (N=60), and Astrophytum asterias (N=40). Destination of these specimens
were not identified which again show the in-effective enforcement toward floral species
imported by Jordan.
A total of 76,478 specimens belong to 42 plant species of ten families were found in trade with
Jordan (Partners Countries Annual Reports). Around 75% of these specimens were belongs to
family Cycadaceae, 12% for Cactaceae, and 7% belongs to the family Primulaceae. Among these
specimens, high export volume of Sago Cycad; Cycas revoluta were reported and comprised
75% of the total plant specimens exported to Jordan. The major country in trade was China
which exported 98%, followed by Thailand with only 1% and the remaining shared between
Italy and Netherland.
Despite that, all specimens are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11,
paragraph a); still the Sago Cycad is a near threatened species according to the latest assessment
of the IUCN Red List for threatened species (Hill, 2003). As well as it is listed in CITES
Appendix II species. Thus, inspection is needed to find out if these specimens are artificially
propagated or from wild source. Lastly, the majority of specimens and makes up 57,184 were
exported for commercial purposes, still, un-identified purposes for 393 plant specimens were
found in the CITES permits. Table 4.1 illustrated detailed information about plants species
reported by the exporter countries.
Table 4.1: Detailed information about plant species exported to Jordan “Exporters annual
reports”. According to the table, a total of 42 plant species of ten families were recorded, and the
majority of CITES Appendix II except for a single orchid species Paphiopedilum spp. of
Appendix I. In addition, the Heart Strings was imported as a CITES-listed species and it is not
listed.
Table 4.1 Plant species imported by Jordan (N.L: Not Listed)
Species Name Common Name CITES No. of

Status Specimens
in Trade
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Galanthus elwesii Giant Snowdrop II 40
Galanthus nivalis Common Snowdrop II 1140
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Family: Asclepiadaceae
Ceropegia woodii Heart Strings N.L 20
Family: Cactaceae
Cactaceae spp. Common Culinary Fruits II 5575
Cereus repandus Apple Cactus II 46
Cereus spp. Night- Blooming Cereus II 12
Disocactus flagelliformis Fern Cactus II 9
Echinocactus grusonii Golden Barrel Cactus II 76
Echinopsis chamaecereus Penut Cactus II 100
Espostoa lanata Cotton Ball Cactus II 12
Ferocactus spp. Barrel Cacti II 84
Gymnocalycium mihanovichii Chin Cactus II 2000
Gymnocalycium spp. Strawberry Cactus II 402
Mammillaria backebergiana ssp. ernestii Golden Stars II 10
Mammillaria elongata Common Mammillaria II 10
Mammillaria spp. Mammillaria species II 10
Mammillaria vetula ssp. gracilis Arizona Snowcap II 56
Neolloydia spp. Peyote species II 200
Opuntia subulata Coastal Prickly Pear II 66
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Indian comb II 10
Parodia spp. Star Cactus II 130
Pilosocereus chrysostele Golden Old Man Cactus II 8
Pilosocereus spp. Cactus species II 112
Family: Cycadaceae
Cycas revoluta Sago Cycad II 57577
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia enopla Pincushion Euphorbia II 10
Euphorbia mammillaris Corncob Plant II 90
Euphorbia spp. Euphorbia species II 146
Family: Orchidaceae
Cymbidiella spp. Cymbidium species II 2
Cymbidium lancifolium Lance-Leafed Cymbidium II 18
Cymbidium spp. Cymbidium species II 440
Dendrobium nobile Tree Spider Orchid II 10
Dendrobium spp. Orchid species II 102
Neofinetia falcata Japanese Wind Orchid II 10
Orchidaceae hybrid Cattleya Hybrid Bow bells II 1540
Paphiopedilum spp. Orchid species I 9
Phalaenopsis spp. Orchid species II 373
Vanda spp. Orchid species II 8
Family: Palmae
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Butterfly palm II 162
Family: Primulaceae
Cyclamen mirabile Cyclamen II 1150
Cyclamen persicum Indoor Cyclamen II 4083
Family: Sarraceniaceae
Sarracenia spp. Pitcher Plant II 12
Family: Zamiaceae
Zamia furfuracea Cardboard Tree II 608
More than 99% of live specimens of plants exported to Jordan are belong to Golden Barrel
Cactus; Echinocactus grusonii a native plant species to Mexico and a critically endangered
species according to the IUCN Red List, 2008. This plant species was exported to Jordan from
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nurseries since it is easily artificially propagated. The variation in trade reported quantities
between Jordan and its partner’s countries is most probably due to the following reasons:
 Lack of adequate experiences in identifying CITES-related plant species and their

derivatives by the Management and Scientific Authority, as well as the custom officers of
Jordan.
 Lack of sufficient inspection and experiences by custom officers during the process of
plant specimens exporting and or importing.
 Management Authority priority is giving to animals groups as it represents the largest
traded specimens.
 Personal mistakes while preparing CITES annual reports.
 Number of specimens exported and/ or imported is less or more the one specified in
permits.
 Smuggling of plant specimens.
4.2 CITES Administration
4.2.1 Role of the Management Authority
According to CITES Article IX (1) (a): each Party required designating one or more
Management Authorities competent to grant permits or certificates. Accordingly, Jordan has
designated two Management Authorities represented by the RSCN as an authorized organization
to implement CITES provisions and the MOA as the official governmental organization for
CITES agreement. The responsibility for administrating CITES in Jordan falls to the RSCN in
where the implementation of CITES is the responsibility of the WES which involve the only
permit-issuing office in Jordan.
Interviews with CITES Management Authorities of Jordan have showed that the full
responsibility over CITES including permits issuing is under the WES of the RSCN, in addition,
the role of the DVM is only to determine if the specimens in trade are free of diseases or not.
Both CITES permits and veterinarian certificates are part of other documents which is needed to
issue the last acceptance by the MOA on any export and/ or import in Jordan.
Although, the WES of the RSCN has succeeded in performing its roles in accordance to Article
IX (1) (a) (see table 3.14 above), still some shortcomings are present such as:
 The lack of a database to assess the number of CITES permits issued by the Management
Authority of Jordan.
 CITES permits and certificates do not use security stamp and/ or embossed seal and there
are no measures taken to avoid fraud.
 Several permits are not filled probably with information related to the source of
specimens, country of origin, and purposes.
 Nothing in the permits show the registration number or the identification number of the
breeding operation or nursery.
 Spelling mistakes were found in almost 70% of the total permits issued between 2004 and
2008. Mistakes are in the scientific and common names of species that are in trade.
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 Custom box was never filled with number of specimens exported, seal or signature in all
permits analyzed over the period of 2004 and 2008 due to the lack of experiences.
 Little coordination neither at the institutional level nor the partner’s level.
 Lack of a clear role for the Scientific Authority while issuing permits.
Moreover, the RSCN as a Management Authority has succeeded partially into executing its tasks
(Table 3.15). I.e. the Management Authority of Jordan have never prepare a proposal to the CoPs
in order to include a species in CITES Appendices. This is mainly due to the lack in information
about the volume of trade in the market of Jordan. As well, the Management Authority still needs
to develop its tasks to circulate all official information on CITES to the Scientific Authority. This
was clearly noticed after interviewing both scientific authorities in whom no contact is being
done with the flora part, even though it is an integral part and several shortcomings were
illustrated before.
In addition, it was difficult to identify or to assess the value of illegal trade, since very little
documentation is occurred and if happened, the scientific name will not be included. Also, it was
difficult to develop an understanding of the role of the Management Authority in developing an
educational awareness program about CITES.
The participation of Jordan in the Conference of the Parties was as follows:
 Ninth meeting at Fort Lauderdale at the United State of America in November 1994: two
representatives from the RSCN Management Authority.
 Tenth meeting at Harare at Zimbabwe in June 1997: one representative from the RSCN
Management Authority.
 Eleventh meeting at Gigiri at Kenya in April 2000: two representatives from the RSCN
Management Authority and MOA Management Authority.
 Twelfth meeting at Santiago at Chili in November 2002: two representatives from the
Embassy of Jordan in Chili.
 Thirteen meeting at Bangkok at Thailand in October 2004: one representative from the
RSCN Management Authority.
 Fourteenth meeting at The Hague in Netherland in June 2007: one representative from
the RSCN Management Authority.
 Fifteenth meeting at Doha (Qatar), in March 2010: one representative from the RSCN
Apparently, the RSCN is always representing Jordan, but it does not involve the MOA as a
responsible Management Authority in these conferences. This is mainly due to the little
coordination and lack of experiences in the MOA regarding CITES provisions.
As major notes on CoPs meeting, is that during the thirteenth CoPs meeting, Jordan was first
elected as a credential Party. And in the fourteenth meeting, Jordan has requested that an Arabic
speaking country should be included in the Credential committee. This committee was composed
of Cameron, Germany, China and USA as members where South Africa represented the chair. In
response to this request, the Secretariat General noted that a representative of an Arabic speaking
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country could participate but not as a member since no such nomination has been made through
the standing committee.
In addition, China pointed out that the name of the UAE should be replaced by Jordan as an
alternative member of the Standing Committee for Asia. In consequence, Jordan was elected as
an alternate representative of Asia region.
4.2.2 Role of the Scientific Authority
CITES Article IX (1) (b) requires each Party to designate one or more Scientific Authorities. In
accordance, an expert in zoology from Jordan was assigned to perform his role in fauna part.
Although, roles were achieved concerning the fauna part but still shortcomings are present in
performing the tasks and this is mainly due to the little coordination with the Management
Authority in issuing permits and the non- detrimental findings.
Prior to 2006, a senior flora researcher was named to support the Scientific Authority regarding
the flora part, but no coordination with the CITES Management Authority have had happened
since that. In addition, there is a lack of interest in CITES Management Authority to develop his
experiences in CITES related issues or even to circulate the required information with him.
4.2.3 Findings Made Prior to Issuing Permits
According to Cooper, (2004), there are five most vital findings that must be made by the
Management or Scientific Authorities of a country before CITES permits are issued which are:
 An import permit has been issued for an Appendix I specimen before issuing an export or
re-export permit.
 An Appendix I specimen will not be used for primarily commercial purposes.
 For live animals a specimen will receive humane treatment.
 A specimen was legally acquired and,
 Trade in a species will not be detrimental to the survival of that species.
The RSCN as a Management Authority is paying attention to insure that an import permit has
been issued for an Appendix I specimen before issuing an export permit according to CITES
Article III (2) (d). But nothing is done regarding the insurance that these species are not used for
commercial purposes, if they were legally acquired or if trade in them will not be detrimental.
4.2.4 Enforcement of CITES in Jordan
CITES Article VIII (1) states that:
1. The Parties shall take appropriate measures to enforce the provisions of the present
Convention and to prohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof. These shall include measures:
(a) To penalize trade in, or possession of, such specimens, or both; and
(b) To provide for the confiscation or return to the State of export of such specimens.
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Res. Conf. 11.3 (Rev. CoP15) further emphasizes the importance of enforcing the Convention
and states that the CoP is convinced that enforcement of the Convention must be a constant
concern of the Parties if they are to succeed in fulfilling the obligations of the Convention’. Res.
Conf. 11.3 (Rev. CoP15) a) makes the following recommendations to all Parties:
i) Recognize the seriousness of illegal trade in wild fauna and flora and identify it
as a matter of high priority for their national law enforcement agencies;
ii) If appropriate, consider formulating national and regional action plans,
incorporating timetables, targets and provisions for funding, designed to enhance
enforcement of CITES, achieve compliance with its provisions, and support
wildlife-law enforcement agencies;
iii) Provide officials who have wildlife-law enforcement responsibilities with
equivalent training, status and authority to those of their counterparts in Customs
and the police;
iv) ensure strict compliance and control in respect of all mechanisms and
provisions of the Convention relating to the regulation of trade in animal and
plant species listed in Appendix II, and of all provisions ensuring protection
against illegal traffic for the species included in the Appendices;
v) In case of violation of the above-mentioned provisions, immediately take
appropriate measures pursuant to Article VIII, paragraph 1, of the Convention in
order to penalize such violation and to take appropriate remedial action; and
vi) Inform each other of all circumstances and facts likely to be relevant to illegal
traffic and also of control measures, with the aim of eradicating such traffic;
Accordingly, CITES enforcement in Jordan has been running through the WES of the RSCN
after a mandate from the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). Since that, the RSCN was trying hard
to enforce CITES provisions in Jordan, but the limited resources represented by an administrator
who is supervising an assistant is still considered as a critical issue which is in need for
improvement. However, and in order to offset the acute shortage of resources, the RSCN has
developed good working relationships with other government departments and agencies such as
the MOA, Jordan Customs, borders staff and the environmental police. Therefore, many of the
successful prosecutions of CITES- related violations were the result of enforcement actions
completed in cooperation with these authorities, especially borders staff and Custom officers.
In spite of these good relationships, some shortcomings are still present and represented mainly
by the weakness in experiences for targeting and examining exports and imports shipments by
borders staff, custom officers and/ or environmental police. This is mainly due to the few number
of specialized trained personnel or training course on identifying CITES- listed species, permit
validation, Live Animals Regulations and species and product identification. The responsibility
of the Management Authority in conducting training courses in CITES is not providing
comprehensive and consistent training but it is restricted to provide a general training workshop,
and most of the training workshops that Jordan’s Management Authority is performing is
targeting the regional level rather than national level, thus it is not building expertise in Jordan to
provide experts identification on wildlife products, and as a result, its ability to effectively
enforce CITES is diminishing.
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As an example, a training workshop on the enforcement of CITES was held in Amman on

