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Histochemistry and The Structure The Skin A Murrel, (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae) - I. Epidermis
Histochemistry and The Structure The Skin A Murrel, (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae) - I. Epidermis
Histochemistry and The Structure The Skin A Murrel, (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae) - I. Epidermis
MITTAL,A. K., and T. K. BANERJEE.1975. Histochemistry and the structure of the skin of a
murrel, Channa striata (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae). I. Epidermis. Can. J.
Zool.53: 833-843.
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respiralion airienne, Cllanna srriafa. Dans les cellules de base. la population de mitochondries
est dense, I'activiti de Fa phosphatase alcaline et de la dishydrogiinase succinique sont 6Ievies.
ce qui indique une activie rniraboliqve importanre. Dans la couche la plus exteme, les ceIlules
polygonales sont te sikge d'une grande activitE de la dkshydrogknase succinique et efaborent des
rnucopolysaccharides acides sulfatks e l des Iipides. Les cellules rnuqueuses sont aussl pksentes
en grand nornbre. On propoge le teme de "cellrtl~ssaccifonnes gwnulkes" en rernplacement des
anciens rermes "cellules saccifonnes" eu "cellules gmnulaires." Le contenu des ces cellules est
constitui. de protiines de base. On observe une epaisse couche visqueuse contenant des
rnucopolysaccharides, des lipides et des protkines de base; cette couche est probablement
importante pour garder la peau hurnide, permettant une bonne respimtion cutanie, pour retarder
la perk d'cau par 6vapomtion et pour faciliter I'enfouissement dans la h u e et les mouvements
natatoires dans I'eau et, enfin, pour protkger la peau contre les infestations par les bactkries et les
champignons. La respiration cutanee est probablement favorisee de plus par un tpiderme
relativernent mince (32 pm en genkral, 18 pm aux bordures posterieures libres et 6 pm sous les
tcailles) associe B la vascularisation du stratum laxurn. [Traduit par le journal]
were used, and frozen sections were cut at 15 to 30 pm thick layer covering the outer surface of the
using an American Optical cryostat. distal part of the underlying scale.
Sections were stained with Mallory's triple stain
(Jones 1950), Verhoff's elastin stain (Lillie 1954), and The epidermis may be divided into three
Ehrlich's haematoxylin counter-stained with eosin (H/E). layers: the stratum germinativum (basal layer),
Periodic acid - Schiff's .(PAS) technique (McManus the middle layer, and the outermost layer
1946) with or without prior treatment with saliva/malt (Table 1; Fig. 1).
diastase for I h at 37°C (Lillie and Greco 1947) was used
to demonstrate mucosubstances. The acidic and sulfated Stratum Germinativum
nature of the mucopolysaccharides was determined by This was mainly composed of a single layer
metachromatic reactions with thionin (Pearse 1968),
toluidine blue buffered at pH 2-5 (Tock and Pearse of basal cells (Table 1; Figs. 1, 2, and 3) on a
1965), and alcian blue solutions at pH 0.5-1.0 (Lev and thin basement membrane which was diastase
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Spicer 1964). Acidic and basic proteins were differen- resistant; gave weak positive color reactions for
tiated by the acid solochrome cyanin method (Pearse sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides, phospholi-
1968). Calcium was demonstrated by the alizarin red
S method (Lillie 1954). Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin pids, and calcium; and showed moderate
(Claydon 1955) and Regaud's iron haematoxylin (Lillie alkaline phosphatase activity (Table 2). Re-
1954) were used to stain mitochondria, and nuclear gaud's iron haematoxylin and Heidenhain's iron
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown by the Feulgen haematoxylin preparations for mitochondria re-
reaction (Pearse 1968). The dihydroxy-dinaphthyl- vealed the presence of darkly stained fine mito-
disulfide (DDD) technique (Barrnett and Seligman 1952),
for the demonstration of bound sulfhydryl groups of chondrial granules in the perinuclear cytoplasm
cysteine, and Papanicolaou's stain (Gurr 1958) for concentrated mainly at the apical ends of the
keratin were also used. Alkaline phosphatase and suc- basal cells (Fig. 2). These areas of the cells
cinic dehydrogenase activity were demonstrated using the showed moderate succinic dehydrogenase acti-
calcium cobalt method (Gomori 1952) and nitro-blue-
tetrazolium (nitro-BT) method (Pearse 1972), respectively. vity and gave strong reactions for alkaline
Sudan black B and Oil red 0 techniques for lipids phosphatase (Fig. 7). The cell membranes were
(Casselman 1959). and the Acid haernatin method (Baker smooth without any differentiation of inter-
1946) for the localization of phospholipids were also cellular cytoplasmic bridges.
applied.
