Aquaculture Research, 2012, 43, 297–302 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02830.

Growth and production performance of threatened

snakehead fish, Channa striatus (Bloch), at different
stocking densities in earthen ponds

M Aminur Rahman1, A Arshad1,2 & S M Nurul Amin2

1
Laboratory of Marine Science and Aquaculture, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

Correspondence: M Aminur Rahman, Laboratory of Marine Science and Aquaculture, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malay-
sia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: aminur1963@gmail.com

Abstract cultured in Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and

Vietnam (Wee 1982). It is an air-breathing ¢sh highly
Production trials of threatened snakehead ¢sh (Chan-
regarded as a food in Asia because its £esh is claimed
na striatus) were carried out under di¡erent stocking
to be rejuvenating, particularly for those recuperat-
densities in earthen ponds of Bangladesh. The aver-
ing from a serious illness (Mat Jais, Dambisya & Lee
age weight and length of the ¢ngerlings during
1997). Air-breathing ¢sh have signi¢cant advantages
stocking was 17.63  1.23 g and 13.21  0.52 cm.
for aquaculture, because they can stay alive in an in-
Fingerlings were stocked at 5000 ha 1 in treatment-
sensitive environment with lower dissolved oxygen
1 (T1), 6250 ha 1 in treatment-2 (T2) and 7500 ha 1
(DO) and higher ammonia contents (Ng & Lim 1990;
in treatment-3 (T3) respectively. Fish in all the experi-
Qin, Fast, DeAnda & Weidenbach 1997). This charac-
mental ponds were fed with supplementary feed
teristic is valuable for marketing, because live snake-
comprising of ¢sh meal (30%) and mustard oilcake
head fetch considerably higher prices than dead ¢sh
(70%) at the rate of 3^6% of estimated body weight
(Wee 1982; Qin & Fast 2003). Like all other species of
two times per day. In addition, trash ¢sh were
the genus Channa, this ¢sh has the habit of settling in
supplied at the rate of 2^3% of the estimated biomass
the bottom mud of the ponds, ditches and the
on each alternate day. In situ water quality para-
swamps as the water dries up, and of going deeper
meters of the pond were within the suitable range
and deeper into the mud as desiccation proceeds.
for ¢sh culture. The growth and survival of ¢nger-
The ¢sh is carnivorous and consumes ¢sh, frogs,
lings were signi¢cantly higher in T1 than in T2 and
snakes, insects, earthworms and tadpoles. In the
T3. The food conversion ratio was signi¢cantly lower
past, the piscivorous behaviour of snakehead made it
(Po0.05) in T1 than in T2 and T3. The estimated gross
an undesirable intruder to other ¢sh culture systems,
and net production of ¢sh was higher in T1, followed
and it was considered to be a pest, prompting eradica-
by T2 and T3. Overall, the highest growth, survival
tion measures (Chen1976). Recently, the high market
and production were obtained from T1. Therefore, it
price of snakehead’s ¢rm, white, practically boneless
could be concluded that of 5000 ¢ngerlings ha 1 is
£esh with a most agreeable £avour and hardiness to
the most suitable stocking density for culturing C.
handling has made the culture of this species com-
striatus under a monoculture system in the earthen
mercially viable (Qin & Fast 1998). What was once
ponds for better production.
farmed as a ‘police’ ¢sh in polyculture (i.e., to control
smaller ¢sh, fry and ¢ngerlings such as tilapias or
Keywords: Channa striatus, endangered, stocking
with carp to supplement the income of ¢sh farmers)
density, monoculture, ponds
has developed into a major player in aquaculture
(Qin & Fast 2003).
In Bangladesh, it is considered to be one of the
Introduction
most common food ¢sh and is a favourite among con-
The snakehead, Channa striatus (Bloch), is locally sumers due to its high taste and qualities. The ¢sh
known as ‘Shoal’ in Bangladesh. It is commercially was abundantly found in open water bodies such as

© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 297

Production of Channa striatus in pond M Aminur Rahman et al.
natural depressions, £oodplains, inundated paddy
¢elds, etc. C. striatus usually breeds during the onset
of monsoon in ditches, ponds and £ooded
paddy ¢elds. The fecundity of the ¢sh varies from
16330 to 56 467 in the size range of 34.2^51.50 cm
(M.A. Rahman unpublished data). The young remain
at the surface in shoals guarded by their parents
hiding below the surface of water. During the past
few years, the natural population of this ¢sh has de-
creased rapidly due to habitat degradation and
man-made catastrophes in the aquatic ecosystem.
These factors not only caused havoc to the biodiver-
sity but also destroyed the feeding and breeding
grounds of this important ¢sh species. This species
is now considered to be an endangered ¢sh in
Bangladesh (IUCN, Bangladesh 1998). Therefore, the
present experiment has been undertaken to develop a
culture technique of C. striatus for better production
and conservation.
Materials and methods
The present experiment was conducted at the Fresh-
water Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Insti-
tute, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, for a period of 8
months between October 2005 and June 2006. Nine
earthen ponds were used in this experiment. The sur-
face area and average depth of each pond was
0.048 ha and 1.5 m. The pond was prepared with
quicklime (CaO, 250 kg ha 1) after drying. After 3
days, each pond was ¢lled with ground water of about
1.5 m and a similar depth was maintained for the
entire experimental period. After 7 days of liming,
the ponds were fertilized with cowdung
(2000 kg ha 1), urea (25 kg ha 1) and triple super
phosphate (25 kg ha 1). Seven days after the applica-
tion of fertilizers, ponds were stocked with the ¢nger-
lings of C. striatus at di¡erent stocking densities.
Table 1 Mean ( SD) values of pond water quality parameters over the 8 months rearing period
Parameters Treatment-1
Temperature ( 1C) 28.33  2.25a (24.80–31.20)
Dissolved oxygen (mg L 1) 5.66  1.19a (3.38–7.30)
a a
pH 7.88  0.35 (7.40–8.40)
Total alkalinity (mg L 1) 148.50  38.65a (88.50–210.00) 140.88  36.65a (96.50–215.00) 138.66  32.33a (92.50–190.00)
Ammonia nitrogen (mg L 1) 0.42  0.32a (0.01–1.22)
Nitrate nitrogen (mg L 1) 1.27  0.25a (1.00–1.60)
Nitrite nitrogen (mg L 1) 0.026  a
0.01 (0.017–0.039)
1
Phosphate phosphorous (mg L ) 1.38  0.75a (0.30–2.80)
Mean values in the same row having the same superscripts are not signi¢cantly di¡erent (P40.05).
298 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 43, 297–302
Aquaculture Research, 2012, 43, 297–302
There were three treatments with three replicates
for each experiment. Fingerlings were stocked
at 5000 ha 1 in treatment-1 (T1), 6250 ha 1 in
treatment-2 (T2) and 7500 ha 1 in treatment-3 (T3)
respectively.
Fish in all the experimental ponds were fed with
supplementary feed comprising of ¢sh meal (30%)
and mustard oilcake (70%) at the rate of 3^6% of es-
timated body weight two times per day. In addition,
chopped trash ¢sh were supplied at the rate of 2^3%
of the estimated biomass on each alternate day. After
stocking, cowdung was applied to the ponds
(1000 kg ha 1) fortnightly. Ten individuals of ¢sh
from each pond were sampled monthly to determine
the growth rate and feed adjustment.
In situ water parameters such as temperature ( 1C),
transparency (cm), DO (mg L 1), pH, total alkalinity
(mg L 1), ammonia nitrogen (mg L 1), nitrate nitro-
gen (mg L 1), nitrite nitrogen (mg L 1) and phos-
phate phosphorous (mg L 1) were analysed
fortnightly (APHA 1992). After 8 months of rearing,
¢sh were harvested from all the ponds. The ¢sh were
counted and measured individually to assess the to-
tal production, growth and survival. One-way ANOVA
was used to test the density e¡ect. The level of signi¢-
cance was set at Po0.05. All statistical analyses were
performed using SPSS version 1.5.
Results
Water quality parameters
Pond water quality parameters of C. striatus culture
are summarized in Table 1. The average temperature
( 1C), DO (mg L 1), pH, total alkalinity (mg L 1), am-
monia nitrogen (mg L 1), nitrate nitrogen (mg L 1),
nitrite nitrogen (mg L 1) and phosphate phosphor-