February 2006. The workshop was funded by the International Fund for Animals Welfare
(IFAW) and the participants were from different concerned sectors, mainly the Management
Authority, Customs, quarantines officer, police and Airline Company. However, this workshop
involved general issues about CITES, thus very limited enforcement effectiveness was gathered.
Moreover, the high rotational change in the staff that is responsible of examining shipments on
the borders is considered a major problem especially when trained personnel in CITES leave or
change their job (Al Nezami- Custom Officer., Pers. Comm.). Another major problem is the
weakness of experiences in CITES-related issues which minimize the role of those officers and
make it restricted to notifying the Management Authority about any animals or plants that are in
trade.
In-depth analysis of Jordan’s inspection results was not possible as there is no baseline data
available for calculation of inspection rate or inspection effectiveness within Jordan.
Furthermore, data recorded by rangers on confiscated specimens are not consistent and detailed
data on the percentage of inspection that resulted in CITES detentions and the number and types
of products that was detained or seized were not available. Moreover, there is no data entry
regarding the enforcement of CITES, and a lack of database that meet the needs of wildlife
enforcement or effectively compile and report wildlife trade data.
According to Jordan Management Authority, enforcement officers (border staff, custom officers
or RSCN rangers) have a number of ways to respond to a suspected violation:
 No action which depends mainly on the time of the violation

 Notifying Management Authority and
 Seizure of goods
The choice of response depends in part on the nature of the violation and the intent of the alleged
violator. However, and due to the limited experiences in CITES-related species, most of the
actions that enforcement officers took are to notify the Management Authority which in turn
follows up these issues by getting all goods, identify them and give the last discsion.
It is important to note that Jordan include one sea border at the Gulf of Aqaba which is managed
by Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA). It was difficult to obtain any information
on their compliance to CITES in Jordan as they have their own laws and very little corporation
with CITES Management Authority is done which is considered as a major gap that need in-
depth investigation.
Despite that the interim Agricultural law Number 44 stated clearly that any shipments should be
prepared to minimize any risk of injury to the live specimens in trade, which is in accordance to
CITES articles, nothing was mentioned about Jordan’s role in enforcing the Regulations and
Guidelines for Transport and Preparation for Shipment of Live Wild Animals and Plants, as well
as no charges have ever been brought for violation of the regulation (Source: RSCN
Management Authority).
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In addition, the option of issuing tickets for violations is available in Jordan, but all cases are
subjected to the Judiciary of Jordan. However, no role for the Management Authority is coming
after and it stopped at that point. Moreover, there is no national plan adopted by CITES
Management Authorities for improving public awareness of CITES in Jordan. Despite the
information available in newspaper or the RSCN website but nothing was distributed to the
public to illustrate CITES and its rules.
During 2003, Jordan Management Authority has requested the Secretariat to inform all Parties
that it applies stricter domestic measures with regard to trade in corals, in accordance with
Article XIV, paragraphs 1 (a) and (b), of the Convention. Moreover, it stated that the collection
of corals and the breaking of coral reefs are strictly prohibited in Jordan and offences are liable
to fines and/or imprisonment. No import into or export from Jordan of corals is allowed except
for scientific purposes and under permits granted by the Management Authority. And lastly, it
make a notification to the Parties that Jordan requests all Parties not to authorize any export of
coral specimens to Jordan and not to authorize any import of such specimens from Jordan, except
where the Management Authority has issued a permit to authorize the trade for scientific
purposes (Online at http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2003/049.shtml).
The following requirements for the enforcement of CITES in Jordan are required:
 Allocation of resources
 Monitoring of trade
 Responding to violations
 Raising public awareness and
 Authority’s cooperation.
On the international level, and during the forty- sixth meeting of the Standing Committee held in
Geneva in 2002. Jordan was considered one of thirty countries under category three of Parties
whose national legislations is believed not to meet one or more of the requirements for the
implementation of CITES and that do not have high volumes of international trade in specimens
of CITES listed species.
On 10 August 2001, the Secretariat sent Notification to the Parties No. 2001/059 giving a list of
the Parties concerned. It reminded them of the need to adopt legislation meeting the criteria
specified in Resolution Conf. 8.4 and that they may request technical assistance from the
Secretariat to prepare such legislation. As of 21 January 2002, 14 countries in Category 3 had not
responded to Notification No. 2001/059, in where Jordan was one of them.
Moreover, Jordan was participated in the UNEP’s fifth global training program on environmental
law and policies where CITES Secretariat presented the CITES National Legislations Project
highlighting its compliance/ enforcement aspects and led a series of exercises with participants
from 50 countries.
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4.2.5 Capacity Building of CITES in Jordan
Despite that the RSCN, as a CITES Management Authority has been very active in developing
the capacity on CITES in the regional level, it lacks a clear policy to raise the level of
experiences of enforcement personnel at the national level to receive continuing, comprehensive
training to assist them in carrying out their duties.
However, it was hard to collect all information related to national training courses held in Jordan
on CITES due to the absence of documentation. However, in 2002, the Management Authority
team organized several visits to a total of 13 border entry-points in Jordan, in order to monitor
export and/or import procedures in Jordan and provide hands-on training for border staff in
implementing CITES. In addition, a full and comprehensive awareness campaign was designed
and launched in 2002, targeting Jordanian society and relevant governmental sectors for better
understanding of the Convention.
On the regional level, during 2005, four days regional Workshop on the Capacity building for
CITES was held Jordan and funded by the Islamic Bank for Development. The workshop was
attended from representative from Management and enforcement agencies of the following
countries; Jordan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Syria in addition to
representatives for the CITES Secretariat, the workshop had two objectives, deliver training to
involved people and agree on a regional cooperation mechanisms.
Jordan participated in regional meetings on CITES in England and Kuwait during 2006 and a
bilateral agreements were established between Jordan, Syria, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to
facilitate cooperation and communication between these countries on CITES-related issues. A
new set of publications on CITES awareness and procedures were published and distributed to
all national border points and relevant agencies.
Also, Jordan’s Management Authority conducted a training workshop for Syrian officials on
May 2006, the workshop was aiming to build the capacity of the CITES officers in Syria, mainly
Customs and quarantines officers. Jordan has provided assistance to a Lebanese environmental
NGO to write justification to the government to join CITES.
It is clear that Jordan’s Management Authority has reached a comparable level in CITES training
in the Middle East region. This level was strengthening after signing a memorandum of
understanding with the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). This understanding
involved a financial support up to $70.000 in annual grants granted by IFAW to Jordan’s
Management Authority to fund regional training workshops on CITES, and in Arabic language
to insure the ease of understanding. Several groups were selected as a target for raising their
capacity building including custom officers, Management and Scientific Authorities, municipals
officers, local stakeholders, veterinarian quarantine officers and border staff. Workshops aimed
to:
 Increase knowledge of the CITES

 Introduce the legislations and procedures required to implement the provisions of CITES
 Identify species in trade, with an emphasis on the most traded species
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 Identify gaps in CITES in the region

 Provide participants with information on border procedures for verifying CITES permits.
A regional training workshop was held in 2006, with the support of the Environment Public
Authority (EPA) and the cooperation of the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) and
the Arab League. The aim of this course was to provide the CITES Management Authority and
customs officers throughout the Arab region with the necessary information, knowledge, skills
and motivation, to ensure better enforcement of CITES in Arab countries - approximately 40
participants from 15 Arab countries attended: Algeria, the Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan,
Kuwait, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia,
Yemen and the United Arab Emirates. One year later, a similar training workshop was held in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, funded by IFAW.
During 2007, IFAW funded a regional training workshop on CITES in the Kingdome of Saudi
Arabia, and in 2009, three training course were held in Jordan, Sudan and Libya and targeted the
Management Authority, customs office, environmental police, border personnel and the RSCN
staff; and aimed to raise the awareness toward CITES.
Despite that level, shortcomings are present such as the fact that all training courses either the
national or regional are a repetitive or spoke about general CITES- related issues. Also, some but
not all, officers have attended this one week training workshop, but none of these officers have a
specialized training course which will assisted them to do their duties. For that reason, the
training concerning CITES implementation should be included in the general education process
for the Customs Administration, borders staff and environmental police. A set of training
seminars about the implementation of CITES and Jordan Regulations should be provided for the
Ministry of Agriculture as a Management Authority and Scientific Authority.
The availability of experiences and expertise in the Middle Eastern countries including Jordan
should be stimulated and expanded through study visits.
4.2.6 Confiscated Specimens
In addition to issuing permits, the Management Authorities are responsible for managing the
custody and return to the country of origin of confiscated living specimens and designating
rescue centers, if necessary. Generally, all confiscated specimens are held at Shaumari Wildlife
Reserve and the RSCN headquarter if falcons were confiscated.
A common problem is the insufficient capacity for disposing of live specimens in rescue centers,
as well as the low capacity of existing rescue centers sometimes prevent them from seizing live
animals because of a lack of adequate space to place them.
The RSCN as a Management Authority is doing its best to ensure the survival of the seized
specimens. In addition, due to the lack of a database to assess the effectiveness of enforcing
CITES and to identify the magnitude of illegal trade, it was difficult to collect the needed
information. One case was reported during 2008, where two elephant tasks were seizure by
Jordan Custom officers and they were used by the CITES Management Authority for educational
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purposes. Recently, new approach to establish a rescue center for confiscated specimens is being
initiated in Jordan.
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS

Jordan has made progress in CITES implementation since the enforcement of the convention.
This section introduced areas that need further attention.
5.1 Regarding Trade Volume in Jordan
1. Jordan has started to record trade in wild animals and plants in 1987, even though it get
into force within CITES provision in 1979, with four major groups of animals which are:
mammals, birds, reptiles, invertebrates. In addition, plants were recorded in Jordan’s
trade but to a lesser extent.
2. Trade in live-specimens was diverse and constituted around 99% of the total trade in
Jordan, where birds formed the highest proportion of specimens imported by Jordan and
comprised 89%, while mammals were the least group imported. On the other hand,
reptile’s showed the highest exported specimens by Jordan with 97% of the total
specimens and invertebrates was the least group in trade of exports from Jordan.
3. Pakistan, Unknown, Netherland, Sudan and Qatar exported the highest number of live-
specimens to Jordan, while Japan, United State of America, Taiwan, Slovenia and Hong
Kong imported the highest number of live-specimens from Jordan. Generally, variation in
annual reporting between Jordan and its partner countries were recognized, which need
further attention when issuing CITES permits and/or compiling CITES annual reports.
4. The Government of Jordan has succeeded into allocation of Jaber borders as the only
access point for bird’s shipments, but still the high number of imported bird’s specimens
which constituted 38,335 specimens, stresses the importance of continued monitoring of
bird’s shipments and its ranching operations in Jordan. As well, measures should be taken
to control the export of reptilian species across the Jordanian borders since a total of
130,692 specimens were exported by Jordan over the studied period. Both animals group
represent an excellent economical value for traders, thus, further attention should be
carried out when issuing permits and shipments inspection, to avoid any fraud in the
future.
5. It is essential to supervise all permits issued especially when wild-sourced specimens are
reported in order to find out if a non-determinate finding study should be carried out or if
it was a recording error. This can be found clearly in the export of the Mediterranean
Spur-thighed Tortoise where a total of 3,271 specimens from wild-origin were exported
from Jordan which holds recording errors and they were from a captive breeding source.
6. The fact that Pakistan had the highest number of exported specimens to Jordan during the
studied period, stresses the leading role played by this country in the export of protected
wildlife, and suggests that it could be a major illegal export destination into Jordan. This
is in accordance to Japan which was the largest importing country of wildlife specimens
from Jordan. In addition, major partner countries of export, imports or both should be
effectively engaged in a regional committee to avoid any smuggling activities which
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might occur. As well, and since Jordan borders are met with two non-CITES Parties; Iraq
and Palestine, with the presence of Lebanon will increase chances for smuggling
activities which requires further detailed training programs, stricter enforcement,
introducing new methods of inspections and international corporations.
7. The Jordanian biodiversity is a natural heritage. Fortunately, the majority of traded

specimens are being bred in captivity from a non-native species to Jordan, which in
consequences decreases the threats on the fauna and flora species of Jordan which is in
fact faces other threats of habitat destruction, uncontrolled grazing, hunting and other
threats. But still, monitoring of non-native species is a must to ensure the compliance to
CITES provisions and to insure the survival of species.
5.2 Regarding Enforcement and Legislations
1. Jordan has met the most basic requirements for enforcing the Convention. The means to
enforce CITES and prohibit trade in specimens in violation of the Convention. However
CITES is not enforced with sufficient effectiveness or consistency across Jordan. This is
mainly due to the insufficient resources and lack of experiences.
2. Appropriate measures should be taken into consideration through developing legislations

to prohibit trade contrary to CITES and enforce the Convention by creating an
enforcement structure and providing substantial penalties.
3. In addition, steps have been taken in improving the enforcement of wildlife trade control
by designating a specialized unit represented by the Environmental Police, which will
assist in the future to increase the efficiency of enforcement in Jordan.
4. The enforcement of the Convention is ongoing and number of seizures were performed
involving CITES Appendix-I and -II species such as Greek tortoise, peregrine and Saker
falcons and other species. Jordan has met the most basic requirements for enforcing the
Convention and the means to enforce CITES and prohibit trade in specimens in violation
of the Convention. However, CITES is not enforced with sufficient effectiveness or
consistency across Jordan.
5. It is difficult to analyze the effectiveness of enforcement programs in Jordan. Illegal

activities are, by their nature, unreported and difficult to quantify. Accurately assessing
the effectiveness of enforcement actions in preventing those activities is therefore a
significant challenge. If very few violations are being caught it could indicate either that
illegal activities are closely controlled or that the enforcement activities are not effective.
Conversely, if many violations are detected, it could indicate efficient enforcement or
uncontrolled illegal trade.
6. Looking at the authorities with regard to personnel, equipment, activities and

enforcement, it turned out that many problems occurred, such as the lack of staff,
resources and finances, the need for training of enforcement officers and the lack of
efficient communication and coordination. Further, convictions imposed for violation of
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the law mainly consisted of confiscation only. Moreover, CITES-listed species are not
covered by any of the laws which deals with CITES and it is not clear whether the law
allows for confiscating of specimens.
7. The international trade controls agreed by CITES members governments can only be
effective if implemented and enforced effectively within each country under its own legal
framework. Although, recognition to the problem of illegal wildlife trade is increasing,
still political attention and support for addressing this issue is low.
8. The following is recommended to improve the enforcement and legislations of CITES in

Jordan:
a. Developing a regional wildlife enforcement network will improve responses to

wildlife crimes.
b. Secure resources and build expertise in CITES
c. Learn from other experiences in developing the legislations to improve CITES
implementation.
d. Develop penalties to strengthen the enforcement of the convention.
e. Develop the role and experiences of the Environmental Police as an integral part of
enforcing CITES in Jordan.
f. A standardized electronic format for reporting seizures should be made to assess in
measuring the enforcement effectiveness.
g. Including CITES listed species in the Jordanian laws.
5.3 Regarding: Management and Scientific Authorities
1. The Government of Jordan has designated both CITES Management Authority and
CITES Scientific Authority, but neither part has had a full complement of staff and both
of these authorities are understaffed. This is particularly critical for the CITES
Management Authority, which does not have the human and financial resources to
effectively carry out all of its responsibilities. As a result Jordan is not meeting all of its
obligations under CITES. Lack of database to document all species in trade either CITES
listed species or non- CITES listed species as well as confiscated specimens is present
and it is necessary to develop the implementation of CITES in Jordan.
2. Accordingly the following is recommended to improve the compliance of CITES

Management Authority in Jordan:
a. A national committee for CITES should be established in Jordan. The committee will
include representatives from CITES Management Authorities, Scientific Authorities,
Custom officers, border staff, environmental police and ASEZA. This committee
should work to insure the implementation of CITES in Jordan and that all information
are circulated to the responsible personnel.
b. The Management Authorities of CITES in Jordan represented by the RSCN and the
MOA should review the financial and human resources available for the
administration and enforcement of CITES in Jordan. The review should include a
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consultation exercise with appropriate government departments such as the MOA and
the Ministry of Environment, agencies of other NGOs which are active in nature
conservation of Jordan, stakeholder groups and expertise of CITES worldwide, and
consider the following: the resources presently allocated versus the resources needed
to effectively enforce CITES, the impact of non-CITES-related responsibilities on the
ability of staff to enforce CITES, the financial and human resource needs for wildlife
enforcement.
c. The CITES Management Authority should institute a comprehensive training
program for the Management Authority of the MOA involving training them to assist
in issuing CITES permits.
d. Jordan Management Authorities should work in a long-term plan for a multilateral
partnership with Jordan customs officers, borders staff and environmental police by
providing a comprehensive training course to develop and implement an effective
strategy to ensure that they are playing their role to CITES effectively.
e. Jordan Management Authorities and Jordan Customs should work together to expand
their inspection efforts to include a greater emphasis on wildlife exports.
f. Jordan Management Authorities should provide officers with training on the wildlife
transport requirements provided by the IATA Live Animals Regulations.
g. Jordan Management Authorities and Jordan Customs should complete a feasibility
study for establishing designated ports for commercial wildlife shipments. The study
should include discussion and recommendations on the needs for and effectiveness of
designated ports to improve the effectiveness of CITES enforcement in Jordan, and it
should include consideration of the human resources and equipment necessary for
adequately screening shipments for compliance with CITES.
h. Jordan Management Authorities must ensure that Jordan Customs continues to verify
CITES permits.
i. Jordan Management Authorities should ensure that Jordan Custom’s officers receive
adequate training on permit verification and handling.
j. Management Authority should develop a general policy for implementing CITES in
Jordan, and ensure that all CITES policies and regulations are available to the public.
k. Jordan Management Authorities should annually conduct a review of trade records to
ensure that the data from both Jordan and foreign permits are being collected and the
data compiled for CITES annual reports meet the criteria set in CITES Article VIII
(6) (b).
l. The government of Jordan must meet its obligations to file CITES annual reports.
And to accelerate the completion of outstanding CITES annual reports and ensure that
future reports are completed by the deadline of October 31 of the following year, as
required by the Convention; also, to advance the completion and publication of
outstanding Jordan public CITES reports and ensure that in future these reports are
published annually.
m. Jordan Management Authorities should prepare and distribute annual reports that
summarizes the data compiled from CITES inspections in Jordan borders, including
the numbers, types and origins of species and products examined, detained or seized.
n. Jordan Management Authorities should develop and institute comprehensive training
programs on CITES and on the biological and taxonomic expertise required for the
identification of wildlife products to build up the scientific authorities experiences.
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o. Jordan Management Authorities should establish public outreach programs in Jordan

with responsibility for raising public awareness of the environmental police.
p. The Management Authority of the RSCN should ensure that the regional CITES
training it provides to other government agencies and departments are consistent in
content.
q. The Management Authorities of the Middle Eastern countries should exchange
information, comments, ideas and advice with regard to the CITES implementing
legislation, e.g. by organizing or participating in international workshops on this
subject. It could be useful to identify certain countries that have good legislation,
could serve as example and take the lead on certain discussions (e.g. United Arab
Emirates).
r. The Management Authorities and the Customs of Jordan should confirm or improve
the communication on seizures between themselves as well as to other countries
involved and to the international authorities. Further, in case illegal trade is most
often detected by trading partners and not by the country itself, there may be a serious
need for increased controls and stricter measures.
s. ASEZA role in CITES is not elaborated and further collaboration should be
performed in order to insure that CITES is meeting its obligations in Jordan.
3. In addition, the following is recommended to improve the compliance of CITES

Scientific Authority of Jordan:
a. The CITES Scientific Authority should be consist of a pool of scientist in botany,

