Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna

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Learning Outcomes

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a one to two-hour class discussion on
the nature Philosophy. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to
Asynchronous) this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on _______________________________________

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is Philosophy? What is the brief history of Philosophy?
2. What are the different philosophical concepts and languages?
3. What are different branches of Philosophy and its definition?
4. What are philosophical questions?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced)
Philosophy

I. Philosophy – is the study of general and fundamental questions.. The term was
probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BCE). Philosophical
methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and
systematic presentation. Philosophy is the study of underlying things, such as
those about reason, existence, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such
questions are often posed as problems] to be studied or resolved. This means
philosophy tries to understand the reasons or basis for things. It also tries to
understand how things should be. "Philosophia" is the Ancient Greek word for
the "love of wisdom".[1] A person who does philosophy is called a philosopher.
A philosopher is a kind of thinker or researcher. A "philosophy" can also mean a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

group of ideas by philosophers, or by a philosopher.[2] Philosophy is a way of

thinking about the world, the universe, and society. In the past, sciences were
part of philosophy as well. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570
– c. 495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical
discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.
History
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The etymological meaning of the word 'Philosophy' is 'love of wisdom'. It
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comes from the Greek word 'Philosophia', with 'Philo' meaning 'beloved' or
“love”and 'Sophia' meaning 'wisdom'.[4]
There are different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some
philosophers came from Ancient Greece, such as Plato and Aristotle. Others
came from Asia, such as Confucius or Buddha and Laozi. Some philosophers are
from the Middle Ages in Europe, such as William of Ockham or Saint Thomas
Aquinas.
Philosophers from the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s included Thomas Hobbes, René
Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. Philosophers from the
1900s included Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Jean-Paul Sartre.
II.

III. Five Branches of Philosophy

Philosophy can be divided into five branches which address the following
questions:

Metaphysics Study of Existence What's out there?

Epistemology Study of Knowledge How do I know about it?

Ethics Study of Action What should I do?

Politics Study of Force What actions are permissible?

Esthetics Study of Art What can life be like?

There is a hierarchical relationship between these branches as can be seen in

the Concept Chart. At the root is Metaphysics, the study of existence and the
nature of existence. Closely related is Epistemology, the study of knowledge and
how we know about reality and existence. Dependent on Epistemology is Ethics,
the study of how man should act. Ethics is dependent on Epistemology because it is
impossible to make choices without knowledge. A subset of Ethics is Politics: the

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

study of how men should interact in a proper society and what constitutes
proper. Esthetics, the study of art and sense of life is slightly separate, but depends
on Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Ethics.

What is Metaphysics?

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is

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the foundation of a worldview. It answers the question "What is?" It encompasses

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everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It says whether the
world is real, or merely an illusion. It is a fundamental view of the world around us.

Why is Metaphysics important?

Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an

interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality.
We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our
metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to
comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all
knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more
difficult to live.

What is Epistemology?
Epistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge. It answers the
question, "How do we know?" It encompasses the nature of concepts, the
constructing of concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as
thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. It is concerned with
how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or
invalid.
Why is Epistemology important?

Epistemology is the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able

to determine the true from the false, by determining a proper method of
evaluation. It is needed in order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around
us. Without epistemology, we could not think. More specifically, we would have no
reason to believe our thinking was productive or correct, as opposed to random
images flashing before our mind. With an incorrect epistemology, we would not be
able to distinguish truth from error. The consequences are obvious. The degree to
which our epistemology is correct is the degree to which we could understand
reality, and the degree to which we could use that knowledge to promote our lives
and goals. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for
man. It answers the question, "What do I do?" It is the study of right and wrong in
human endeavors. At a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we
categorize
ISO our values and pursue them. Do we pursue our own happiness, or do
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we sacrifice ourselves to a greater cause? Is that foundation of ethics based on the

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Bible, or on the very nature of man himself, or neither?

Why is Ethics important?

Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is our means of deciding a course of

action. Without it, our actions would be random and aimless. There would be no
way to work towards a goal because there would be no way to pick between a
limitless number of goals. Even with an ethical standard, we may be unable to
pursue our goals with the possibility of success. To the degree which a rational
ethical standard is taken, we are able to correctly organize our goals and actions to
accomplish our most important values. Any flaw in our ethics will reduce our ability
to be successful in our endeavors.

The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending,

and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers
today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas:
metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.
Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what
they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than
expressions of our individual emotions? Metaethical answers to these
questions focus on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of
reason in ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves.
Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to arrive at moral
standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve
articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we
should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others.
Finally, applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such
as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns,
homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war.

What is Politics?

Politics is ethics applied to a group of people.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

Why is this Important?

Politics tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a
society. Except for hermits, this comes up a lot.