ous (mg L 1) did not di¡er signi¢cantly (P40.05).
Treatment-2 Treatment-3
28.40  2.28a (24.70–31.30) 28.30  2.22a (25.60–31.10)
5.39  1.22a (3.28–6.70) 5.28  1.12a (3.20–6.50)
7.70  0.38 (7.30–8.30) 7.60  0.41a (7.20–8.20)
0.46  0.35a (0.01–1.30) 0.49  0.36a (0.01–1.45)
1.24  0.26a (0.96–1.55) 1.21  0.22a (0.94–1.52)
a
0.024  0.01 (0.016–0.037) 0.023  0.01a (0.015–0.036)
1.35  0.70a (0.40–2.74) 1.30  0.68a (0.30–2.70)
Aquaculture Research, 2012, 43, 297–302
Growth and production
Monthly increments in the length and weight of C.
striatus over the 8-month experimental period are
given in Figs 1 and 2. The results of the growth and
production of C. striatus under di¡erent treatments
are shown in Table 2. The length and weight of stock-
ing ¢ngerlings were 13.21  0.52 cm and 17.63 
1.23 g, in all the experimental ponds. The ¢nal mean
length and weight of ¢sh inT1 was signi¢cantly great-
er (Po0.05) than in T2 and T3. The speci¢c growth
rate (SGR) was found to be signi¢cantly higher
(Po0.05) in T1 than those in T2 and T3. Signi¢cantly
lower (Po0.05) food conversion ratio (FCR) was
found in T1 than in T2 and the highest in T3. The sur-
vival rate was the highest in T1, followed by T2 and T3
(Po0.05).
The total production of ¢sh under three treatments
over the 8-month rearing period is summarized in
Table 2. The total gross and net production of snake-
head ¢sh were 1540.17 and 1479.24, 1277.06 and
1208.01kg ha 1 and 1207.31 and 1135.02 kg ha 1 in
T1, T2 and T3 respectively. However, the production in
T1 was signi¢cantly (Po0.05) higher than that in T2
and T3.
Discussion
The range of water temperature (24.7^31.3 1C) in the
experimental ponds is more or less similar to that re-
ported by Wahab, Ahmed, Islam and Rahmatullah
(1995), Kohinoor, Begum and Hussain (2004) and
Rahman, Rahman and Rahman (2007) from the ¢sh
culture ponds of Bangladesh. DO levels (3.2^
7.3 mg L 1) in the experimental ponds agreed with
Wahab et al. (1995), Kohinoor et al. (2004) and Rah-
Figure 1 Monthly mean length increment in Channa
striatus at di¡erent stocking densities in earthen ponds.
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 43, 297–302
Production of Channa striatus in pond M Aminur Rahman et al.
Figure 2 Monthly mean weight increment in Channa
striatus at di¡erent stocking densities in earthen ponds.
man et al. (2007), who recorded a DO level ranging
from 2.7 to 7.2, 4.5 to 8.2 and 3.2 to 7.3 mg L 1,
respectively, in ¢sh culture ponds. However, the DO
level in this study was in the appropriate range for
the culture of other ¢sh (Kohinoor et al., 2004; Rah-
man, Mazid, Rahman, Khan, Hossain & Hussain
2005; Sarkar, Khan, Haque & Haq 2006; Rahman
et al. 2007). The observed pH values ranged from 7.38
to 8.80, indicating a productive condition suitable for
¢sh in the ponds, which is similar to what Kohinoor
et al. (2004) and Rahman et al. (2007) found in the
various ¢sh culture ponds of Bangladesh. The
observed alkalinity levels (88.5^215.0 mg L 1) in the
experimental ponds indicate that the ¢sh productiv-
ity is medium to high, compared with other studies
(Kohinoor et al. 2004; Rahman et al. 2005, 2007. The
concentration of phosphate-phosphorous ranged be-
tween 0.30 and 2.80 mg L 1, which was very similar
to those reported by Rahman (1992), Uddin (2002),
Rahman et al. (2007) and was in the range for ¢sh
culture. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the
present experiment ranged between 0.94 and
1.60 mg L 1, which was in closer agreement with
Sarkar et al. 2006, who found the values of
1.10^1.64 mg L 1 as suitable for pangasiid cat¢sh
monoculture and polyculture ponds. The amount of
nitrite-nitrogen (0.015^0.039 mg L 1 was within the
suitable range for culturing ¢sh (Boyd 1982; Islam
2002; Islam, Dewan, Hussain, Hossain & Mazid,
2002; Rahman et al. 2007). The level of ammonia-ni-
trogen (0.01^1.35 mg L 1 was lower than the values
of 0.05 and 6.20 mg L 1 obtained by Dewan,Wahab,
Beveridge, Rahman and Sarker. (1991).
Growth in terms of length, weight and survival of
C. striatus was signi¢cantly higher in T1, where
the stocking density of ¢ngerlings (5000 ha 1) was
299
Production of Channa striatus in pond M Aminur Rahman et al. Aquaculture Research, 2012, 43, 297–302