ecology and zoology.
b. The CITES Scientific Authority should ensure that a national strategy for conducting
non-detriment findings is established and that all non-detriment findings completed
for Jordanian species should be made available to the public.
c. Scientific Authorities should be consulted by the Management Authority when
considering permit applications.
d. Scientific Authority should play more roles to develop special software to help
custom officers with the identification of CITES- listed species. This software could
involve pictures, scientific, English and national names, main features for
identification, and other information.
e. Designated CITES Scientific Authorities should be allocated a minimum budget that
allows them to cover basic expenses related to their duties.
f. Scientific Authority should have a database about the registered keepers and
specimen’s nurseries.
g. The Scientific Authority has not yet participated in the meetings of the Animals or
Plants Committees. Thus, it is needed for future participation to develop experiences
toward CITES.
h. The Scientific Authority and the Management Authority shall advise the Minister
responsible for the Agriculture to prohibit the import, export or re-export in or
possession of any species of fauna and flora if in their opinion, or in the opinion of
any of them, such import, export, re-export or possession would endanger the
biological identity or any ecosystem or any species of fauna and flora of Jordan.
i. The Scientific Authority should took part in international specialized training courses
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j. The Scientific Authority should have a mechanism of a 24-hour mobile service for
Customs to provide assistance with the identification of species.
k. The Scientific Authority should monitors artificial plant propagation at the registered
commercial producers and during each inspection checks the size of the breeding
stock of wild origin.
4. Lastly, for effective implementation of CITES in Jordan, the need for improved
cooperation, coordination and information exchange among the different CITES
authorities involved, not only at national but also at international level.
132
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136
ANNEXES
Annex I: CITES Convention Text
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora
Signed at Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1973
Amended at Bonn, on 22 June 1979
The Contracting States,
Recognizing that wild fauna and flora in their many beautiful and varied forms are an irreplaceable part of
the natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and the generations to come;
Conscious of the ever-growing value of wild fauna and flora from aesthetic, scientific, cultural,
recreational and economic points of view;
Recognizing that peoples and States are and should be the best protectors of their own wild fauna and
flora;
Recognizing, in addition, that international co-operation is essential for the protection of certain species of
wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade; convinced of the urgency of
taking appropriate measures to this end; Have agreed as follows:
Article I
Definitions
For the purpose of the present Convention, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Species" means any species, subspecies, or geographically separate population thereof;
(b) "Specimen" means:
(i) Any animal or plant, whether alive or dead;
(ii) in the case of an animal: for species included in Appendices I and II, any readily recognizable
part or derivative thereof; and for species included in Appendix III, any readily recognizable part
or derivative thereof specified in Appendix III in relation to the species; and
(iii) in the case of a plant: for species included in Appendix I, any readily recognizable part or
derivative thereof; and for species included in Appendices II and III, any readily recognizable
part or derivative thereof specified in Appendices II and III in relation to the species;
(c) "Trade" means export, re-export, import and introduction from the sea;
(d) "Re-export" means export of any specimen that has previously been imported;
(e) "Introduction from the sea" means transportation into a State of specimens of any species which were
taken in the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State;
(f) "Scientific Authority" means a national scientific authority designated in accordance with Article IX;
(g) "Management Authority" means a national management authority designated in accordance with
Article IX;
(h) "Party" means a State for which the present Convention has entered into force.
Article II
Fundamental Principles
1. Appendix I shall include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade.
Trade in specimens of these species must be subject to particularly strict regulation in order not to
endanger further their survival and must only be authorized in exceptional circumstances.
2. Appendix II shall include:
137
(a) all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so
unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization
incompatible with their survival; and
(b) Other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in specimens of certain
species referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be brought under effective control.
3. Appendix III shall include all species which any Party identifies as being subject to regulation within
its jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation, and as needing the co-operation of
other Parties in the control of trade.
4. The Parties shall not allow trade in specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III except in
accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.
Article III
Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix I
1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix I shall be in accordance with the provisions of
this Article.
2. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and
presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions
have been met:
(a) A Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be
detrimental to the survival of that species;
(b) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained
in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora;
(c) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so
prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment; and
(d) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that an import permit has been
granted for the specimen.
3. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and
presentation of an import permit and either an export permit or a re-export certificate. An import permit
shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:
(a) A Scientific Authority of the State of import has advised that the import will be for purposes
which are not detrimental to the survival of the species involved;
(b) A Scientific Authority of the State of import is satisfied that the proposed recipient of a living
specimen is suitably equipped to house and care for it; and
(c) A Management Authority of the State of import is satisfied that the specimen is not to be used
for primarily commercial purposes.
4. The re-export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and
presentation of a re-export certificate. A re-export certificate shall only be granted when the following
conditions have been met:
(a) A Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that the specimen was imported
into that State in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention;
(b) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that any living specimen will be
so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment;
and
(c) A Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that an import permit has been
granted for any living specimen.
5. The introduction from the sea of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the
prior grant of a certificate from a Management Authority of the State of introduction. A certificate shall
only be granted when the following conditions have been met:
(a) a Scientific Authority of the State of introduction advises that the introduction will not be
detrimental to the survival of the species involved;
138
(b) a Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that the proposed recipient of
a living specimen is suitably equipped to house and care for it; and
(c) a Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that the specimen is not to be
used for primarily commercial purposes.
Article IV
Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II
1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix II shall be in accordance with the provisions of
this Article.
2. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and
presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions
have been met:
(a) A Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be
detrimental to the survival of that species;
(b) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained
in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and
(c) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so
prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
3. A Scientific Authority in each Party shall monitor both the export permits granted by that State for
specimens of species included in Appendix II and the actual exports of such specimens. Whenever a
Scientific Authority determines that the export of specimens of any such species should be limited in
order to maintain that species throughout its range at a level consistent with its role in the ecosystems in
which it occurs and well above the level at which that species might become eligible for inclusion in
Appendix I, the Scientific Authority shall advise the appropriate Management Authority of suitable
measures to be taken to limit the grant of export permits for specimens of that species.
4. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior presentation of
either an export permit or a re-export certificate.
5. The re-export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and
presentation of a re-export certificate. A re-export certificate shall only be granted when the following
conditions have been met:
(a) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that the specimen was imported
into that State in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention; and
(b) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that any living specimen will be
so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
6. The introduction from the sea of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the
prior grant of a certificate from a Management Authority of the State of introduction. A certificate shall
only be granted when the following conditions have been met:
(a) A Scientific Authority of the State of introduction advises that the introduction will not be
detrimental to the survival of the species involved; and
(b) A Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that any living specimen will
be so handled as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
7. Certificates referred to in paragraph 6 of this Article may be granted on the advice of a Scientific
Authority, in consultation with other national scientific authorities or, when appropriate, international
scientific authorities, in respect of periods not exceeding one year for total numbers of specimens to be
introduced in such periods.
Article V
Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix III
139
1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix III shall be in accordance with the provisions of
this Article.
2. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix III from any State which has included
that species in Appendix III shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export
permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:
(a) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained
in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and
(b) A Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so
prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
3. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix III shall require, except in
circumstances to which paragraph 4 of this Article applies, the prior presentation of a certificate of origin
and, where the import is from a State which has included that species in Appendix III, an export permit.
4. In the case of re-export, a certificate granted by the Management Authority of the State of re-export
that the specimen was processed in that State or is being re-exported shall be accepted by the State of
import as evidence that the provisions of the present Convention have been complied with in respect of
the specimen concerned.
Article VI
Permits and Certificates
1. Permits and certificates granted under the provisions of Articles III, IV, and V shall be in accordance
with the provisions of this Article.
2. An export permit shall contain the information specified in the model set forth in Appendix IV, and
may only be used for export within a period of six months from the date on which it was granted.
3. Each permit or certificate shall contain the title of the present Convention, the name and any
identifying stamp of the Management Authority granting it and a control number assigned by the
4. Any copies of a permit or certificate issued by a Management Authority shall be clearly marked as
copies only and no such copy may be used in place of the original, except to the extent endorsed thereon.
5. A separate permit or certificate shall be required for each consignment of specimens.
6. A Management Authority of the State of import of any specimen shall cancel and retain the export
permit or re-export certificate and any corresponding import permit presented in respect of the import of
that specimen.
7. Where appropriate and feasible a Management Authority may affix a mark upon any specimen to assist
in identifying the specimen. For these purposes "mark" means any indelible imprint, lead seal or other
suitable means of identifying a specimen, designed in such a way as to render its imitation by
unauthorized persons as difficult as possible.
Article VII
Exemptions and Other Special Provisions Relating to Trade
1. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to the transit or transshipment of specimens
through or in the territory of a Party while the specimens remain in Customs control.
2. Where a Management Authority of the State of export or re-export is satisfied that a specimen was
acquired before the provisions of the present Convention applied to that specimen, the provisions of
Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to that specimen where the Management Authority issues a
certificate to that effect.
3. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to specimens that are personal or household
effects. This exemption shall not apply where:
(a) In the case of specimens of a species included in Appendix I, they were acquired by the owner
outside his State of usual residence, and are being imported into that State; or
140
(b) In the case of specimens of species included in Appendix II:

