Presentation

Contents

Course & Subject Profile:

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
UNIT 1: Climate Responsive and Environmental
3) Thermal Sustainable Design: An Introduction
Comfort UNIT 2: Warm Climate and the Building Context`
4) Energy UNIT 3: Cold Climate and the Building Context
Performance
UNIT 4: Sustainability and Climate Responsive Design
5) Visual
Comfort UNIT 5: Design Performance Measures
6) Ventilation UNIT 6: Building Structure and Climatic Considerations
7) Mech. UNIT 7: Roofs and Attics
Ventilation & UNIT 8: Walls and Floors
Air- UNIT 9: Environmental Acoustics
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Design Performance Measures
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic The performance measures used during the
3) Thermal design stage varies based on the strategies
Comfort used in the design of the built structure.
4) Energy
Performance If building is free running using primarily
5) Visual passive systems then it is appropriate to use
Comfort
THERMAL COMFORT as the main indicator of
6) Ventilation performance.
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air- However if the building uses active systems
Conditioning then the mechanical systems that provide
8) Conclusion thermal comfort , the main indicator of
9) References performance is ENERGY USE.
Presentation
Contents Thermal Comfort

1) Introduction Comfort can be defined as complete physical

2) Lecture Topic and mental well being.
3) Thermal
Comfort THERMAL COMFORT is a subset of the
4) Energy comfort definition and is a very complex area
Performance of study. Being related with design and the
5) Visual designer, it manipulates the environmental
Comfort factors with the built environment towards
6) Ventilation human comfort.
7) Mech. Major factors include :
Ventilation &
Air- 1. Air temperature
Conditioning 2. Radiation
8) Conclusion 3. Air velocity / movement
9) References 4. Humidity
Presentation
Contents
Thermal Comfort
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic Thermal comfort is relative and may vary from
3) Thermal person to person, space to space, location to
Comfort location, context to context and so on…….
4) Energy
Performance Despite these difficulties research has
5) Visual provided some general methods to help
Comfort
designers devise systems to measure the
6) Ventilation thermal comfort.
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air- From the neutrality temperature, a comfort
Conditioning zone can be defined as 2 degree Celsius
8) Conclusion above or below the neutrality temperature.
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Thermal Comfort

1) Introduction
The condition in which the thermal
2) Lecture Topic
environment of a homoeothermic animal is
3) Thermal such that its heat production (metabolism) is
Comfort
not increased either by cold stress or heat
4) Energy stress. The temperature range in which this
Performance
minimum occurs is called the zone of thermal
5) Visual
Comfort neutrality. For humans, this zone is 25°–31°C .
6) Ventilation
7) Mech. Incase the local climatic conditions were
Ventilation & worsen and the temperature ranges above or
Air- below the stated range, strategic planning and
Conditioning design interventions are required to addresses
8) Conclusion the issues through passive design
9) References opportunities.
Presentation
Contents
Thermal Comfort

1) Introduction Multiple level decisions could help in these

2) Lecture Topic scenarios. First level strategies include local
3) Thermal climatic data based decisions like orientation
Comfort of building, air movement flow directional
4) Energy study, etc.
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort Second level focuses on the building façade
6) Ventilation and fabric treatment to avoid heat gain and
7) Mech. heat grab effects.
Ventilation &
Air- Third level focuses on the heat gain in specific
Conditioning
areas of the building like atriums, kitchens,
8) Conclusion living spaces, etc and then opting for design
9) References solutions to address the issues.
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation & With high concern for energy use by the
Air- buildings, designers need to assist in the
Conditioning saving through life cycle cost analysis of the
8) Conclusion energy use in a building designed or yet to be
9) References designed.
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction With energy costs of the building capital

2) Lecture Topic sometimes surpasses the capital cost of the
3) Thermal building construction and its development
Comfort costs. As it may opt for almost 40% of the
4) Energy overall complex building through HVAC
Performance systems installation and operations may be
5) Visual even more expensive with maintenance costs
Comfort over the span of the project life cycle.
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation & This condition forced designers to opt for
Air- strategies to decrease the building energy
Conditioning needs in not only erection of the structure,
8) Conclusion construction but also in operations.
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction Energy use can be divided into two major

2) Lecture Topic sectors for efficiency purposes i.e. Demand
3) Thermal side & supply side. Supply systems opt for
Comfort energy generation while demand side is
4) Energy mainly about the usage of the energy.
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort First important rule to save energy is to
6) Ventilation REDUCE its usage.
7) Mech. Second is to produce it through renewable
Ventilation & resources.
Air- Third rule is to calculate the loads and then
Conditioning
opt for systems that can be best integrated in
8) Conclusion a sustainable fashion towards long term
9) References building operations.
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction Good strategy for energy conservation and