Between these cells were found small irregular
For personal use only.
ABBREVIATIONS: BC, basal d l ; DL, basal layer; BM, basement membrane; LS, lymphatic space; MC,
mucous cell; ML. middle layer; OL, outer Iayer; PC, pigment cell: PEC. Polygonal epidermal cell: SGC,
saccirorm granulated cell.
FIG. I . Cross section showing the general organization of the epidermis of Channa striata. Note the
presence of n saccifom granulated cell (arrow) the contents of which appear homogeneous in nature.
[Ehrlich's haematoxylin/eosin. Rouin's fluid fixed tissue.) x 2280. FIG.2. Part of the epidermis showing a
den% population or mitochondria at the apical and perinuclear areas (arrows) of the basal cells. (Regaud's
iron haematoxylin.) x 3420. FIG.3. Epidermis showing mucous cells containing flat basal nuclei. and
opening Lo the surraw by small pores. Nore thc presence of lymphatic spaces (arrows) containing lympho-
cytes between the basal cells. (Ehrlich's haematoxylin/eosin.) x 2280. FIG.4. Epidermis showing saccirom
granular cells (arrows) having granular contents and openina to the surface. (Ehrlich's hacmatoxylin/eosin,
Helly's fluid fixed tissue,) x 2960. FIG.5 . Epidermis showing the presencc of lipids (sta~nedblack) in the
cells of the outermost layer. The peripheral areas OF the glands (arrows) also gave weak positive reactions.
(Sudan black. 2 0 - ~ mfrozen sect ion.) x 1825. FIG.6. Epidermis showing phospholipids at rhc free margins of
the polygonal cells of the outermost layer (arrows) and at the peripheral cytoplasm of mucous cells and
sacciform granulated cells. (Acid haemat in test, 2 h r n frozen section.) x 2780. Frc. 7. Epidermis showing high
alkaline phosphatase activity in the basal ceIls(arrows). Note weak reaction at the peripheral areas of poly-
gonal cells. (Calcium cobalt method for alkalinc phosphatase, 30-pm frozen section.) x 3420. FIG. 8.
Epidermis show~ngmucous celts (~tainedgreenish bIue with a purplish tinge in original) secreting muco-
polysaccharides forming a thick coat on the sudace. (Periodic acid - Schiff's/alcian blue.) x 3420.
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TABLE 1
A summary of the cell types and their cytology within different layers of the epidermis of Channa striata
Average dimensions. Dm
- - -
stained nucleolus
Mucous cells Elongated flask- 30.0 8.5 Homogeneous, Darkly stained, basal, flat VI
5
shaped or sac- slightly or crescentic, without much
like basophilic differentiation of chromatin
material
Sacciform 25.0 13.0 Homogeneous, Basal. round or oval with
granulated slightly well-differentiated chromatin
cells basophilic material and nucleolus
Outermost Polygonal Polygonal or 6.0 5.0 Homogeneous, Centrally placed. round or
layer cells roughly slightly oval having well-differentiated
triangular basophilic chromatin material and a
deeply stained nucleolus
Chloride 6.0 2.5 Granular, Basal, spherical or oval,
cells eosinophilic without much differentiation
of chromatin material
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TABLE 2
A summary of the cytochemistry of the various components of the epidermis of Channa striatu
Polygonal cells
Sacciform
Serial Cytochemical Basement Basal Middle Outermost Mucous granuIated
No. technique Fixative Section Reference membrane Lymphocytes cells layer layer cells cells
Schiff's Bouin's fluid, Paraffin Pearse 1968 - - - - -
without IOZ neutral
oxidation formal i n
Periodic acid - Bouin's Ruid, Paraffin McManus 1946 +M - +M +M -
Schjif (PAS) I neutral
rormal in
Biastaso/PAS Bouin's fluid, Paraffin Lillie and +M - +M +M -
10% neutral Greco I947
fomalin
SaIiva/PAS Bouin's fluid. Paraffin Pearse 1964 +M - +M +M -
1% neutral
formalin
Alcian blue, Bouin's Ruid, Paraffin Lev and +GB - +GB +++GB -
pH 0.5-1.0 10% neutral Spicer 1964
formalin
PASlAB Bouin's fluid, Paraffin Pearsc 1968 +Pur - +Pur + + +GBP -
10x neutral
formalin
AE/PAS Bouin's fluid, Parafin Peam 1968 +PUT - +Pur + + +GBP -
10% neutral
Formalin
Th ion ine Bouin's fluid. Paraffin Parse 1968 +meta + + ortho + + +meta f + +meta + +ortho
10% neutral
formatin