(i) They were acquired by the owner outside his State of usual residence and in a State
where removal from the wild occurred;
(ii) They are being imported into the owner's State of usual residence; and
(iii) The State where removal from the wild occurred requires the prior grant of export
permits before any export of such specimens; unless a Management Authority is satisfied
that the specimens were acquired before the provisions of the present Convention applied
to such specimens.
4. Specimens of an animal species included in Appendix I bred in captivity for commercial purposes, or
of a plant species included in Appendix I artificially propagated for commercial purposes, shall be
deemed to be specimens of species included in Appendix II.
5. Where a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any specimen of an animal
species was bred in captivity or any specimen of a plant species was artificially propagated, or is a part of
such an animal or plant or was derived there from, a certificate by that Management Authority to that
effect shall be accepted in lieu of any of the permits or certificates required under the provisions of Article
III, IV or V.
6. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to the non-commercial loan, donation or
exchange between scientists or scientific institutions registered by a Management Authority of their State,
of herbarium specimens, other preserved, dried or embedded museum specimens, and live plant material
which carries a label issued or approved by a Management Authority.
7. A Management Authority of any State may waive the requirements of Articles III, IV and V and allow
the movement without permits or certificates of specimens which form part of a travelling zoo, circus,
menagerie, plant exhibition or other travelling exhibition provided that:
(a) The exporter or importer registers full details of such specimens with that Management
Authority;
(b) The specimens are in either of the categories specified in paragraph 2 or 5 of this Article; and
(c) The Management Authority is satisfied that any living specimen will be so transported and
cared for as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
Article VIII
Measures to Be Taken by the Parties
1. The Parties shall take appropriate measures to enforce the provisions of the present Convention and to
prohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof. These shall include measures:
(a) To penalize trade in, or possession of, such specimens, or both; and
(b) To provide for the confiscation or return to the State of export of such specimens.
2. In addition to the measures taken under paragraph 1 of this Article, a Party may, when it deems it
necessary, provide for any method of internal reimbursement for expenses incurred as a result of the
confiscation of a specimen traded in violation of the measures taken in the application of the provisions of
the present Convention.
3. As far as possible, the Parties shall ensure that specimens shall pass through any formalities required
for trade with a minimum of delay. To facilitate such passage, a Party may designate ports of exit and
ports of entry at which specimens must be presented for clearance. The Parties shall ensure further that all
living specimens, during any period of transit, holding or shipment, are properly cared for so as to
minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.
4. Where a living specimen is confiscated as a result of measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article:
(a) The specimen shall be entrusted to a Management Authority of the State of confiscation;
(b) The Management Authority shall, after consultation with the State of export, return the
specimen to that State at the expense of that State, or to a rescue centre or such other place as the
Management Authority deems appropriate and consistent with the purposes of the present
Convention; and
141
(c) The Management Authority may obtain the advice of a Scientific Authority, or may, whenever
it considers it desirable, consult the Secretariat in order to facilitate the decision under sub-
paragraph (b) of this paragraph, including the choice of a rescue centre or other place.
5. A rescue centre as referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article means an institution designated by a
Management Authority to look after the welfare of living specimens, particularly those that have been
confiscated.
6. Each Party shall maintain records of trade in specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III
which shall cover:
(a) The names and addresses of exporters and importers; and
(b) The number and type of permits and certificates granted; the States with which such trade
occurred; the numbers or quantities and types of specimens, names of species as included in Appendices
I, II and III and, where applicable, the size and sex of the specimens in question.
7. Each Party shall prepare periodic reports on its implementation of the present Convention and shall
transmit to the Secretariat:
(a) An annual report containing a summary of the information specified in sub-paragraph (b) of
paragraph 6 of this Article; and
(b) A biennial report on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken to enforce the
provisions of the present Convention.
8. The information referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article shall be available to the public where this is
not inconsistent with the law of the Party concerned.
Article IX
Management and Scientific Authorities
1. Each Party shall designate for the purposes of the present Convention:
(a) One or more Management Authorities competent to grant permits or certificates on behalf of
that Party; and
(b) One or more Scientific Authorities.
2. A State depositing an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall at that time
inform the Depositary Government of the name and address of the Management Authority authorized to
communicate with other Parties and with the Secretariat.
3. Any changes in the designations or authorizations under the provisions of this Article shall be
communicated by the Party concerned to the Secretariat for transmission to all other Parties.
4. Any Management Authority referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall, if so requested by the
Secretariat or the Management Authority of another Party, communicate to it impression of stamps, seals
or other devices used to authenticate permits or certificates.
Article X
Trade with States not Party to the Convention
Where export or re-export is to, or import is from, a State not a Party to the present Convention,
comparable documentation issued by the competent authorities in that State which substantially conforms
with the requirements of the present Convention for permits and certificates may be accepted in lieu
thereof by any Party.
Article XI
Conference of the Parties
1. The Secretariat shall call a meeting of the Conference of the Parties not later than two years after the
entry into force of the present Convention.
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2. Thereafter the Secretariat shall convene regular meetings at least once every two years, unless the
Conference decides otherwise and extraordinary meetings at any time on the written request of at least
one-third of the Parties.
3. At meetings, whether regular or extraordinary, the Parties shall review the implementation of the
present Convention and may:
(a) Make such provision as may be necessary to enable the Secretariat to carry out its duties, and
adopt financial provisions;
(b) Consider and adopt amendments to Appendices I and II in accordance with Article XV;
(c) Review the progress made towards the restoration and conservation of the species included in
Appendices I, II and III;
(d) Receive and consider any reports presented by the Secretariat or by any Party; and
(e) where appropriate, make recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the present
Convention.
4. At each regular meeting, the Parties may determine the time and venue of the next regular meeting to
be held in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article.
5. At any meeting, the Parties may determine and adopt rules of procedure for the meeting.
6. The United Nations, it’s Specialized Agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as
any State not a Party to the present Convention, may be represented at meetings of the Conference by
observers, who shall have the right to participate but not to vote.
7. Anybody or agency technically qualified in protection, conservation or management of wild fauna and
flora, in the following categories, which has informed the Secretariat of its desire to be represented at
meetings of the Conference by observers, shall be admitted unless at least one-third of the Parties present
object:
(a) International agencies or bodies, either governmental or non-governmental, and national
governmental agencies and bodies; and
(b) National non-governmental agencies or bodies which have been approved for this purpose by
the State in which they are located. Once admitted, these observers shall have the right to
participate but not to vote.
Article XII
The Secretariat
1. Upon entry into force of the present Convention, a Secretariat shall be provided by the Executive
Director of the United Nations Environment Program. To the extent and in the manner he considers
appropriate, he may be assisted by suitable inter-governmental or non-governmental international or
national agencies and bodies technically qualified in protection, conservation and management of wild
fauna and flora.
2. The functions of the Secretariat shall be:
(a) To arrange for and service meetings of the Parties;
(b) To perform the functions entrusted to it under the provisions of Articles XV and XVI of the
present Convention;
(c) To undertake scientific and technical studies in accordance with programs authorized by the
Conference of the Parties as will contribute to the implementation of the present Convention,
including studies concerning standards for appropriate preparation and shipment of living
specimens and the means of identifying specimens;
(d) To study the reports of Parties and to request from Parties such further information with
respect thereto as it deems necessary to ensure implementation of the present Convention;
(e) To invite the attention of the Parties to any matter pertaining to the aims of the present
Convention;
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(f) To publish periodically and distribute to the Parties current editions of Appendices I, II and III
together with any information which will facilitate identification of specimens of species included
in those Appendices;
(g) To prepare annual reports to the Parties on its work and on the implementation of the present
Convention and such other reports as meetings of the Parties may request;
(h) To make recommendations for the implementation of the aims and provisions of the present
Convention, including the exchange of information of a scientific or technical nature;
(i) To perform any other function as may be entrusted to it by the Parties.
Article XIII
International Measures
1. When the Secretariat in the light of information received is satisfied that any species included in
Appendix I or II is being affected adversely by trade in specimens of that species or that the provisions of
the present Convention are not being effectively implemented, it shall communicate such information to
the authorized Management Authority of the Party or Parties concerned.
2. When any Party receives a communication as indicated in paragraph 1 of this Article, it shall, as soon
as possible, inform the Secretariat of any relevant facts insofar as its laws permit and, where appropriate,
propose remedial action. Where the Party considers that an inquiry is desirable, such inquiry may be
carried out by one or more persons expressly authorized by the Party.
3. The information provided by the Party or resulting from any inquiry as specified in paragraph 2 of this
Article shall be reviewed by the next Conference of the Parties which may make whatever
recommendations it deems appropriate.
Article XIV
Effect on Domestic Legislation and International Conventions
1. The provisions of the present Convention shall in no way affect the right of Parties to adopt:
(a) Stricter domestic measures regarding the conditions for trade, taking, possession or transport
of specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III, or the complete prohibition thereof;
or
(b) Domestic measures restricting or prohibiting trade, taking, possession or transport of species
not included in Appendix I, II or III.
2. The provisions of the present Convention shall in no way affect the provisions of any domestic
measures or the obligations of Parties deriving from any treaty, convention, or international agreement
relating to other aspects of trade, taking, possession or transport of specimens which is in force or
subsequently may enter into force for any Party including any measure pertaining to the Customs, public
health, veterinary or plant quarantine fields.
3. The provisions of the present Convention shall in no way affect the provisions of, or the obligations
deriving from, any treaty, convention or international agreement concluded or which may be concluded
between States creating a union or regional trade agreement establishing or maintaining a common
external Customs control and removing Customs control between the Parties thereto insofar as they relate
to trade among the States members of that union or agreement.
4. A State Party to the present Convention, which is also a Party to any other treaty, convention or
international agreement which is in force at the time of the coming into force of the present Convention
and under the provisions of which protection is afforded to marine species included in Appendix II, shall
be relieved of the obligations imposed on it under the provisions of the present Convention with respect to
trade in specimens of species included in Appendix II that are taken by ships registered in that State and
in accordance with the provisions of such other treaty, convention or international agreement.
5. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles III, IV and V, any export of a specimen taken in accordance
with paragraph 4 of this Article shall only require a certificate from a Management Authority of the State
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of introduction to the effect that the specimen was taken in accordance with the provisions of the other
treaty, convention or international agreement in question.
6. Nothing in the present Convention shall prejudice the codification and development of the law of the
sea by the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened pursuant to Resolution 2750 C
(XXV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations nor the present or future claims and legal views of
any State concerning the law of the sea and the nature and extent of coastal and flag State jurisdiction.
Article XV
Amendments to Appendices I and II
1. The following provisions shall apply in relation to amendments to Appendices I and II at meetings of
the Conference of the Parties:
(a) Any Party may propose an amendment to Appendix I or II for consideration at the next
meeting. The text of the proposed amendment shall be communicated to the Secretariat at least
150 days before the meeting. The Secretariat shall consult the other Parties and interested bodies
on the amendment in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of paragraph 2
of this Article and shall communicate the response to all Parties not later than 30 days before the
meeting.
(b) Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of Parties present and voting. For
these purposes "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an affirmative or
negative vote. Parties abstaining from voting shall not be counted among the two-thirds required
for adopting an amendment.
(c) Amendments adopted at a meeting shall enter into force 90 days after that meeting for all
Parties except those which make a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.
2. The following provisions shall apply in relation to amendments to Appendices I and II between
meetings of the Conference of the Parties:
(a) Any Party may propose an amendment to Appendix I or II for consideration between meetings
by the postal procedures set forth in this paragraph.
(b) For marine species, the Secretariat shall, upon receiving the text of the proposed amendment,
immediately communicate it to the Parties. It shall also consult inter-governmental bodies having
a function in relation to those species especially with a view to obtaining scientific data these
bodies may be able to provide and to ensuring co-ordination with any conservation measures
enforced by such bodies. The Secretariat shall communicate the views expressed and data
provided by these bodies and its own findings and recommendations to the Parties as soon as
possible.
(c) For species other than marine species, the Secretariat shall, upon receiving the text of the
proposed amendment, immediately communicate it to the Parties, and, as soon as possible
thereafter, its own recommendations.
(d) Any Party may, within 60 days of the date on which the Secretariat communicated its
recommendations to the Parties under sub-paragraph (b) or (c) of this paragraph, transmit to the
Secretariat any comments on the proposed amendment together with any relevant scientific data
and information.
(e) The Secretariat shall communicate the replies received together with its own
recommendations to the Parties as soon as possible. (f) If no objection to the proposed
amendment is received by the Secretariat within 30 days of the date the replies and
recommendations were communicated under the provisions of sub-paragraph (e) of this
paragraph, the amendment shall enter into force 90 days later for all Parties except those which
make a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.
(g) If an objection by any Party is received by the Secretariat, the proposed amendment shall be
submitted to a postal vote in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraphs (h) , (i) and (j) of
this paragraph.
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(h) The Secretariat shall notify the Parties that notification of objection has been received.
(i) Unless the Secretariat receives the votes for, against or in abstention from at least one-half of
the Parties within 60 days of the date of notification under sub-paragraph (h) of this paragraph,
the proposed amendment shall be referred to the next meeting of the Conference for further
consideration.
(j) Provided that votes are received from one-half of the Parties, the amendment shall be adopted
by a two-thirds majority of Parties casting an affirmative or negative vote.
(k) The Secretariat shall notify all Parties of the result of the vote.
(l) If the proposed amendment is adopted it shall enter into force 90 days after the date of the
notification by the Secretariat of its acceptance for all Parties except those which make a
reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.
3. During the period of 90 days provided for by sub-paragraph (c) of paragraph 1 or sub-paragraph (l) of
paragraph 2 of this Article any Party may by notification in writing to the Depositary Government make a
reservation with respect to the amendment. Until such reservation is withdrawn the Party shall be treated
as a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the species concerned.
Article XVI
Appendix III and Amendments thereto
1. Any Party may at any time submit to the Secretariat a list of species which it identifies as being subject
to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purpose mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article II. Appendix III
shall include the names of the Parties submitting the species for inclusion therein, the scientific names of
the species so submitted, and any parts or derivatives of the animals or plants concerned that are specified
in relation to the species for the purposes of sub-paragraph (b) of Article I.
2. Each list submitted under the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall be communicated to the
Parties by the Secretariat as soon as possible after receiving it. The list shall take effect as part of
Appendix III 90 days after the date of such communication. At any time after the communication of such
list, any Party may by notification in writing to the Depositary Government enter a reservation with
respect to any species or any parts or derivatives, and until such reservation is withdrawn, the State shall
be treated as a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the species or part or
derivative concerned.
3. A Party which has submitted a species for inclusion in Appendix III may withdraw it at any time by
notification to the Secretariat which shall communicate the withdrawal to all Parties. The withdrawal shall
take effect 30 days after the date of such communication.
4. Any Party submitting a list under the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall submit to the
Secretariat a copy of all domestic laws and regulations applicable to the protection of such species,
together with any interpretations which the Party may deem appropriate or the Secretariat may request.
The Party shall, for as long as the species in question is included in Appendix III, submit any amendments
of such laws and regulations or any interpretations as they are adopted.
Article XVII
Amendment of the Convention
1. An extraordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by the Secretariat on the
written request of at least one-third of the Parties to consider and adopt amendments to the present
Convention. Such amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of Parties present and voting.
For these purposes "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an affirmative or
negative vote. Parties abstaining from voting shall not be counted among the two-thirds required for
adopting an amendment.
2. The text of any proposed amendment shall be communicated by the Secretariat to all Parties at least 90
days before the meeting.
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3. An amendment shall enter into force for the Parties which have accepted it 60 days after two-thirds of
the Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance of the amendment with the Depositary
Government. Thereafter, the amendment shall enter into force for any other Party 60 days after that Party
deposits its instrument of acceptance of the amendment.
Article XVIII
Resolution of Disputes
1. Any dispute which may arise between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of the present Convention shall be subject to negotiation between the Parties
involved in the dispute.
2. If the dispute cannot be resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties may, by
mutual consent, submit the dispute to arbitration, in particular that of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
at The Hague, and the Parties submitting the dispute shall be bound by the arbitral decision.
Article XIX
Signature
The present Convention shall be open for signature at Washington until 30th April 1973 and thereafter at
Berne until 31st December 1974.
Article XX
Ratification, Acceptance, Approval
The present Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of

ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Government of the Swiss Confederation
which shall be the Depositary Government.
Article XXI
Accession
The present Convention shall be open indefinitely for accession. Instruments of accession shall be
deposited with the Depositary Government.
Article XXII
Entry into Force
1. The present Convention shall enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, with the Depositary Government.
2. For each State which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Convention or accedes thereto after the
deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the present Convention
shall enter into force 90 days after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession.
Article XXIII
Reservations
1. The provisions of the present Convention shall not be subject to general reservations. Specific
reservations may be entered in accordance with the provisions of this Article and Articles XV and XVI.
2. Any State may, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, enter a
specific reservation with regard to:
147
(a) Any species included in Appendix I, II or III; or