2) Lecture Topic reduced usage is to opt for rectangular plans
3) Thermal with service cores on the ends with building
Comfort orientation of East to West & higher ceiling
4) Energy heights optimizing the natural cross ventilation
Performance as shown in the figure below:
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction Good strategy for energy conservation and

2) Lecture Topic reduced usage is to opt for rectangular plans
3) Thermal with service cores on the ends with building
Comfort orientation of East to West & higher ceiling
4) Energy heights optimizing the natural cross ventilation
Performance as shown in the figure below:
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction This strategy provided 30% more energy

2) Lecture Topic savings as compared to a building with square
3) Thermal plan and services core at the center with low
Comfort ceiling heights.
4) Energy Energy simulation tools / softwares could also
Performance
be used for the energy optimization in design
5) Visual
Comfort stage by the designers.
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Energy Performance

1) Introduction This strategy provided 30% more energy

2) Lecture Topic savings as compared to a building with square
3) Thermal plan and services core at the center with low
Comfort ceiling heights.
4) Energy Energy simulation tools / softwares could also
Performance
be used for the energy optimization in design
5) Visual
Comfort stage by the designers.
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic Day lighting is the controlled admission of
3) Thermal natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused-
Comfort skylight into a building to reduce electric
4) Energy lighting and saving energy.
Performance By providing a direct link to the dynamic and
5) Visual perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor
Comfort
illumination, day lighting helps create a
6) Ventilation visually stimulating and productive
7) Mech. environment for building occupants, while
Ventilation &
Air- reducing as much as one-third of total building
Conditioning energy costs.
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
The science of day lighting design is not just
1) Introduction how to provide enough daylight to an occupied
2) Lecture Topic space, but how to do so without any
3) Thermal undesirable side effects.
Comfort
Beyond adding windows or skylights to a
4) Energy space, it involves carefully balancing heat gain
Performance
and loss, glare control, and variations in
5) Visual
Comfort daylight availability.
6) Ventilation For example, successful day lighting designs
7) Mech. will carefully consider the use of shading
Ventilation & devices to reduce glare and excess contrast in
Air- the workspace. Additionally, window size and
Conditioning spacing, glass selection, the reflectance of
8) Conclusion interior finishes, and the location of any interior
9) References partitions must all be evaluated.
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
A day lighting system consists of systems,
1) Introduction technologies, and architecture. While not all of
2) Lecture Topic these components are required for every day
3) Thermal lighting system or design, one or more of the
Comfort following are typically present:
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual 1. Daylight-optimized building footprint
Comfort 2. Climate-responsive window-to-wall area
6) Ventilation ratio
7) Mech. 3. High-performance glazing
Ventilation &
Air- 4. Daylighting-optimized fenestration design
Conditioning 5. Skylights (passive or active)
8) Conclusion 6. Tubular daylight devices
9) References 7. Daylight redirection devices
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
1. Solar shading devices
1) Introduction
2. Daylight-responsive electric lighting
2) Lecture Topic
controls
3) Thermal
Comfort 3. Daylight-optimized interior design (such as