Table 2 Growth performance, survival, feed utilization and production of Channa striatus after 8 months of rearing;
mean  SD with ranges in parentheses

Treatments

1 1 1
Parameters T1 (5000 ha ) T2 (6.250 ha ) T3 (7500 ha )

Initial length (cm) 13.21  0.52a (12.00–14.50) 13.21  0.52a (12.00–14.50) 13.21  0.52a (12.00–14.50)
Final length (cm) 40.40  0.45a (40.11–40.92) 38.40  0.49b (38.06–38.96) 35.83  0.54c (35.23–36.28)
a a
Initial weight (g) 17.63  1.23 (16.00–20.20) 17.63  1.23 (16.00–20.20) 17.63  1.23a (16.00–20.20)
Final weight (g) 445.67  3.79a (443.00–450.00) 326.06  3.60b (323.05–330.05) 294.54  4.20c (290.00–298.30)
Weight gain (g) 428.04  3.79a (425.37–432.37) 308.43  3.60b (305.42–312.42) 276.91  4.20c (272.37–280.67)
Length gain (cm) 27.19  0.45a (26.90–27.71) 25.19  0.49b (24.85–25.75) 22.62  0.54c (22.02–23.07)
Specific growth rate 1.34  0.01a (1.34–1.35) 1.21  0.01b (1.21–1.22) 1.17  0.01c (1.17–1.18)
(SGR) (%/day)
Food conversion ratio 2.10  0.09a (2.02–2.19) 2.38  0.09b (2.31–2.48) 2.68  0.09c (2.61–2.78)
(FCR)
Survival (%) 67.33  2.08a (65.00–69.00) 62.67  1.53b (61.00–64.00) 54.67  1.53c (53.00–56.00)
Gross production 1540.17  38.83a 1277.06  32.81b 1207.31  18.68c (1185.74–1218.20)
1
(kg ha ) (1506.20–1582.50) (1239.41–1299.57)
Net production 1479.24  37.80a (1446.26–1520.50) 1208.01  31.31b (1172.19–1230.15) 1135.02  16.79c (1115.66–1145.47)
1
(kg ha )

Figures in the same row having the same superscripts are not signi¢cantly di¡erent (P40.05).