(b) Any parts or derivatives specified in relation to a species included in Appendix III.
3. Until a Party withdraws its reservation entered under the provisions of this Article, it shall be treated as
a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the particular species or parts or
derivatives specified in such reservation.
Article XXIV
Denunciation
Any Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Depositary Government at
any time. The denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the Depositary Government has received
the notification.
Article XXV
Depositary
1. The original of the present Convention, in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Depositary Government,
which shall transmit certified copies thereof to all States that have signed it or deposited instruments of
accession to it.
2. The Depositary Government shall inform all signatory and acceding States and the Secretariat of
signatures, deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, entry into force of the
present Convention, amendments thereto, entry and withdrawal of reservations and notifications of
denunciation.
3. As soon as the present Convention enters into force, a certified copy thereof shall be transmitted by the
Depositary Government to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in
accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed the
present Convention.
Done at Washington this third day of March, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy-three.
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Annex II: CITES Permits Used by Jordan’s Managemnt Authority
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Annex III: Conf. 9.7 (Rev. CoP15) - Transit and Transshipment
RECALLING Resolutions Conf. 4.10, Conf. 7.4 and Conf. 10.5, adopted by the Conference of the Parties
at its fourth, seventh and 10th meetings (Gaborone, 1983; Lausanne, 1989; Harare, 1997), and Resolution
Conf. 9.5 (Rev. CoP15), adopted at its ninth meeting (Fort Lauderdale, 1994) and revised at its 13th, 14th
and 15th meetings (Bangkok, 2004; The Hague, 2007; Doha, 2010);
RECOGNIZING that Article VII, paragraph 1, of the Convention allows the transit or transshipment of
specimens through or in the territory of a Party without the need for application of Articles III, IV and V;
RECOGNIZING also that there is potential for the abuse of this provision by the keeping of specimens in
the territory of a Party while seeking a buyer in another country;
RECOGNIZING the need for Parties to take measures to fight illegal trade; RECOGNIZING also,
however, the need for Parties to facilitate the frequent cross-border movement of sample collections
covered by ATA carnets; NOTING that the verification of the existence of valid export permits or re-
export certificates for control of specimens in transit or being transshipped is an important way to
discover illegal trade in specimens of species included in the CITES Appendices;
AWARE that shipments not covered by the exemptions specified in Article VII of the Convention and
travelling on an ATA carnet still require appropriate CITES documentation;
THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION RECOMMENDS

That:
a) For the purpose of Article VII, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the phrase ‘transit or transshipment of
specimens’ be interpreted to refer only to:
i) Specimens that remain in Customs control and are in the process of shipment to a named
consignee when any interruption in the movement arises only from the arrangements necessitated
by this form of traffic; and
ii) cross-border movements of sample collections of specimens that comply with the provisions of
section XV of Resolution Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP15) and are accompanied by an ATA carnet;
b) Parties inspect, to the extent possible under their national legislation, specimens in transit or being
transshipped, to verify the presence of a valid CITES permit or certificate as required under the
Convention or to obtain satisfactory proof of its existence;
c) To be considered as valid, any such permit or certificate must clearly show the ultimate destination of
the shipment, which, in the case of a sample collection, must be the country of issuance;
d) Any change of ultimate destination be investigated by the country of transit or transshipment to verify
that the transaction complies with the purposes of the Convention;
e) Parties adopt legislation allowing them to seize and confiscate specimens in transit or being
transshipped without a valid permit or certificate or proof of the existence thereof;
f) when an illegal shipment in transit or being transshipped is discovered by a Party that cannot seize it,
the Party provide to the country of final destination and to the Secretariat all relevant information on the
shipment as soon as possible and, if applicable, to other countries through which the shipment will pass in
transit; and
g) the above recommendations be applied also to specimens in transit or being transshipped that are
destined for or coming from States not Party to the Convention, including specimens in transit between
such States;
CONFIRMS that each Party must apply the Convention over the whole of its territory, as the Convention
does not make any provision for the exclusion of areas or zones under special regimes, such as duty free
shops, free ports or non-Customs zones;
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URGES all Management Authorities to communicate with the Customs and other competent CITES
enforcement officials to ensure that all CITES shipments travelling on ATA or TIR carnets comply with
the applicable provisions of CITES; and
REPEALS the Resolutions listed hereunder: a) Resolution Conf. 4.10 (Gaborone, 1983) – Definition of
“In Transit”; b) Resolution Conf. 7.4 (Lausanne, 1989) – Control of Transit; and c) Resolution Conf.
10.5 (Harare, 1997) – Shipments covered by ATA and TIR carnets.
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Annex IV: Conf. 13.6 Implementation of Article VII, paragraph 2, concerning 'pre-
Convention’ specimens
RECALLING that Article VII, paragraph 2, of the Convention provides an exemption from the provisions
of Articles III, IV and V where a Management Authority of the State of export or re- export is satisfied
that a specimen was acquired before the provisions of the Convention applied to that specimen and issues
a certificate to that effect;
NOTING that the implementation of this provision has given rise to a series of difficulties, both of a
technical and of a more fundamental nature;
NOTING further that Resolution Conf. 5.11, on Definition of the term ‘pre-Convention specimen’
adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its fifth meeting (Buenos Aires, 1985), has been found to
solve only partly the problems related to the implementation of Article VII, paragraph 2;
RECOGNIZING the crucial role of importing Parties in implementing Article VII, paragraph 2, and the
right of Parties, under Article XIV, paragraph 1, of the Convention to apply stricter domestic measures to
the import of specimens covered by pre-Convention certificates;
THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION RECOMMENDS that, for the
purposes of Article VII, paragraph 2: a) the date from which the provisions of the Convention apply to a
specimen be the date on which the species concerned was first included in the Appendices; and b) the date
on which a specimen is acquired be considered as the date the specimen was known to be either:
i) Removed from the wild; or
ii) Born in captivity or artificially propagated in a controlled environment; or
iii) If such date is unknown or cannot be proved, any subsequent and provable date on which it was first
possessed by a person;
RECOMMENDS further that:
a) Parties include on all pre-Convention certificates issued either the precise date of acquisition of the
specimens concerned or a certification that the specimens were acquired before a specific date, in
accordance with paragraph b) above, and advise the holder of such a certificate to check with potential
importers or with the Management Authority of the intended country of destination whether the latter will
accept the certificate for import; and
b) Parties accept pre-Convention certificates only if they have been issued in compliance with this
Resolution;
CALLS on Parties to take any necessary measures in order to prevent excessive acquisition of specimens
of a species between the date on which the Conference of the Parties approves the inclusion of that
species in Appendix I and the date on which the inclusion takes effect; and
REPEALS Resolution Conf. 5.11 (Buenos Aires, 1985) – Definition of the term ‘pre-Convention
specimen’.
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Annex V: Conf. 13.7 (Rev. CoP14): Control of trade in personal and household effects
RECALLING Resolution Conf. 10.6 on Control of trade in tourist souvenir specimens, adopted by the
Conference of the Parties at its 10th meeting (Harare, 1997) and Resolution Conf. 12.9 on Personal and
household effects, adopted at its 12th meeting (Santiago, 2002);
OBSERVING that Article III, paragraph 3 (c), of the Convention requires that specimens of Appendix-I
species not be used for primarily commercial purposes in the importing country;
CONSIDERING that Article VII, paragraph 3, of the Convention lays down the conditions under which
specimens that are personal or household effects are exempt from the provisions of Articles III, IV and V
of the Convention;
CONSIDERING further that the Convention does not define the term ‘personal or household effects’;
CONSIDERING that the exemption in Article VII, paragraph 3, of the Convention does not apply to
specimens of Appendix-I species that are souvenirs being imported by a person returning to his State of
usual residence;
CONSIDERING further that the exemption in Article VII, paragraph 3, of the Convention does not apply
to specimens of Appendix-II species that are souvenirs being imported by a person returning to his State
of usual residence if the specimens were taken from the wild in a State requiring the granting of export
permits before the export of such specimens;
RECOGNIZING however that exports permits is frequently not required by exporting countries;
NOTING that for Parties other than the exporting and importing Parties such specimens of Appendix-II
species are, under Article VII, exempt from CITES provisions;
RECOGNIZING that Parties currently implement Article VII, paragraph 3, in varying ways and that there
should be uniform application of the exemption for personal or household effects;
RECALLING Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15) on Regulation of trade in plants, adopted by the
Conference of the Parties at its 11th meeting (Gigiri, 2000) and revised at its 13th, 14th and 15th meetings
(Bangkok, 2004; The Hague, 2007; Doha, 2010), which recommends a limit on the number of rain sticks
per person to be considered as personal effects; 1
RECALLING Resolution Conf. 12.7 (Rev. CoP14), on Conservation of and trade in sturgeons and
paddlefish, adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 12th meeting and revised at its 13th and 14th
meetings, which recommends a limit on the quantity of caviar per person to be considered as personal
effects;
RECALLING that the Convention does not make special provision for airport lounges (including duty-
free shops), free ports or non-Customs zones, because each Party is deemed to have sovereignty over the
whole of its territory, and to apply the Convention accordingly;
RECOGNIZING that parts and derivatives of species listed in Appendices I and II continue to be widely
sold as tourist souvenir specimens and that specimens of Appendix-I species continue, in some countries,
to be offered for sale at gift shops at international airports and other places (including duty-free areas)
catering largely to international travelers;
RECOGNIZING that the sale of specimens of Appendix-I species in places of international departure
may encourage, either intentionally or unintentionally, the illegal export of such items, and that such
export is an issue of concern with respect to the conservation of such species;
ACKNOWLEDGING that sale of tourist souvenir specimens of Appendix-I species can in some cases
form a substantial part of a trade which could threaten the survival of such species;
RECOGNIZING that there is still widespread public ignorance of the purpose and requirements of the
Convention and of domestic legislation relating to trade in endangered species;
RECOGNIZING further that international airports, seaports and border crossings provide an excellent
opportunity for educational displays informing travelers about the requirements of the Convention, and
that sale of tourist souvenir specimens in such places may seriously detract from that educational
message;
ACKNOWLEDGING that Article XIV, paragraph 1, of the Convention allows both importing and
exporting Parties to take stricter domestic measures;
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CONSIDERING that effective implementation of these provisions will be strengthened by a clarification