abtuidine Bouin's h i d , Paraffin Tock and
Rlue 10% neutral Pearse 1965
formalin
pH 2 - +ortho +meta - +ortho
pH 3 + meta + ortho + fmeta - + ortho
pH 4 + meta + +ortho -
+ + +meta + + meta + +ortho
pld 5 + meta 7+ ortho + + +meta + + +meta + +ortho
Mallory's Helly's fluid Paraffin Jones 1950 +B1 + +OR + B1 + B1 +++R
triple stain
Sudan black B 10% neutral Frozen Casselman +B - ++B IkB -
formalin, 1959
form01
calcium
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838
CAN. J. ZOOL. VOL. 53. 1975
MITTAL AND BANERJEE: SKIN OF CHANNA STRIATA. 1. EPIDERMIS 839
glands: the mucous cells and the sacciform or roughly triangular cells (Figs. 1 and 3), each
granulated cells. Between the gland cells were having a flat outer cell boundary. Orifices of
polygonal cells (Tables 1 and 2; Figs. 1 and 3) slime glands from the middle layer were discern-
which were often vertically elongated as a result ible in this layer. Cells showed an accumulation
of the lateral pressure of the glands. Fine inter- of minute sudanophilic granules (Fig. 5). The
cellular spaces were discernible between these free cell margins stained comparatively dark,
cells. Using Heidenhain's and Regaud's methods gave a strong positive reaction for phospholipids
for mitochondria, a few minute black granules (Fig. 6) and succinic dehydrogenase, and showed
were seen inside polygonal cells. They did not moderate alkaline phosphatase activity (Fig. 7).
give positive color reactions for mucopoly- The same areas also gave moderate color reac-
saccharides, lipids, or calcium. Weak succinic tions for calcium and sulfated acid mucopoly-
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dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activi- saccharide (Table 1). Between these polygonal
ties were, however, discernible (Table 2). cells some small mitochondria-rich gland cells,
the chloride cells (Table l), opened to the sur-
Mucous Cells
face by narrow pores. These cells have been
The mucous cells were large (Table l), very described separately by Banerjee and Mittal
often reaching up to the basal layer (Figs. 3, 6,
(1974).
and 8) and opening on the surface by small
The epidermis of Channa striata was non-
pores through which they voided their secre-
keratinized and did not give positive reactions
tions to form a thick coat over the surface of the with the DDD technique for cysteine-bound
epidermis (Figs. 3 and 8). Because of the heavy
sulfhydryl groups and Papanicolou's stain for
accumulation of secretory products, the cyto-
keratin. Pear-shaped taste buds lying directly
plasm and nucleus formed a thin rim at the
periphery of each cell (Fig. 3). Secretions were on the basement membrane were also present.
basophilic, refringent, vacuolated, and con-
tained strongly acidic sulfated mucopolysac- Discussion
charides (Table 2; Fig. 8). The peripheral areas The following features of the stratum ger-
For personal use only.
of these cells gave positive color reactions for minativum of C. striata are noteworthy. Moder-
calcium, phospholipids (Fig. 6), and alkaline ately high levels of metabolic activity are sug-
phosphatase activity (Table 2). gested by dense populations of mitochondria.
Sacciform Granulated Cells A strong positive alkaline phosphatase test is
These unicellular glands (Table 1; Fig. 1) probably indicative of active cell division
attained voluminous dimensions, often extend- (Bevelander and Johnson 1945; Symons 1955;
ing from the stratum germinativum and opening Mori et al. 1960). Moderate levels of succinic
to the surface by narrow pores (Figs. 4 and 6). dehydrogenase probably indicate comparatively
Secretory contents of these cells showed shrink- low rates of cell division. Because an outer
age in most of the fixatives used and were keratin layer is not formed in this species, the
granular when observed in tissues fixed in rate of cell replacement may be slower than in
Regaud's and Helly's fluid (Fig. 4). In Bouin's species where a keratinized layer is continuously
fluid and 10% neutral formalin the contents sloughed off (Mittal and Banerjee 1974~).
