NAME: CHRISTIAN JOHN A.

SALUDAR
FINAL ASSESSMENT #1

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions/problems. Late submission of the answers

will mean a deduction of points.

1. What is a t-test? Explain.

The T-test is a procedure used to compare sample means and determine the presence
of sufficient evidence to infer that means of corresponding population distribution also
differ. It is a type of inferential statistic which determines the presence of a significant
difference between means of two groups. This test statistics comes with the assumption
of the null and alternative hypotheses. The resulting values are used to decide whether
to accept or reject the null hypothesis. This test statistic looks into the t-distribution
values, t-statistic, and degrees of freedom.
Examples for the application of t-test include determining a significant difference in
the compressive strength of concrete with admixture and plain concrete. This application
compares the mean compressive strength of plain concrete with the mean compressive
strength of concrete with admixture. This is necessary to determine if the effect of
admixture on the compressive strength of concrete is significant or not.

2. What are the three main types of t-tests? Discuss their differences with examples.

There are three main types of t-tests, viz:

a. Independent Samples (comparing the means of two different groups)
i. In this type of t-test, a sample is taken from two different populations,
or in other cases, members of group 1 are different from members of
group 2(no overlap of groups). After, variables of interest of the two
samples are determined. The T-test will then be used to determine
whether the means of the two sample distributions differ significantly
from each other.
ii. An example of this is determining whether the average score of women
for quiz 1 is significantly different from the average score of men for
quiz 1. Here, members of the women group and men group are very
different and the mean scores of the two groups for quiz 1 are
compared.

b. Paired Samples T-test(comparing means of two conditions where the same

people are in both groups)
i. This type of t-test is used to compare the mean scores of two variables
for a single and identical group. In other words, this type of t-test
 compares two means coming from the same groups. Means may come
from:
1. The measurement is taken at two different times (pre-test and
post-test with an intervention in between; pre-test scores of
students for mathematics and post-test scores of students after
taking mathematics lectures)
2. The measurement is taken at two different conditions (score of
taking an exam in a noisy room and score of taking an exam in a
quiet room)
3. The measurement is taken from two halves or sides of the
subject(losing the sight of the left eye vs. losing the sight of the
right eye)
ii. An example of this is comparing the mean score for quiz 1 and quiz 2 of
section 1. Here, the single group in section 1 and the variables
compared are both coming from section 1: quiz 1 mean score of section
1 and quiz 2 mean score of section 2.

c. One sample T-test(comparing the mean of a sample with a pre-specified mean)

i. Designed to test whether mean scores of distribution differ
significantly from a pre-set value. In most cases, the one-sample t-test
is used to determine the presence of a significant difference between
the mean score of the group and the mean score of the population.
Given this characteristic, the one-sample t-test can only compare a
sample mean with a constant and not compare the means between
groups.
ii. Other applications of one-sample t-test include:
1. Determining the statistical difference between the sample mean
and sample midpoint of the test variable
2. Determining the statistical difference between the change score
and zero
iii. An example of this is determining whether the stressful condition score
of a group is significantly different from the national mean score for the
stressful condition. Another example is comparing the NCAE score of a
particular university with the national NCAE score. Here, we have the
national NCAE Score as our pre-specified mean/value.
3. For the given problems below, write the null and alternative hypotheses and identify
the type of t-test that must be used.
(a) A stats professor wants to determine whether the average grade on Assignment
1 differs significantly from 23 (an A average).
 Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Ho: The average grade on Assignment 1 is equal to 23
Ha: The average grade on Assignment 1 is not equal to 23

Type of T-test: One-Sample T-Test (Given the average grade on assignment 1 is

compared with a set value of 23(for an A average))

(b) A researcher wanted to know the effects of a reading program. The researcher
gave the students a pretest, implemented the reading program, then gave the
students a post-test.

Null and Alternative Hypothesis:

Ho: There is no significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores
of students after the reading program
Ha: There is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of
students after the reading program

Type of T-test: Paired Samples T-Test (Given that subjects are coming from the
same group and measures variables come from the same group – pre-test scores
and post-test scores of the same group)

4. In an experiment, 10 participants were given a test of mental performance in stressful

situations. Their scores were 2, 2, 4, 1, 4, 3, 0, 2, 7, and 5. Ten other participants were
given the same test after they had been trained in stress-reducing techniques. Their
scores were 4, 4, 6, 0,6, 5, 2, 3, 6, and 4. Do the appropriate t-test to determine if the
group that had been trained had different mental performance scores than the group
that had not been trained in stress reduction techniques. What do these results mean?
Report your results using APA style.
OUTPUT WINDOW AND INTERPRETATION.

Given that Levene’s Test for Equality and Variances (F=0.134, p=0.718) does not
reveal significant difference between variances for males and females, we will use the p value
for equal variance t-test.
Subjects taught with the stress-reducing technique(n=10) - treatment group (M=4.00,
SD=1.94) have a higher mean score than subjects not trained with the stress-reducing
technique(n=10), the control group(M=3.00, SD=2.055). This independent samples t-test
indicate that there is no significant difference between the mean for treatment
group(M=4.00, SD=1.94) and mean for control group(M=3.00, SD=2.055), t(18)=-1.12,
p=0.278 >0.05,d=0.25

VARIABLE VIEW
DATA VIEW

PROCEDURE
a. Opening SPSS
i. Click Start on the desktop

ii. Click the IBM SPSS Statistics

iii. Click the IBM SPSS Statist

 iv. The initial data screen will appear

b. Defining your variable

i. In the variable view, define the following variables
1. Condition(Variable Name: Condition, Decimal:0, Value Label: 1
– Stressful Condition, 2-with Stress Reducing Technique)
2. Score (Variable Name: Score, Decimal:0)

ii. After defining the variables, proceed to the data view and enter the data
1. E.g. 1(for the condition of stressful condition) with a score of 2
2. HOW TO CONDUCT INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST?
a. Click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> Independent Samples T-Test

b. A new window appears with the following structure:

i. To the left is the list of variables (Condition and Score)

ii. To the right is the test variables which are variables of interest for
analysis
1. Click on Score and click the arrow on the left of the Test
Variables box to set Score as Test Variable
iii. Below is the list of grouping variables
1. Click on Condition on the left box and click the arrow to the left
of the grouping variable box to set it as the grouping variable
iv. Define Groups button

1. This allows identifying the two levels of the grouping variable

a. Group 1 – Single number that identifies the first level of
the variable (1 – Stressful Condition)
b. Group 2 – Second level of the variable (2 – with Stress
Reducing Technique)
c. After settings are set, click on ok. Results will appear in the output window