of the measures taken by Parties in accordance with Article XIV, paragraph 1;
THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION
DECIDES that the term ‘personal or household effects’ contained in Article VII, paragraph 3, means
specimens that are:
a) Personally owned or possessed for non-commercial purposes;
b) Legally-acquired; and
c) At the time of import, export or re-export either:
i) Worn, carried or included in personal baggage; or
ii) Part of a household move;
DECIDES also that, for the purposes of this Resolution, the term ‘tourist souvenir specimen’ shall apply
only to personal and household effects acquired outside the owner's State of usual residence and not be
applied to live specimens;
AGREES that Parties shall:
a) Regulate the cross-border movements of legally acquired, personally owned live animals of species
listed in the Appendices of CITES in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.20;
b) not require export permits or re-export certificates, for personal or household effects which are dead
specimens, parts or derivatives of Appendix-II species except:
i) Where they have been advised through a Notification from the Secretariat or on the CITES website that
the other Party involved in the trade requires such documents; or
ii) For the following, where the quantity exceeds the specified limits: caviar of sturgeon species
(Acipenseriformes spp.) up to a maximum of 125 grams per person whereby the container has to be
labeled in accordance with Resolution Conf. 12.7 (Rev. CoP14); rain sticks of Cactaceae spp. up to three
specimens per person; specimens of crocodilian species up to four specimens per person; queen conch
(Strombus gigas) shells up to three specimens per person; seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) up to four
specimens per person; and giant clam (Tridacnidae spp.) shells up to three specimens, each of which may
be one intact shell or two matching halves, not exceeding 3 kg per person;
c) Advise their Customs administrations of the treatment of personal or household effects under
CITES;
d) Take all necessary steps, including inspection and provision of information to merchants, to prohibit
the sale of tourist souvenir specimens of Appendix-I species in places of international departure, such as
international airports, seaports and border crossings and particularly in duty- free areas beyond Customs
control points;
e) Provide information through displays and by other means, in all relevant languages, in places of
international departure and arrival, informing travelers about the purpose and requirements of the
Convention, and of their responsibilities with respect to international and domestic laws relating to the
export and import of specimens of wild fauna and flora; and
f) In collaboration with national and international tourist agencies, carriers, hotels and other relevant
bodies, take all possible steps to ensure that tourists and persons with diplomatic privileges travelling
abroad are made aware of the import and export controls that are or may be in force with respect to items
derived from CITES species;
RECOMMENDS that the Parties follow the Guidelines contained in the Annex to this Resolution, if they
wish to amend the list contained in paragraph b) ii) above;
URGES that:
a) All Parties comply fully with the requirements of Article III of the Convention with respect to tourist
souvenir specimens of Appendix-I species; and b) importing countries experiencing problems with
imports of tourist souvenir specimens notify the relevant exporting countries and the CITES Secretariat
accordingly;
DIRECTS the Standing Committee to consider ways of assisting any Party which informs the Committee
of difficulties in the application of this Resolution;
ENCOURAGES Parties to harmonize their national legislation with regard to this Resolution; and
154
REPEALS the Resolutions listed hereunder:

a) Resolution Conf. 10.6 (Harare, 1997) – Control of trade in tourist souvenir specimens; and
b) Resolution Conf. 12.9 (Santiago, 2002) – Personal and household effects.
Annex Guidelines for amending the list of personal and household effects of Appendix-II species
with quantitative limits
1. Any proposal for adding to, deleting from or otherwise amending the list of personal and household
effects of Appendix-II species with quantitative limits, including the quantitative limit set, should be
initiated by a Party.
2. The proposal should contain supporting information and a justification, including an indication of
whether the proposal is being made primarily for enforcement or conservation purposes.
3. Parties should make every effort not to lengthen unnecessarily the list of personal and household
effects with quantitative limits.
4. In support of such proposals submitted to the Parties to the Conference of the Parties for discussion and
decision, it is recommended that the following information be contained in any such proposal:
a) An assessment of the impact of the proposal, drawn from consultations with range States, producer
countries and consumer countries; and
b) An assessment of the enforceability of the proposal.
155
Annex VI: Conf. 10.16 (Rev.) - Specimens of Animal Species Bred in Captivity
RECALLING Resolution Conf. 2.12 (Rev.) adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its second
meeting (San José, 1979) and amended at its ninth meeting (Fort Lauderdale, 1994);
CONSIDERING that the Convention provides, in Article VII, paragraphs 4 and 5, for special treatment of
animal specimens that are bred in captivity;
NOTING that, in accordance with Article VII, paragraph 4, specimens of Appendix-I species bred in
captivity for commercial purposes shall be deemed to be specimens of species included in Appendix II
and that therefore they shall be traded in accordance with the provisions of Article IV;
NOTING that, in accordance with Article VII, paragraph 5, the import of specimens of Appendix-I
species bred in captivity not for commercial purposes that are covered by a certificate of captive breeding
does not require the issuance of an import permit and may therefore be authorized whether or not the
purpose is commercial;
RECOGNIZING the need for the Parties to agree on a standard interpretation of the provisions of Article
VII, paragraphs 4 and 5;
CONCERNED however that, in spite of the adoption of several Resolutions at various meetings of the
Conference of the Parties, much trade in specimens declared as bred in captivity remains contrary to the
Convention and to Resolutions of the Conference of the Parties, and may be detrimental to the survival of
wild populations of the species concerned;
Regarding terminology
ADOPTS the following definitions of terms used in this Resolution:
a) “First-generation offspring (F1)” are specimens produced in a controlled environment from parents at
least one of which was conceived in or taken from the wild;
b) “Offspring of second generation (F2) or subsequent generation (F3, F4, etc.)” are specimens produced
in a controlled environment from parents that were also produced in a controlled environment;
c) The “breeding stock” of an operation means the ensemble of the animals in the operation that are used
for reproduction; and
d) “A controlled environment” is an environment that is manipulated for the purpose of producing
animals of a particular species, that has boundaries designed to prevent animals, eggs or gametes of the
species from entering or leaving the controlled environment, and the general characteristics of which may
include but are not limited to: artificial housing; waste removal; health care; protection from predators;
and artificially supplied food;
Regarding the term ‘bred in captivity’
DECIDES that:
a) The definition provided below shall apply to the specimens bred in captivity of species included in
Appendix I, II or III, whether or not they were bred for commercial purposes; and
b) The term ‘bred in captivity’ shall be interpreted to refer only to specimens, as defined in Article I,
paragraph (b), of the Convention, born or otherwise produced in a controlled environment, and shall apply
only if: the parents mated or gametes were otherwise transferred in a controlled environment, if
reproduction is sexual, or the parents were in a controlled environment when development of the
offspring began, if reproduction is asexual; and
ii) The breeding stock, to the satisfaction of the competent government authorities of the exporting
country:
A. was established in accordance with the provisions of CITES and relevant national laws and in a
manner not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild;
B. is maintained without the introduction of specimens from the wild, except for the occasional addition
of animals, eggs or gametes, in accordance with the provisions of CITES and relevant national laws and
in a manner not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild as advised by the Scientific
Authority:
156
1. To prevent or alleviate deleterious inbreeding, with the magnitude of such addition determined by the
need for new genetic material; or
2. To dispose of confiscated animals in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.7 (Rev. CoP15); or
3. Exceptionally, for use as breeding stock; and C. 1.has produced offspring of second generation (F2) or
subsequent generation (F3, 1 F4, etc.) in a controlled environment; or 2. is managed in a manner that has
been demonstrated to be capable of reliably producing second-generation offspring in a controlled
environment; and regarding the trade in specimens of Appendix-I species bred in captivity
RECOMMENDS that the trade in a specimen bred in captivity be permitted only if it is marked in
accordance with the provisions on marking in the Resolutions adopted by the Conference of the Parties
and if the type and number of the mark are indicated on the document authorizing the trade; and
REPEALS Resolution Conf. 2.12 (Rev.) (San José, 1979, as amended at Fort Lauderdale, 1994).
Specimens Bred in Captivity or Artificially Propagated.
157
Annex VII: Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15) - Regulation of Trade in Plants
RECALLING Resolution Conf. 9.18 (Rev.), adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its ninth meeting
(Fort Lauderdale, 1994) and amended at its 10th meeting (Harare, 1997), relating to the implementation
of CITES for plants;
AWARE that the Convention provides measures for international cooperation for the protection of certain
species of wild plants against over-exploitation through international trade;
AWARE that the text of the Convention and several of the Resolutions of the Conference of the Parties
on plants may not or could not have been drafted in the light of modern developments in plant
propagation and of the trade in artificially propagated plants;
RECALLING the many specific problems the Parties to the Convention have faced and still face in
implementing the Convention for plants;
RECOGNIZING that there are unique aspects of the plant trade and plant biology, such as those related to
flasked orchid seedlings, that are not considered analogous to those for animals and that a different
approach for plants is sometimes necessary;
RECOGNIZING that the control of the trade in flasked seedlings of orchids from closed nursery systems
generally is not considered to be relevant to the protection of the natural populations of orchid species;
RECOGNIZING that many of the problems associated with regulating international trade in plants under
the Convention involve artificially propagated specimens;
RECOGNIZING also that the provisions of Article III of the Convention remain the basis for permitting
trade in specimens of Appendix-I species of plants that do not qualify for the exemptions of paragraphs 4
and 5 of Article VII;
NOTING that import of wild-collected specimens of Appendix-I plant species for purposes of
establishing a commercial operation for artificial propagation is precluded by Article III, paragraph 3 (c),
of the Convention, as explained further in Resolution Conf. 5.10 (Rev. CoP15), adopted by the
Conference of the Parties at its fifth meeting (Buenos Aires, 1985) and amended at its 15th meeting
(Doha, 2010);
OBSERVING that certain Parties that authorize export of large quantities of artificially propagated plants
need to find ways of reducing paperwork while maintaining protection for wild plants, and helping
exporters of artificially propagated plants to understand and to comply with the requirements of the
Convention;
AWARE that plant specimens may legally enter international trade under exemptions from the provisions
of CITES, provided by an annotation, and that the qualification for such an exemption may cease outside
the country of origin;
AWARE that such specimens need CITES permits or certificates for subsequent international trade;
RECOGNIZING that, in the absence of an export permit issued in the country of origin, it may be
difficult to issue such CITES permits or certificates;
Regarding the definition of ‘artificially propagated’
ADOPTS the following definitions for terms used in this Resolution:
a) Under controlled conditions’ means in a non-natural environment that is intensively manipulated by
human intervention for the purpose of plant production. General characteristics of controlled conditions
may include but are not limited to tillage, fertilization, weed and pest control, irrigation, or nursery
operations such as potting, bedding or protection from weather;
b) Cultivated parental stock’ means the ensemble of plants grown under controlled conditions that are
used for reproduction, and which must have been, to the satisfaction of the designated CITES authorities
of the exporting country:
i) Established in accordance with the provisions of CITES and relevant national laws and in a manner not
detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild; and
158
ii) Maintained in sufficient quantities for propagation so as to minimize or eliminate the need for
augmentation from the wild, with such augmentation occurring only as an exception and limited to the
amount necessary to maintain the vigour and productivity of the cultivated parental stock; and
c) 'Cultivar' means, following the definition of the 8th edition of the International Code of Nomenclature
for Cultivated Plants, an assemblage of plants that
(a) Has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters,
(b) Is distinct, uniform, and stable in these characters, and
(c) When propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters (but see Article 9.1 Note 1)
DETERMINES that the term ‘artificially propagated’ shall be interpreted to refer to plant specimens:
a) Grown under controlled conditions; and
b) grown from seeds, cuttings, divisions, callus tissues or other plant tissues, spores or other propagates
that either are exempt from the provisions of the Convention or have been derived from cultivated
parental stock;
DETERMINES that plants grown from cuttings or divisions are considered to be artificially propagated
only if the traded specimens do not contain any material collected from the wild; and
RECOMMENDS that an exception may be granted and specimens deemed to be artificially propagated if
grown from wild-collected seeds or spores only if, for the taxon involved:
i) The establishment of a cultivated parental stock presents significant difficulties in practice because
specimens take a long time to reach reproductive age, as for many tree species;
ii) The seeds or spores are collected from the wild and grown under controlled conditions within a range
State, which must also be the country of origin of the seeds or spores;
iii) The relevant Management Authority of that range State has determined that the collection of seeds or
spores was legal and consistent with relevant national laws for the protection and conservation of the
species; and
iv) The relevant Scientific Authority of that range State has determined that:
A. collection of the seeds or spores was not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild;
B. allowing trade in such specimens has a positive effect on the conservation of wild populations;
b) at a minimum, to comply with subparagraphs a) iv) A. and B. above:
i) Collection of seeds or spores for this purpose is limited in such a manner such as to allow regeneration
of the wild population;
ii) a portion of the plants produced under such circumstances is used to establish plantations to serve as
cultivated parental stock in the future and become an additional source of seeds or spores and thus reduce
or eliminate the need to collect seeds or spores from the wild; and
iii) A portion of the plants produced under such circumstances is used for replanting in the wild, to
enhance recovery of existing populations or to re-establish populations that have been extirpated; and
c) in the case of operations propagating Appendix-I species for commercial purposes under such
conditions they are registered with the CITES Secretariat in accordance with Resolution Conf. 9.19 (Rev.
CoP15) on Guidelines for the registration of nurseries exporting artificially propagated specimens of
Appendix-I species;
Regarding grafted plants
RECOMMENDS that:
a) grafted plants be recognized as artificially propagated only when both the root-stock and the graft have
been taken from specimens that have been artificially propagated in accordance with the definition above;
and
b) Grafted specimens consisting of taxa from different Appendices be treated as specimens of the taxon
included in the more restrictive Appendix;
Regarding hybrids
DETERMINES that:
a) hybrids shall be subject to the provisions of the Convention even though not specifically included in
the Appendices if one or both of their parents are of taxa included in the Appendices, unless the hybrids
are excluded from CITES controls by a specific annotation in Appendix II or III; and
159
b) Regarding artificially propagated hybrids:

i) Plant species or other taxa included in Appendix I shall be annotated (in accordance with Article XV) if
the provisions relevant to the most restrictive Appendix are to apply;
ii) If a plant species or other taxon included in Appendix I is annotated, an export permit or re-export
certificate shall be required for trade in specimens of all artificially propagated hybrids derived from it;
but
iii) artificially propagated hybrids derived from one or more un-annotated Appendix-I species or other
taxa shall be regarded as being included in Appendix II and entitled therefore to all exemptions applicable
to artificially propagated specimens of species included in Appendix II;
Regarding cultivars
DETERMINES that cultivars shall be subject to the provisions of the Convention unless excluded by a
specific annotation in Appendix I, II or III;
Regarding flasked seedlings of Appendix-I orchids
RECOMMENDS that flasked seedlings of orchid species included in Appendix I obtained in vitro, in
solid or liquid media, and transported in sterile containers, be interpreted as being exempt from CITES
control only if they have been artificially propagated in accordance with the definition provided above,
taking into account the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4, and Article I, paragraph (b) (iii), and
agreeing to a derogation from Resolution Conf. 9.6 (Rev.) for this exemption;
Regarding plant specimens in international trade under exemptions
DETERMINES that specimens that cease to qualify for an exemption from the provisions of CITES,
under which they were legally exported and imported, are deemed to originate in the country in which
they cease to qualify for the exemption;
Regarding enforcement for plants
RECOMMENDS that Parties ensure that:
a) Enforcement officers are adequately informed of CITES requirements, procedures governing
inspection and clearance of CITES plant specimens, and procedures necessary for the detection of illegal
trade;
b) Enforcing agencies obtain access to materials and expertise enabling identification of plant specimens
in trade, including whether the specimens are of wild or artificially propagated origin;
c) Enforcing agencies utilize annual reports, plant health documents, nursery catalogues and other sources
of information to detect possible illegal trade;
d) Enforcing agencies maintain close liaison with the Management and Scientific Authorities for the
purpose of setting and implementing enforcement priorities; and
e) Material in trade is carefully checked in order to improve enforcement and in particular that plants
declared to have been artificially propagated is checked both on import and on export;
Regarding trade in salvaged plant specimens
RECOMMENDS that:
a) Whenever possible, Parties ensure programs of environment modification do not threaten the survival
of plant species included in the CITES Appendices, and that protection of Appendix-I species in situ be
considered as a national and international obligation;
b) Parties establish salvaged specimens in cultivation where concerted attempts have failed to ensure that
such programs do not put at risk wild populations of species included in the CITES Appendices; and
c) International trade in salvaged specimens of Appendix-I plants, and of Appendix-II plants whose entry
into trade might otherwise have been considered detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild, be
permitted where all of the following conditions are met:
i) Such trade would clearly enhance the survival of the species, albeit not in the wild;
ii) Import is for the purposes of care and propagation of the species; and
iii) Import is by bona fide botanic garden or scientific institution; and
Regarding education about plant conservation through CITES
RECOMMENDS that:
160
a) Parties routinely provide updates of information on all aspects of CITES implementation for plants for
publication in scientific, horticultural or plant trade journals and in the publications of plant associations;
b) Parties regularly provide updates of information on all aspects of CITES implementation to botanic
gardens, tourist organizations and relevant non-governmental organizations for further dissemination to
the general public;
c) Parties develop and maintain a good liaison with national plant-trade organizations, to inform them
about all aspects of the implementation of CITES for plants, and to communicate to the Secretariat
specific implementation problems presented by these national organizations, for consideration by the
Plants Committee;
d) The Secretariat develop and maintain a good liaison with international plant-trade organizations and
botanic garden associations (in particular with the International Association of Botanic Gardens and
Botanic Gardens Conservation International); and
e) The Secretariat distribute information on the potential conservation benefits that may be derived from
artificial propagation and, where appropriate, encourage artificial propagation as an alternative to the
removal of specimens from the wild; and
REPEALS Resolution Conf. 9.18 (Rev.) (Fort Lauderdale, 1994, as amended at Harare, 1997) –
Regulation of trade in plants.
161
Annex VIII: Bonn Amendment to the Text of the Convention
The Conference of the Parties to CITES adopted an amendment to the text of the Convention on 22 June
1979. This amendment consists of inserting at the end of Article XI, paragraph 3. a), the words ", and
adopt financial provisions" so that it reads as follows:
3. At meetings, whether regular or extraordinary, the Parties shall review the implementation of the
present Convention and may:
(a) Make such provision as may be necessary to enable the Secretariat to carry out its duties, and adopt
financial provisions; …
In accordance with Article XVII, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the Bonn amendment entered into force
60 days after 34 (two-thirds) of the 50 States that were Party to CITES on 22 June 1979 deposited their
instruments of acceptance, i.e. on 13 April 1987. At that time it entered into force only for those States
that had accepted the amendment (no matter on what date they became Party to the Convention.)
However the amended text of the Convention applies automatically to any State that becomes a Party
after the date of entry into force of the amendment.
There are currently 141 Parties out of 175 that have accepted the Bonn amendment.
162
Annex IX: Questioner Sheet Number one (Custom Officers)
Job Title: __________________________ Organization: ________________________

Please to answer with Yes or No, unless the question require other than that.
1. Did you get any training on CITES?
2. Do you think that the offered training courses are:
Little Satisfactory enough others (please specify) _______________________
3. Do you think that these training courses help into identifying CITES and its obligations?
4. Do you think that custom officers have enough experiences to identify CITES-listed species?
5. Did you personally assisted into identifying any trade in CITES- listed species?
6. If the answer was yes, then kindly to define these specimens and if they were?
 Mammals: Live-specimens Staffed Specimens Others ____________
 Birds: Live-specimens Staffed Specimens Others____________
 Reptiles: Live-specimens Staffed Specimens Others____________
 Ivory:
 Skins:
 Handcrafts:
 Others (please specify)_____________________________________________________
7. Do custom officers inspect goods according to CITES provisions and as follows:
 Verify the presence of export\ import permit or re-export certificate?
 Inspect goods that hold the presence of live-specimens according to CITES provisions?
 Insure the safe transportation of shipments, and their compliance to CITES obligations?
 Does custom officers match CITES permits with the transported specimens specifications
(number, type etc)?
8. Do custom officers ask the help of the following to identify species:
 Use educational and training materials?
 From scientific guides and books?
 From CITES Appendices lists?
 From personal experiences?
 Others (please specify):_____________________________________________________
9. What are the procedures taken for confiscated specimens?
 Preserve specimens in the custom area?
 Ministry of Agriculture?
 The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature?
 Return to its country of origin?
 Preserve in zoos of Jordan?
 Used as educational materials?
10. Do you have any other remarks on the implementation of CITES in Jordan
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks for your collaboration
163
Annex X: Questioner Sheet Number one (Management and Scientific Authority)
Job Title: __________________________Organization: ____________________

Kindly to answer with Yes or No, unless the question requires other than that.
1. Do you have a direct relation with CITES?
2. If your answer was yes, then kindly to specify this relation according to:
CITES Management Authority CITES Scientific Authority Others (Please Specify):______
3. Did you get any training course in Jordan regarding CITES
4. If your answer was yes, then kindly to state your impression toward these course:
Little Satisfactory Enough Others (Please Specify):_____________
5. Do you agree on the effectiveness of these training courses into increasing the knowledge to
CITES?
6. Did you get any training course on CITES outside Jordan?
7. Do you agree that exchange experiences with international experts in CITES is necessary?
Do not agree Agree Very convinced others (Please Specify):______
8. Do you think that the number of employees of CITES in Jordan are enough?
9. Do you think that the Management Authority of CITES in Jordan has enough experiences?
10. Are you in direct contact with CITES Secretariat?
11. If your previous answer was Yes, then do you think that this contact is necessary to improve
CITES implementation in Jordan?
12. Are you as a Management Authority taking the advice of the Scientific Authority regarding
permit issuing?
13. If you answer was No, please specify the reasons:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14. Do you think that the Scientific Authority are performing its role according to CITES?
15. Do you think that the Management Authority have enough time to perform its tasks and roles
effectively?
16. Do you think that the coordination between the CITES Management and Scientific Authorities
are enough?
17. Do you think that the Jordanian legislations are in accordance to CITES convention?
18. Do you think that awareness campaigns are enough in Jordan on CITES?
19. Are these awareness campaigns targeted?
o Management Authority
o Scientific Authority
o Custom officers
o Traders
o Borders staff
o Local communities
o Travelers from and into Jordan
o others (Please Specify):______
20. Do you have other remarks on the implementation of CITES in Jordan?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
Thanks for your collaboration
164
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Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in

Thesis · January 2010

National Waterbird Census - Jordan View project

Red List of Jordan's Mammals View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Review on the Implementation of the Convention on International Trade

By: Ehab Khalil Eid

Prof. Margarita África Clemente Muñoz

Prof. Zuhair Sami Amr

In Addition, This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Antonio Machado Headquarter

To my Wife and my Son, who always been there

Ehab Khalil Eid

My greetings to my colleagues of the VIII master degree at the International University of

I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be used with another code)

Chapter Three: Results ............................................................................................................................ 32

4.2.5 Capacity Building of CITES in Jordan......................................................................... 124

In conclusion, it is essential to supervise all permits issued especially when wild-sourced

Recommendations to improve CITES implementation in Jordan were provided and it included

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.2 Conservation from an Islamic Perspective

1.3 Historical Overview of Trade Conventions on Wild Animals and Plants

1.4 CITES Origin

1.4.1 How CITES Works

CITES is an international agreement to which States adhere voluntarily. Although it is legally

Furthermore, a declaration has to be made by each country to be bound by the provisions of

CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain

1.5 CITES in the Middle East

Order State ISO1 Date One2 Date Two3

1.6 CITES in Jordan

The Government of Jordan understood the importance of international conventions in preserving

1.6.2 Management Authority of CITES in Jordan

According to CITES Administrator, CITES Management Authority coordinates CITES issues

1.6.3 Scientific Authority of CITES in Jordan

1.6.4 Enforcement Authority of CITES in Jordan

1.6.5 Development of Legislation, Regulations and Policies

 Agricultural Law No. (Z/2) of 2010 in accordance to article 57 of paragraph (a) of

1.6.6 Permits Form

1.6.7 Records of Trade

1.6.8 Publication of CITES Reports

1.6.9 Jordanian Species listed in the CITES Appendices

According to the CITES species trade database, (Online (2010):

Species name App. Species name App. Species name App.

Pocillopora damicornis II Stylophora pistillata II Acropora cytherea II

1.7 Study Objectives

1.7.1 General Objective

 To review the implementation of CITES in Jordan

1.7.2 Study Objectives

4. Identify the number of species in trade in Jordan.

CHAPTER TWO: METHODS

2.1 Data Acquisition

2.3 Field Visits

CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS

3.1 Trade Volume in Jordan

Species Group Imports % Live Exports % Live Total

Year Import Permits Export Permits Re- export Permits Total