4) Energy furniture design, space planning, and room

Performance surface finishes).
5) Visual
Comfort Since day lighting components are normally
6) Ventilation integrated with the original building design,
7) Mech. it may not be possible to consider them for
Ventilation & a retrofit project.
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents Visual Comfort
If possible, the building footprint should be
optimized for day lighting.
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic If the project allows, consider a building
footprint that maximizes south and north
3) Thermal
Comfort exposures, and minimizes east and west
4) Energy exposures.
Performance With the building sited properly, the next
5) Visual consideration is to develop a climate-
Comfort responsive window-to-wall area ratio.
6) Ventilation Many day lighting designs will employ
7) Mech. skylights for top lighting, or admitting daylight
Ventilation & from above. While skylights can be either
Air- passive or active, the majority of skylights are
Conditioning
passive because they have a clear or diffusing
8) Conclusion medium (usually acrylic) that simply allows
9) References daylight to penetrate an opening in the roof.
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
1) Introduction Day lighting is an energy-efficient strategy that
2) Lecture Topic incorporates many technologies and design
3) Thermal philosophies. It is not a simple line item, and
Comfort can vary tremendously in scope and cost.
4) Energy Many elements of a day lighting
Performance implementation will likely already be part of a
5) Visual building design or retrofit (e.g. windows and
Comfort light fixtures), but a successful day lighting
6) Ventilation system will make use of the following
7) Mech. technology types and construction methods:
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
1) Introduction Exterior shading and control devices. In hot
2) Lecture Topic climates, exterior shading devices often work
3) Thermal well to both reduce head gain and diffuse
Comfort natural light before entering the work space.
4) Energy Examples of such devices include light
Performance shelves, overhangs, horizontal louvers,
5) Visual vertical louvers, and dynamic tracking of
Comfort reflecting systems.
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
Glazing materials. The simplest method to
1) Introduction maximize daylight within a space is to increase the
glazing area. However, three glass characteristics
2) Lecture Topic need to be understood in order to optimize a
3) Thermal fenestration system:
Comfort
U-value: represents the rate of heat transfer due
4) Energy to temperature difference through a particular
Performance glazing material.
5) Visual
Shading coefficient: a ratio of solar heat gain of a
Comfort
given glazing assembly compared to double-
6) Ventilation strength, single glazing. (A related term, solar heat
7) Mech. gain coefficient, is beginning to replace the term
Ventilation & shading coefficient.)
Air-
Conditioning Visible transmittance: a measure of how much
visible light is transmitted through a given glazing
8) Conclusion material.
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Visual Comfort
Aperture location. Simple side lighting
1) Introduction strategies allow daylight to enter a space and
2) Lecture Topic can also serve to facilitate views and
3) Thermal ventilation. Typically, the depth of daylight
Comfort penetration is about two and one-half times
4) Energy the distance between the top of a window and
Performance the sill.
5) Visual Reflectance's of room surfaces. Reflectance
Comfort values from room surfaces will significantly
6) Ventilation impact daylight performance and should be
7) Mech. kept as high as possible. It is desirable to keep
Ventilation & ceiling reflectance's over 80%, walls over
Air- 50%, and floors around 20%. Of the various
Conditioning
room surfaces, floor reflectance has the least
8) Conclusion impact on day lighting penetration.
9) References
Presentation
Contents Visual Comfort

RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS

1) Introduction There are various local and national codes and standards for
2) Lecture Topic distributed electric generator integration and interconnection
3) Thermal with the utilities. The following list identifies the existing codes
and standards applicable to day lighting.
Comfort
• ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise
4) Energy Residential Buildings
Performance • ASHRAE 189.1 Standard for the Design of High-Performance
Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
5) Visual
• Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Federal mandate)
Comfort
• U.S. Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and
6) Ventilation Environmental Design Building Rating System(s)
7) Mech. • Unified Facilities Criteria 3-530-01 Design, Interior and Exterior
Ventilation & Lighting and Controls
Air- • NREL Energy Technology Cost and Performance Data compares
cost estimates for renewable energy and other technologies on a
Conditioning national level.
8) Conclusion • ADDI
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Ventilation

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Ventilation

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Ventilation
Natural ventilation is the process of
1) Introduction supplying air to and removing air from an
2) Lecture Topic indoor space without using mechanical
3) Thermal systems. It refers to the flow of external air to
Comfort an indoor space as a result of pressure
4) Energy differences arising from natural forces. There
Performance are two types of natural ventilation occurring in
5) Visual buildings
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech. 1. wind driven ventilation and
Ventilation & 2. buoyancy-driven ventilation.
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Ventilation
Wind driven ventilation arises from the
1) Introduction different pressures created by wind around a
2) Lecture Topic building or structure, and openings being
3) Thermal formed on the perimeter which then permit
Comfort flow through the building.
4) Energy Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result
Performance
of the directional buoyancy force that results
5) Visual
Comfort from temperature differences between the
interior and exterior. Since the internal heat
6) Ventilation
gains which create temperature differences
7) Mech.
Ventilation & between the interior and exterior are
Air- created by natural processes including the
Conditioning heat from people, and wind effects are
8) Conclusion variable, naturally ventilated buildings are
9) References sometimes called "breathing buildings".
Presentation
Contents
Ventilation
Design guidelines are offered in building
1) Introduction regulations and other related literature and
2) Lecture Topic include a variety of recommendations on many
3) Thermal specific areas such as:
Comfort
1. Building location and orientation
4) Energy
Performance 2. Building form and dimensions

5) Visual 3. Indoor partitions and layout

Comfort 4. Window typologies, operation, location,
6) Ventilation and shapes
7) Mech. 5. Other aperture types (doors, chimneys)
Ventilation &
Air- 6. Construction methods and detailing
Conditioning (infiltration)
8) Conclusion 7. External elements (walls, screens)
9) References 8. Urban planning conditions
Presentation
Contents Ventilation
The following design guidelines are selected from
the Whole Building Design Guide, a program of
1) Introduction the National Institute of Building Sciences:
2) Lecture Topic 1. Maximize wind-induced ventilation by siting the
3) Thermal ridge of a building perpendicular to the summer
Comfort winds Widths of naturally ventilated zone should
4) Energy be narrow (max 13.7 m [45 feet])
Performance 2. Each room should have two separate supply and
5) Visual exhaust openings. Locate exhaust high above
Comfort inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows
6) Ventilation across the room and offset from each other to
maximize mixing within the room while
7) Mech. minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the
Ventilation & room.
Air-
Conditioning 3. Window openings should be operable by the
occupants
8) Conclusion
4. Consider the use of clerestories or vented
9) References skylights.
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is