What is Esthetics (Aesthetics)?

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Esthetics is the study of art. It includes what art consists of, as well as the purpose
behind it. Does art consist of music, literature, and painting? Or does it include a
good engineering solution, or a beautiful sunset? These are the questions that
aimed at in esthetics. It also studies methods of evaluating art, and allows
judgments of the art. Is art in the eye of the beholder? Does anything that appeals
to you fit under the umbrella of art? Or does it have a specific nature? Does it
accomplish a goal?

Why is Esthetics important?

Art has existed through all of recorded human history. It is unique to humans
because of our unique form of thinking. Its importance is based on this nature,
specifically, man's ability to abstract. Art is a little understood tool of man to bring
meaning to abstract concept. Esthetics is important because it delves into the
reason why art has always existed, the burning need of mankind through the ages
to see the world in a different, clear way. It further evaluates art by the standard of
human life, and whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man's intellectual
needs, or whether it tends to hurt or make worse those needs.

Other branches includes:

Logic is the attempt to codify the rules of rational thought. Logicians explore the
structure of arguments that preserve truth or allow the optimal extraction of
knowledge from evidence. More formally, logic is the study of the structure of
arguments. Logic is one of the primary tools philosophers use in their inquiries; the
precision of logic helps philosophers to cope with the subtlety of philosophical
problems and the often misleading nature of conversational language.

Philosophy of mind is the philosophical study of the exact nature of the mind,

mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness, and of
whether these have a relationship with the physical body: the so-called "mind -
body problem."

There are many other topics in philosophy which deal with one or more of these
branches. For example:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

 Philosophy of education
 Philosophy of language
 Philosophy of religion
 Philosophy of science
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Who is the father of philosophy?
Socrates of Athens (l. c. 470/469-399 BCE) is among the most famous figures in
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world history for his contributions to the development of ancient

Greek philosophy which provided the foundation for all of Western Philosophy. He
is, in fact, known as the "Father of Western Philosophy" for this reason.
Category:Philosophers by period
 Ancient philosophy (600 B.C.E. –1000 C.E.)
 Medieval philosophy (1000 C.E.–1500 C.E.)
 Modern philosophy (1500 C.E.–1900 C.E)
 Contemporary philosophy (1900 C.E. - present)

Philosophy raises questions that address fundamental issues and beliefs and which
require complex thinking rather than empirical research to answer which are
known as Philosophical questions.
Sample of philosophical questions.
1. Why is there something rather than nothing?
2. Is our universe real?
3. Do we have free will
4. Does God exist?
5. Is there life after death?
6. Is there a meaning to life?
 7. What does it mean to live a good life?
8. What should be the goal of humanity?
9. What is the best way for a person to attain happiness?
10. What is the meaning of true love?

There are many philosophical questions that covers varied topics like life, love,
death, nature, values, attitudes, beliefs, traditions, self, mind, soul, spirit, emotions,
faith, existence…etc.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

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Performance Tasks

A. Write a reflection paper about the videos posted in our google classroom.
It should mirror on how you understand and analyze it and how it relates to your
personal experiences.
Plus, jot down notes of keywords and its meaning.

1. What is Philosophy?
2. What is metaethics?
3. What is Ethics?

B. Create your own Personal Philosophy in Life.

(It can be one or two paragraphs which is concise and clear in its expression.)
A personal philosophy is a set of guiding principles that we live by. It influences
everything from the words you say, to the steps you take. Creating a personal
philosophy, is understanding how to set a vision, and learning your character strengths
are central to improving and optimizing your mindset. Our patterns of thoughts
influence how we perform. Therefore, embracing a personal philosophy is how we
enhance awareness of our thought patterns in order to pursue our lives to the best we

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

can be.

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Understanding Directed Assess

Informal Essay Rubric

Features 4 3 2 1

Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner

Quality of Piece was written in Piece was written in Piece had little style Piece had no style or
Writing an extraordinary an interesting style or voice voice
style and voice and voice
Gives some new Gives no new
Very informative Somewhat information but information and very
and well-organized informative and poorly organized poorly organized
organized
Grammar, Virtually no spelling, Few spelling and A number of So many spelling,
Usage & punctuation or punctuation errors, spelling, punctuation and
Mechanics grammatical errors minor grammatical punctuation or grammatical errors that it
errors grammatical errors interferes with the
meaning

Learning Resources
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/applied-and-social-sciences-
https://owlcation.com/humanities/100-Philosophical-Questions-that-Make-You-
Think-and-Discussmagazines/philosophical-questions-their-nature-and-
function
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https://competetocreate.net/create-personal-philosophy/#:~:text=A%20personal
%20philosophy%20is%20a,conceptualize%20philosophies%20in%20many
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%20ways.
https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-rubric-2081367

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