SPANISH

EXPEDITIONS TO
THE PHILIPPINES
 In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain
and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from
1565 to 1898. Their coming changed our history
because of
THREE REASONS:

1. Through Spain, we became CATHOLIC.

2. We got new and more advanced culture from

Europe and Mexico.

3. But for the first time, WE LOST OUR FREEDOM

or INDEPENDENCE.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
Ferdinand Magellan,
a Portuguese in the
service of the Spanish
crown, was looking for
a westward route to the
to the Spice Islands of
Indonesia.
 THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION

 On March 16, 1521,

Magellan's
expedition landed on
Homonhon island in
the Philippines. He
was the first
European to reach
the islands.

4
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Rajah Humabon of
Cebu was friendly with
Magellan and
embraced Christianity,
but their enemy, Lapu-
Lapu was not.
Humabon wanted
Magellan to kill Lapu-
Lapu while Magellan
wanted to convert
Lapu-Lapu into
Christianity.
5
 THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION

 On April 27, 1521,

Magellan sailed to
Mactan and ensuing
battle killed
Magellan by the
natives lead by Lapu-
Lapu.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Out of the five ships
and more than 300
men who left on the
Magellan expedition
in 1519, only one ship
(the Victoria) and 18
men returned to
Seville, Spain on
September 6, 1522.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Nevertheless, the
said expedition was
considered historic
because it marked
the first
circumnavigation of
the globe and proved
that the world was
round.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Juan Sebastian de
Elcano, the master of
ship "Concepcion"
took over the
command of the
expedition after the
death of Magellan
and captained the
ship "Victoria" back
to Spain.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 He and his men
earned the
distinction of being
the first to
circumnavigate the
world in one full
journey. After
Magellan's death in
Cebu, it took 16 more
months for Elcano to
return to Spain.
SPAIN SENDS
OTHER
EXPEDITION
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

 Afterthe Spain had celebrated Elcano’s

return, King Charles I decided that Spain
should conquer the Philippines. Five
subsequent expeditions were then sent
to the Islands.
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Garcia Jofre
Loaisa (1525)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Sebastian Cabot
(1526)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Alvarode
Saavedra (1527)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos (1542)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi (1564)
Only the last two actually reached the Philippines;
and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the
Islands.
The Villalobos
Expedition
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos set sail for
the Philippines from
Navidad, Mexico on
November 1, 1542.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 He followed the route

taken by Magellan and
reached Mindanao on
February 2, 1543. He
established a colony in
Sarangani but could
not stay long because
of insufficient food
supply.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Hisfleet left the

island and landed on
Tidore in the
Moluccas, where
they were captured
by the Portuguese.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Villalobosis
remembered for
naming our country
“Islas Filipinas,” in
honor of King Charles’
son, Prince Philip,
who later became
king of Spain.
The Legazpi
Expedition
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Since none of the

expedition after
Magellan from Loaisa
to Villalobos had
succeeded in taking
over the Philippines,
King Charles I
stopped sending
colonizers to the
Islands. 
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 However, when Philip II
succeeded his father to
the throne in 1556, he
instructed Luis de
Velasco, the viceroy of
Mexico, to prepare a
new expedition – to be
headed by Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi, who would
be accompanied by
Andres de Urdaneta, a
priest who had survived
the Loaisa mission.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 On February 13, 1565,
Legazpi's expedition
landed in Cebu island.
After a short struggle
with the natives, he
proceeded to Leyte, then
to Camiguin and to Bohol.
There Legaspi made a
blood compact with the
chieftain, Datu Sikatuna
as a sign of friendship.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Legazpi was able to
obtain spices and
gold in Bohol due to
his friendship with
Sikatuna. On April 27,
1565, Legazpi
returned to Cebu;
destroyed the town of
Raja Tupas and
establish a settlement.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 On orders of the King

Philip II, 2,100 men
arrived from Mexico.
They built the port of
Fuerza de San Pedro
which became the
Spanish trading
outpost and
stronghold for the
region.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Hearing of the riches

of Manila, an
expedition of 300
men headed by
Martin de Goiti left
Cebu for Manila.
They found the
islands of Panay and
Mindoro. Goiti
arrived in Manila on
May 8, 1570.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Atfirst they were
welcomed by the
natives and formed
an alliance with Rajah
Suliman, their Muslim
king but as the locals
sensed the true
objectives of the
Spaniards, a battle
between the troops of
Suliman and the
Spaniards erupted.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Because the
Spaniards are more
heavily armed, the
Spaniards were able
to conquer Manila.
Soon after Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi
arrived to join Goiti
in Manila.
 THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Legaspi built alliances
and made peace with
Rajahs Suliman,
Lakandula and Matanda.
In 1571, Legaspi
ordered the
construction of the
walled city of
Intramuros and
proclaimed it as the
seat of government of
the colony and the
capital of the islands.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 In1572, Legaspi died
and was buried at the
San Agustin Church in
Intramuros. In 1574,
Manila was bestowed
the title "Insigne y
Siempre Leal Ciudad
de España"
(Distinguished and ever
loyal city of Spain) by
King Philip II of Spain.
 Why the
Philippines was
easily conquered?
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 The barangays were scattered and

were not united by a integrative
political or religious system (only
Mindanao and Sulu because of
religious reasons were not
conquered)
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

