HILONGOS NATIONAL VOCATIONAL SCHOOL

HILONGOS, LEYTE

LECTURE MATERIAL 2
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry

1. Law of Conservation of Mass – In a chemical reaction, the mass of the substances

produced is equal to the mass of the substances reacted.
2. Law of Definite Composition – Any sample of a given compound will always be
composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions – For elements that can form different compounds, the
mass of the second element that can combine with a fixed mass of the first element
are in ratio of small whole numbers.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 Mass is made up of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.

 Atoms of the same element are identical and are different from those of other
elements.
 Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in certain whole-
number ratios.
 Atoms rearrange only during a chemical reaction to form new compounds.

Subatomic Particles

 Electrons  Protons  Neutrons

J. J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford James Chadwick

Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons

Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

Number of Neutrons = Mass Number – Atomic Number

Ionic Compound: Results from an attraction between a cation and an anion (attraction
between a metal and non-metal).

Covalent Compound: Results when non-metals share electrons.

 Gas Laws

1. Boyle’s Law

Example: At a constant temperature, a sample of Helium has a volume of 400 mL under a

pressure of 760 torr. What volume would it occupy under a pressure of 1520 torr?
( )( ) ( )( )

Answer: 200 mL

2. Charles’ Law

Example: A sample of Hydrogen occupies 100 mL at 25o C and 760 torr. What volume
would it occupy at 50oC under the same pressure?

Answer: 108 mL

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law

Example: A 20 L cylinder contains 6 atm of gas at 27o C. What would be the new pressure of
the gas if it was heated at 77oC?

Answer: 7 atm

4. Combined Gas Law

5. Ideal Gas Law