appeared more or less homogeneous and partly A well-defined lymphatic plexus between the
eosinophilic and partly basophilic in haematoxy- cells of the basal layer of the epidermis is
linleosin preparations (Fig. 1). The granular present in C. striata. Mittal and Munshi (1971)
contents were acidophilic and orthochromatic, and Mittal and Banerjee (1974b) also reported
stained bluish black in iron haematoxylin the presence of lymphocytes within well-defined
preparations, and gave strong reaction for basic lymphatic spaces in the epidermis of various
proteins and calcium (Table 2). The thin peri- fishes. Photomicrographic preparations of the
pheral areas of these cells gave positive color epidermis of Cottus pollux, Myoxocephalus sp.
reactions for calcium and phospholipids (Fig. (Sato 1967), and Carassius carassius (Yamada
6), and showed moderate alkaline phosphatase 1968; Henrikson and Matoltsy 1968a) clearly
activity (Table 2). showed the presence of such structures between
the cells of the stratum germinativum, although
Outermost Layer these authors made no reference to them in their
This consisted of a single layer of polygonal descriptions. Percy (1970) described lymphoid
CAN. 1. ZOOL. VOL. 53, 1975
TABLE 3
Names proposed by various authors for the sac-like cells having
acidophilic granular contents
Author Nomenclature
Studnicka (1906) Sackforrnige serose Driisen
Rauther (1907) Kornerd~sen
Hase (1911) Offene Kolben
Bhatti (1938) Sac cells
Bertin (1958) Sacciform cells
Sato (1967) Eosinophilic vesicles
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cells, mainly distributed in the lower layer of priate since the cytoplasmic contents of mito-
epidermis of Carassius auratus. However, he chondria-rich chloride cells found in fish skin
could not establish the presence of lymph spaces are also granular (Banerjee and Mittal 1974;
between the basal cells. Mittal and Munshi Mittal and Banerjee, unpublished data) and the
(1974) reported the enlargement of lymphatic mucous cells in C. striata are also voluminous
spaces which became gorged with lymphocytes and sac-like in outline.
during wound-healing experiments in Rita rita The contents of sacciform granulated cells in
(Siluriformes, Bagridae). C. striata are acidophilic, siderophilic, contain
The epidermis of C. striata is mainly com- basic proteins, and do not give positive reac-
posed of three types of gland cells: the chloride tions for mucopolysaccharides and lipids (Table
cells (Banerjee and Mittal 1974), the mucous 2). Mittal and Banerjee (unpublished data) made
cells, and the sacciform granulated cells. Islam similar observations in the skin of Tetraodon
(1951) reported the complete absence of mucous fluviatilis (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae).
For personal use only.
glands in the epidermis of another species of the These cells in the epidermis of M. pancalus and
genus Channa (Ophicephalus (Channa) gachua) A. cuchia also show the absence of mucopoly-
and pointed out that the sac cells are the only saccharides (Mittal and Munshi 1971) and in
glandular elements present. His conclusions Blepsias cirrhosus stain more easily with acid
were not based on cytochemical analyses. dyes than basic (Sato 1967). Further investiga-
According to Van Oosten (1957), fishes having tions are needed to fully elucidate their cyto-
scales are provided with few mucous glands. chemical nature.
Mittal and Munshi (1971) described large Mittal and Banerjee (1974~)pointed out that
numbers of mucous cells in Mastacembelus there is an inverse relationship between the
pancalus (Perciformes, Mastacembelidae) and degree of keratinization and the abundance and
Amphipnous cuchia (Synbranchiformes, Am- types of various slime-secreting glands. The
phipnoidae). Both have thin and rudimentary large number of mucous glands and voluminous
scales, with those of A . cuchia imbedded deep sacciform granular cells in the unkeratinized
in the dermis. The present investigation also epidermis of C . striata support this hypothesis.
revealed the presence of many mucous glands in In addition to the various unicellular glands,
the skin of C. striata along with well-developed the epidermis of C. striata is mainly composed
scales (Mittal and Banerjee 1975). Mittal and of numerous polygonal cells. Henrikson and
Munshi (l970), on'the other hand, reported very Matoltsy (1968a), Kitzan and Sweeny (1968),
few mucous glands in a scaleless siluroid fish, and Yamada (1968) demonstrated the presence
Bagarius bagarius (Siluriformes, Sisoridae). Thus, of bundles of long filaments in the cytoplasm of
Van Oosten's (1957) hypothesis is not tenable. similar cells in the epidermis of various fishes and
A new term, sacciform granulated cells, is labelled them 'filament containing cells.' The
proposed for the cells, which are invariably sac- polygonal cells in the outermost layer of the
like in outline having coarse or finely granular epidermis of C. striata showed comparatively
contents. Names proposed by various authors higher succinic dehydrogenase activity than the
for these (Table 3) do not seem to be appro- underlying cells in the epidermis, indicating their
MITTAL AND BANERJEE: SKIN OF CHANNA STRIATA. I. EPIDERMIS
TABLE 4
Thickness of the epidermis in various fish and amphibians
metabolically active state. No succinic dehydro- The presence of lipids (Table 2) in the poly-
genase activity was observed in the most super- gonal cells in the outermost epidermal layer of
For personal use only.