lower than those in T2 (6250 ha 1) and T3
(7500 ha 1). This might be due to competition for
food and space in higher density and the carnivorous
mode of life of C. striatus (Qin & Fast 1996, 2003; Qin
et al.1997). Similar phenomena were also observed in
the bottom-dwelling and carnivorous ¢sh mahseer
(Tor putitora) (Islam 2002; Islam et al. 2002; Rahman
et al. 2005, 2007). In African cat¢sh, Clarias gariepi-
nus, cannibalism increases with increasing density
and thereby decreases growth and survival (Hecht &
Pienaar, 1993). In the present study, growth and sur-
vival were dependant on density, suggesting that the
stocking density of snakehead for grow-out culture
in earthen ponds may not be increased beyond
5000 ha 1.
Signi¢cantly higher SGR (%/day) was obtained in
T1 (1.34% day 1) than those in T2 (1.21) and T3 (1.17)
respectively. Rahman et al. (2007) reported that SGR
of catla, rohu, mrigal and mahseer in di¡erent treat-
ments under a polyculture system were 1.09^1.12%,
1.13^1.14%, 1.10^1.12% and 1.15^1.16%, which are
lower than those in the present study. Kohinoor et al.
(2004) observed the SGR values of indigenous cat¢sh
(Mystus cavasius) to be 1.16^1.23% under a monocul-
ture system in earthen ponds, which were much clo-
ser to the present study. The higher SGR values in this
study might be due to the consumption of natural
and supplementary feed for growth.
In the present study, signi¢cantly lower (Po0.05)
FCR values were obtained in T1 (2.10) than those in
T2 (2.38) and T3 (2.68). The FCR values in this study
might have been a¡ected by stocking density i.e., the
higher the stocking density, the higher the FCR va-
lues. Generally, the FCR increases with increasing
feed application rates above optimal. With intensive
¢n¢sh culture with a dry formulated palletized feed,
the FCR is typically 2.0 or less (Parker 1987). In inten-
sive culture trials, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus my-
kiss, and channel cat¢sh, Ictalurus punctatus,
showed FCR values that ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 (Hu-
ner & Dupree1984). Snakehead fed with a formulated
feed at 5% body weight had an FCR value of1.0 (Qin &
Fast 2003).
Productions (gross and net) of snakeheads found
in this experiment were higher in T1 (5000 ha 1)
than those obtained in T2 (6250 ha 1) and T3
(7500 ha 1). Kohinoor et al. (2004) found a gross pro-
duction of 1370^1535 kg ha 1 following the culture
of small indigenous cat¢sh (Mystus cavasius) for 6
months at 40 000^60 000 ¢ngerlings ha 1 stocking
densities. Akhteruzzaman, Kohinoor, Hussain and
Shah (1996) observed that under the monoculture
condition, the production of Puntius sarana was
1200 kg ha 1/6 months. Rahman, Hossain, Azad,
Kamruzzaman, Rashid, Rahman and Hasan (2006)
also obtained the range of total production from
1248 to 1593 kg ha 1/120 days when Thai sharpunti
was cultured together with indigenous and exotic
carp species at di¡erent densities in seasonal ponds.
It is revealed that the growth, survival and produc-
tion of snakehead ¢sh are inversely related to the
stocking densities of ¢ngerlings. The stocking density

300 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 43, 297–302

Aquaculture Research, 2012, 43, 297–302 Production of Channa striatus in pond M Aminur Rahman et al.
of 5000 ¢ngerlings ha 1 demonstrated the highest
performance compared with those obtained at high-
er stocking rates. The ¢sh farmers might be recom-
mended to use a stocking density of 5000 ¢nger
lings ha 1 for rearing of C. striatus in earthen ponds.
These results represent the ¢rst successful attempt to
culture the critically endangered snakehead in cap-
tivity. Because of over-exploitation and various ecolo-
gical changes in the aquatic ecosystem, C. striatus
may become extinct from the natural habitats.
Under the prevailing situation, the ¢ndings obtained
from the present study would be immensely helpful
for the development of aquaculture and conservation
of this important ¢sh. Further studies are also
recommended to determine more appropriate,
stocking densities and culture techniques of this
important ¢shery.
Acknowledgments
We are much indebted to the Director General and
Chief Scienti¢c O⁄cer, Bangladesh Fisheries Re-
search Institute, Mymensingh, for providing ¢nan-
cial and experimental facilities.We would also like to
thank the research assistants and ¢eld workers, who
helped during the experiment.
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