2) Lecture Topic the technology of indoor and vehicular
3) Thermal environmental comfort. Its goal is to
Comfort provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air
4) Energy quality.
Performance HVAC system design is a sub-discipline
5) Visual of mechanical engineering, based on the principles
Comfort of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat
6) Ventilation transfer.
7) Mech. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's
Ventilation & abbreviation as HVAC&R
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration
6) Ventilation cycle:
1. Condenser coil (hot side heat exchanger, gas
7) Mech.
Ventilation & cools and liquefies)
Air- 2. Metering Device (liquid expands and cools)
Conditioning 3. Evaporator coil (cold side heat exchanger,
8) Conclusion liquid vaporizes and heats up)
9) References 4. Compressor (gas is compressed and heats up)
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic Where mechanical ventilation is necessary it can
3) Thermal be:
Comfort A circulation system such as a ceiling fan, which
4) Energy creates internal air movement, but does not
Performance introduce fresh air.
5) Visual A pressure system, in which fresh outside air is
Comfort blown into the building by inlet fans, creating a
6) Ventilation higher internal pressure than the outside air.
7) Mech. A vacuum system, in which stale internal air is
Ventilation & extracted from the building by an exhaust fan,
Air- creating lower pressure inside the building than
Conditioning the outside air.
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction Where mechanical ventilation is necessary it can

2) Lecture Topic be:
3) Thermal
Comfort
A balanced system that uses both inlet and
4) Energy extract fans, maintaining the internal air pressure
Performance at a similar level to the outside air and so
5) Visual reducing air infiltration and draughts.
Comfort
6) Ventilation
A local exhaust system that extracts local
7) Mech. sources of heat or contaminants at their source,
Ventilation &
such as cooker hoods, fume cupboards and so on.
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction
Four major criteria for the system selection is
2) Lecture Topic are as follows:
3) Thermal
1. Design flexibility.
Comfort
4) Energy 2. Site utilization.
Performance 3. Constant air quality through temperature &
5) Visual humidity control.
Comfort 4. Thermal comfort in high density
6) Ventilation population.
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References
Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning

1) Introduction
Criticism on Mechanical ventilation & systems
2) Lecture Topic is as follows:
3) Thermal
1. High market penetration of the
Comfort
sophisticated systems causing increase in
4) Energy
Performance building heating & cooling loads and poor
5) Visual energy efficiency.
Comfort 2. To conserve energy, less fresh air is drawn
6) Ventilation in the system making it un-healthy.
7) Mech. 3. Extensive usage of fixed / closed windows
Ventilation & without choice to open them.
Air-
Conditioning 4. Poor thermal design & high energy usage.
8) Conclusion 5. Poor air quality due to recycling leads to

9) References sick building syndrome.

Presentation
Contents
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Design priorities:
1) Introduction
Page 82 Table 3.6
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal Selection of System:
Comfort Page 83
4) Energy Maintenance:
Performance 1. Keep filters clean to minimize the
5) Visual resistance of the filter and permit maximum
Comfort
flow of air.
6) Ventilation
2. Keep coils clean to allow efficient flow of
7) Mech.
Ventilation & heat transfer.
Air- 3. Maintain sufficient level of refrigerant.
Conditioning 4. Use the manufacturers manual for
8) Conclusion maintenance.
9) References
Presentation
Contents

Conclusion
1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic Human comfort is the primary goal of the
3) Thermal climate responsive design.
Comfort Passive systems are to be promoted through
4) Energy design strategies.
Performance
Life cycle cost analysis is a must for any
5) Visual HVAC design selection criteria.
Comfort
Proposed design strategy needs to correlate
6) Ventilation
7) Mech. with the environmental considerations.
Ventilation & Energy evaluation / analysis should be done
Air- before the project / design is executed.
Conditioning Incorporate day lighting strategies based on
8) Conclusion the climatic data and contextual analysis of the
9) References proposed design.
Presentation
Contents

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air- References:
Conditioning Climate Responsive Design, Richard Hyde
8) Conclusion (2002), Spon Press, Taylor and Francis,
9) References London, New York
Presentation
Contents

1) Introduction
2) Lecture Topic
3) Thermal
Comfort Thanks for your time…..
4) Energy
Performance
5) Visual
Comfort
6) Ventilation Questions……..?
7) Mech.
Ventilation &
Air-
Conditioning
8) Conclusion
9) References