ficial layer of the epidermis of B. bagarius (Mittal C. striata is very significant. Mittal and Banerjee
and Banerjee 1974a), which is a dead keratinized (1874a) aEso reported phospholipids in the most
layer. superficial, cornified Iaycr of the epidermis of
The present investigations show sulfated acid 8, hagarius and correlated their presence with
mucopolysaccharides in the polygonal cells of the slowing down of water movement through
the outermost layer of epidermis. Mittal and the skin in accordance with Berenson and Burch
Banerjee (1974a, 1974b) made similar observa- (1951), Blank (1952), Blank et al. (1967), Onken
tions in the epidermis of Notopterus notopterus and Moyer (1963), Blank and Scheuplein (1964),
(Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) and B. baga- and Matoltsy et al. (1968), who pointed out that
rius. Kitzan and Sweeny (1968) reported the bound phospholipids may play an important
presence of electron-dense PAS-positive mucous role in retarding the rate of water exchange
granules in the outermost epidermal layer of through the skin.
Protopterus annectens. Yamada (1968) and Slime on the skin of C . striata is mainly com-
Whitear (1970) also reported electron-dense posed of mucus secreted from the mucous
vesicles in the cells of the outer layers of the glands and surface polygonal cells, along with
epidermis of several species of fishes. The basic proteins from the sacciform granulated
presence of mucus in the polygonal filament- cells and lipids from the surface polygonal cells.
containing cells may be an adaptation for the The phospholipid cantent of the slime may link
aquatic mode of life, since mucus has also been the neutral lipids to the mucoid and protein
reported in the epidermal cells of amphibians components (Lewis 1970) to form a thick vis-
(Parakkal and Matoltsy 1964; Farquhar and cous coat. According to Lewis (1970), a shift
Palade 1965) and a turtle (Matoltsy and Huszar towards greater polarity of the mucous lipids
1972). Such granules have not been observed in appears to be an adaptation to aquatic conditions
epidermal cells of terrestrial Squamata (Bryant and may protect the skin from bacterial and
et al. 1967), mammals, or birds (Matoltsy and fungal attacks, as with surface lipids of human
Huszar 1972). skin, described by Rothman (1954). Letterer
842 CAN. J . ZOOL. VOL. 53, 1975
(1959) and Rogers (1961) have shown that BANERIEE,T. K., and A. K. MITTAL.1974. A cytochemi-
mucus can bind large amounts of water. A thick cal study of the "Chloride cells" in the skin of a fresh
water teleost Channa striata (Bl.) (Channidae, Pisces).
coating of slime on C, striata may facilitate Acta Histochem. In press.
respiration by keeping the skin moist and may BAKER,J. R. 1946. The histochemical recognition of lipine.
also protect it from desiccation as ponds dry up. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 87: 4 4 1 4 7 0 .
Machin (1965) reported that the freshly secreted BARRNETT, R. J., and A. M. SELIGMAN. 1952. Histochem-
mucus in snails lessens water loss from the skin ical demonstration of protein bound sulphydryl groups.
Science (Wash. D.C.), 116: 323-327.
surface by evaporation and concluded that con- BERENSON,G. S., and G. E. BURCH. 1951. Studies of
tinuous production of fresh mucus was essential diffusion of water through dead human skin: The effect
for preventing otherwise unprotected epithelial of different environmental states and of chemical altera-
cells from drying out. The presence of lipids in tions of the epidermis. Am. J. Trop. Med. 31: 842.