Diversity of language which resulted to

lack of communication among ethics
areas;
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 Willingnessto cooperate with the

Spaniards (as manifested by numerous
blood compacts and treaties of
friendship between Filipinos and
Spaniards)
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 Superiority of Spanish arms and in art of

warfare.
System of Government “PHILIPPINES
 Centralized form of
UNDER IMPERIAL
government.
 Frailocracia
SPAIN”
Religion
 Christianity's Introduction

Social Structures
Principalia
 Ilustrados

Educational System
 Educational Decree 1863

 focused on the

Christian Doctrines
System of Writing
 Latin alphabet
 Economy
The Spaniards implemented economic programs which are
mainly about land ownership and taxes. The programs are
encomienda, hacienda, imposition of different kinds of taxes,
galleon trade, monopoly and polo y servicios.

Encomienda
The encomienda is a land ownership system with the use of
titulo as proof of ownership. These are the lands given by the
King of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions.
The landlords are called
encomendero. They are the ones who
collect the taxes or rent from the
residents of their land. It is his
obligation to protect the residents from
any danger or threat like bandits and
invaders. But as depicted in the
41
picture, the contrary was happening.
 Taxation
To support the colony, several forms of taxes and
monopolies were imposed.
Direct:
The tithe is the payment of the
10% of an individual’s annual
income to the government. The
sanctorum is the tax being paid
as support to the church. The
tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent
given to the landlord a resident is
under. It may be in cash or in
kind (tobacco,chickens, produce,
gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc.,
depending on the region of the
country), fixed at 8 reales and
later increased to 15 reales.
42
 Tribute = 10 reales
Diezmos prediales (tithes or 1/10) = 1 real
Treasury = 1 real
Sanctorum tax (church tax) = 3 reales
All in all, an average Filipino will pay 15 reales.

Indirect
Also collected was the bandalâ, an annual enforced sale
and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties
and income tax were also collected.

By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the Cedula personal,

wherein colonists were required to pay for personal
identification. Everyone over the age of 18 was obliged to
pay. The local gobernadorcillos had been responsible for
collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system, however,
taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish
authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to
summary arrest for failure to show a cedula 43receipt.
 Forced Labor Polo y servicio is the
(Polo y servicio) forced labor for 40 days of
men ranging from 16 to 60
years of age who were
obligated to give personal
services to community
projects. One could be
exempted from polo by
paying the falla, a daily fine of
one and a half real.
In 1884, labor was reduced
to 15 days. The polo system
was patterned after the
Mexican repartimento,
selection for forced labor
44
 Manila-Acapulco
Galleon Trade
The Manila-Acapulco
Galleon Trade was the
main source of income
for the colony during its
early years. Service was
inaugurated in 1565 and
continued into the early
19th century.
The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk
from China by way of Manila. This way, the Philippines
earned its income through buy and sell - that is, they
bought silk from China for resale to New Spain and then
bought American silver for resale to China.
45
 The trade was very prosperous. But It neglected the
development of the colony's local industries which
affected the Indios since agriculture was their main
source of income. In addition, the building and operation
of galleons put too much burden on the colonists' annual
polo y servicio, resulted in cultural and commercial
exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the
introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines
notably tobacco that gave the colony its first
real income which
benefit extended to the
common Indio.
The trade lasted for
over two hundred years,
and ceased in 1821 with
the secession of
American colonies from
Spain.
46
 Royal Company of
the Philippines
March 10, 1785, Charles III created the Royal Philippine
Company with a 25 year charter.

It was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila,

Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them
directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope.

It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English who saw it
as a direct attack on their trade of Asian goods.