Can. J. Zool. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN on 11/11/14
M. pancalus and A. cuchia, for which the epi- BRYANT,S. V . , A. S. BREATHNAK, and A. d'A. BEL-
dermis is thin (Table 4) and the skin richly LAIRS.1967. Ultrastructure of the epidermis of the lizard
(Lacerata, Vivipara) at the resting stage of the sloughing
supplied with blood capillaries. Krogh (1904) cycle. J. Zool. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 152: 207-219.
and Jeuken (1957) have reported that fish such CASSELMAN, W. G. B. 1959. Histochemical technique.
as eel and pond-loach are able to meet nearly John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
all of their oxygen demands through their skin. CLAYDON, E. C. 1955. Practical section cutting and stain-
ing. J. & A . Churchill Ltd., London.
Both eel (Anguilla anguilla) (Anguilliformes, FARQUHAR, M. G., and G. E. PALADE.1965. Celljunctions
Anguillidae) and pond-loach (Misgurunus fos- in amphibian skin. J . Cell. Biol. 26: 263-291.
silis) (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) have a very GOMORI,G. 1952. Microscopic histochemistry: principles
thick epidermis (Table 4). In C. striata the skin and practice. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, II-
is richly supplied with blood capillaries (Mittal linois.
GREENWOOD, P. H., D. E. ROSEN,S. H. WEITZMAN, and
and Banerjee 1975) and the epidermis is even G. S . MYERS.1966. Phylytic studies of teleostean fishes,
thinner than the epidermis of some of the with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull.
amphibians that also respire through the skin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 131, Article4. pp. 341-455.
(Table 4), suggesting that the skin is an import- GUNTHER,A. C. 1880. An introduction to the study of
fishes. 1963 printing. Today and Tomorrow's Book
ant organ of respiration. Agency, New Delhi.
GURR,E. 1958. Methods of analytical histology and his-
tochemistry. Leonard Hill, London.
Aicknowledgments HASE, A. 1911. Studien iiber das Integument von
We are grateful to Prof. J. S. Datta Munshi, Cyclopterus lampus. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der En-
twicklung der Haut und des Hautskelettes von Knocken
Head of the Postgraduate Department of Fischen. Z. Naturwiss. Liepz. 47: 217-342.
Zoology, Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, HENRIKSON, R. C., and A. G. MATOLTSY.1%8a. The fine
India, for encouragement and his keen interest structure of teleost epidermis I. Introduction and
in the work. We also thank Prof. J. P. Thapliyal, filament containing cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 21:
194-212.
Head of Zoology Department, Banaras Hindu 1%8b. The fine structure of teleost epidermis 111.
University, for providing necessary laboratory Club cells and other cell types. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 21:
facilities. 222-232.
MITTAL AND BANERJEE: SKIN OF CHANNA STRIATA. 1. EPIDERMIS 843
HORA,S. L., and T. V. R. PILLAY.1962. Handbook on fish -1975. Histochemistry and the structure of the skin
culture in the Indo-Pacific region. F A 0 Fish. Biol. of a murrel, Channa striata (Bloch, 1797) (Chan-
Tech. Pap. No. 14. Fisheries Division, Biology Branch, niformes, Channidae). 11. Dermis and subcutis. Can. J.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- Zool. 53. This issue.
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ISLAM,A. 1951. On the histology of skin of certain teleost integument of a fresh-water teleost, Bagarius bagarius
fishes. Pak. J. Sci. 3: 37-38. (Ham.) (Sisoridae, Pisces) J. Morphol. 130: 3-10.
JAKUBOWSKI, M. 1958. The structure and vascularization -1971. A comparative study of the structure of the
of the skin of pond-loach (Misgurunusfossilis L.). Acta skin of certain air-breathing fresh-water teleosts. J.
Biol. Cracov. Ser. Zool. 1: 113-127. Zool. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 163: 515-532.
1960~.The structure and vascularization of the skin 1974. On the regeneration and repair of superficial
of the Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) and the Viviparous wounds in the skin of Rita rita (Ham.) (Bagridae,
Blenny (Zoarces viviparus L.) Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Pisces). Acta Anat. 88: 424-442.
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LEV,R., and S. S. SPICER.1964. Specific staining of sul- RAUTHER, M. 1907. Einige Beobachtungen iiber die Haut
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of skin surface lipid. Lipids, 5: 947-949. nate. Symp. Biochem. Soc. 20: 51-78.
LILLIE,R. D. 1954. Histopathologic techniques and prac- ROSEN,M. W., and N. E. CORNFORD. 1971. Fluid friction
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Hill Book Co., New York. ROTHMAN, S. 1954. In Physiology and biochemistry of the
LILLIE,R. D., and J. GRECO.1947. Malt diastase and skin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. (vide
ptyalin in place of saliva in the identificationof glycogen. Lewis 1970).
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