It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the

Galleon trade who saw it as competition. This gradually
resulted into the death of both institutions: The Royal
Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade47 in 1815.
 Philippine Economy under Spain
The country under Spain was economically under
developed. The Philippines was an economic burden to
Spain that caused an annual deficit to the Spanish
coffers.
The founding of the Economic Society of Friends of
the Country helped in the agricultural advancement of
the country.
The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the
greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient. All
farmers had a quota of tobacco to raise annually and all
were sold to the Government.
Spanish policies imposed here were not that helpful
for the Filipinos and most government officials were of
Spanish by blood and Filipinos were the ones made to
work tedious jobs.
48
 There were many changes in the Filipino society during
the Spanish colonization.

Spanish authorities did not show any sign of fairness

towards the Filipinos especially in the division of
responsibilities in polo y servicio. Because of this
irresponsibility, Filipinos still work apart from their allotted
time for work.

Filipinos who were working in the Galleon Trade

experienced misfortune because of the heavy loads
Spanish authorities were asking of them. As a result, many
workers died and later on separated families because of
poverty being experienced.

49
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN

Spain
established ONE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT in the Philippines.

Many independent barangays of our

ancestors disappeared. One government alone
ruled most of the country. Thus, for the first time
in history, we became united as one nation called
“FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to know
our country by that name.

50
Since Spain was far from the
country, the Spanish king
ruled the Islands through the
viceroy of Mexico, which was
then another Spanish colony.

KING OF SPAIN

VICEROY OF MEXICO

PHILIPPINES
When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish
king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.

KING OF SPAIN

GOVERNOR GENERAL

PHILIPPINES
 KING OF SPAIN
THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

(Governor General) (Royal Audencia, Residencia,
Lower Courts, Governor-General)

PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL CITY GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AYUNTAMIENTO
ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO (Cabildo)
(Alcalde Mayor) (Corregidor)
PUEBLOS OR TOWNS CABILDO
(Gobernadorcillos) City Council

•ALCALDE
•REGIDORES
BARRIOS •AGUACIL MAYOR
(Cabeza de Barangay) •ESCRIBANDO

BARRIOS
(Cabeza de Barangay)
THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Spain established a centralized

colonial government in the Philippines that
was composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS that administered
provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

maintained peace and order

collected taxes
built schools and other public works
 THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

The King's representative and the highest-

ranking official in the Philippines.

He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to

appoint and dismiss public officials, except those
personally chosen by the King. He was the
commander in chief of the colonial armed forces.

He was also the president of the Royal Audencia.

(Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today)
 There were 115 Spanish Governor-Generals in our country

The first one was Miguel Lopez

de Legazpi (1565-1572) and
the last was Diego de los Rios
(1898)

Diego de los Rios Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

The Governor General and other government
officials had so much power that it was
commonly abused.

To investigate the abuses, there were

bodies created:

THE RESIDENCIA

THE VISITA THE ROYAL AUDENCIA

 THE RESIDENCIA

This was a special judicial court that investigates

the performance of a Governor General who was
about to be replaced.

The Residencia, of which

the incoming Governor
General was usually a
member, submitted a report
of its findings to the King.
 THE VISITA

The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a

government official called the VISITADOR
GENERAL to observe conditions in the colony.

The Visitador General

reported his findings
directly to the king.
 Served as an advisory body
to the Governor General.
Had the power to check and
report on his abuses.
The Audiencia also audited
the expenditures of the
colonial government.
Sent a yearly report to
Spain.
The Archbishop and other
government officials could
also report the abuses of the
colonial government.

The highest court in the land during the Spanish times.

THE ROYAL AUDENCIA

 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT
The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU) for
the provinces. There were two types of local government
units:

ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO

Alcalde Mayor Corregidor

Though they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed
privileges such as the INDULTO DE COMERCIO
or the right to participate in the GALLEON TRADE.
 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT

The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor

governed the provinces.

DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR:

 They represented the Spanish king and the

Governor-General
 They managed the day-to-day operations of
the provincial government
 Implemented laws and supervised the
collection of taxes
 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT

The CORREGIMIENTO, headed by

Corregidor governed the provinces that
were not yet entirely under Spanish
control.
 THE CITY GOVERNMENT

Larger towns became cities

called AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center of
trade and industry.

The ayuntamiento had a city council

called the CABILDO

CABILDO is composed of:

ALCALDE (MAYOR)
REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS)
ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF)
ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY)
 THE MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT
Each province was divided into several towns or
pueblos headed by GOBERNADORDCILLOS
(Little Governor)

MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and tax

collection.

FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE GOVERNARDORCILLO:

the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),
the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),
the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields)
the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)
 CABEZA DE BARANGAY
(Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain)

 Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio

 Recruited men for public works

QUALIFICATIONS:
 Cabezas should be literate in Spanish.
 Have good moral character and property.
 Cabezas who served for 25 years
were exempted from forced labor.
 THANK YOU
FOR READING
  