LORMA COLLEGES

Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

NAME: DATO, AZIEL JOYCE CASEM CLINICAL CHEM 2 LECTURE

SECTION: 2 DATE:

A. Tabulate the following: Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature (55pts)

Class Recommended Name Standard EC Code Brief Description Clinical Reference

no.
Abbreviation Significance Value

Lactate dehydrogenase LDH 1.1.1.27 Lactate dehydrogenase Hepatic 100–225

OXIDOREDUC (LDH) is an enzyme with a disorder, U/L (37°C)
TASES very wide distribution Myocardial
throughout the body. It is infarction,
released into circulation Hemolysis,
when cells of the body are Carcinoma
damaged or destroyed,
serving as a general,
nonspecific marker of cellular
injury.

Glucose-6-phosphate G-6-PDH 1.1.1.49 Glucose-6-phosphate Drug-induced 10–15

OXIDOREDUC dehydrogenase dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) is hemolytic U/g Hgb
TASES an oxidoreductase that anemia
catalyzes the oxidation of
glucose-6phosphate to 6-
phosphogluconate or the
corresponding lactone.

Glutamate GLD 1.4.1.3 Glutamate Hepatic 1-10 U/L

OXIDOREDUC dehydrogenase dehydrogenase (GDH) is a disorder
TASES mitochondrial enzyme that is
 involved in the metabolism of
glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate.

Aspartate AST 2.6.1.1 Aspartate aminotransferase Hepatic 5 to 30

TRANSFERAS aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme disorder, U/L (37°C)
ES belonging to the class of Skeletal
transferases. It is commonly muscle
referred to as a disorder,
transaminase and is involved Myocardial
in the transfer of an amino infarction
group between aspartate
and -keto acids.

Alanine ALT 2.6.1.2 Alanine aminotransferase Hepatic 6–37 U/L

TRANSFERAS aminotransferase (ALT) is a transferase with disorder (37°C)
ES enzymatic activity similar to
that of AST

Creatine kinase CK 2.7.3.2 CK is an enzyme with a Skeletal Male, 15–

TRANSFERAS molecular weight of muscle 160 U/L
ES approximately 82,000 that is disorder, (37°C)
generally associated with Myocardial Female,
ATP regeneration in infarction 15–130
contractile or transport U/L (37°C)
systems.

y-glutamyltransferase GGT 2.3.2.2 y-Glutamyltransferase Hepatic Male, 6–

TRANSFERAS (GGT) is an enzyme involved disorder 45 U/L
ES in the transfer of the (37°C);
-glutamyl residue from Female,
-glutamyl peptides to amino 5–30 U/L
acids, H2O, and other small (37°C)
peptides.

The glutathione S-
Glutathione-s- GST 2.5.1.18 transferases (GSTs) are an Hepatic <8
TRANSFERAS transferase abundant family of dimeric disorder ng/ml to
ES proteins that have the be
capacity to conjugate normal
glutathione (GSH) with a
variety of compounds
containing electrophilic
centers.
 Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen GP 2.2.1.1 (GP) is an important Acute median
TRANSFERAS phosphorylase therapeutic target for type 2 myocardial 40.5
ES diabetes having a direct infarction ng/ml, ra
influence on blood glucose nge 5.0–
levels through 163.9
the glycogenolysis pathway.
ng/ml,
P=0.157)

Pyruvate kinase PK 2.7.1.40 Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the Hemolytic 179 ± 16

TRANSFERAS enzyme responsible for the anemia units per
ES final step of glycolysis, in 100 mL of
which phosphoenolpyruvate red blood
is converted to pyruvate with cells.
the production of ATP

Hepatic
Alkaline phosphatase ALP 3.1.3.1 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) disorder, 30 to 90
TRANSFERAS belongs to a group of Bone disorder U/L (30°C)
ES enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of various
phosphomonoesters at an
alkaline pH.

Acid phosphatase ACP 3.1.3.2 Acid phosphatase (ACP) Prostatic 0 to 3.5

TRANSFERAS belongs to the same group of carcinoma ng/mL
ES phosphatase enzymes as
ALP and is a hydrolase that
catalyzes the same type of
reactions.

a-amylase AMS 3.2.1.1 Amylase (AMS) is an Acute Serum,

TRANSFERAS enzyme belonging to the pancreatitis 25–130
ES class of hydrolases that U/L;
catalyze the breakdown of
starch and glycogen. Urine, 1–
15 U/h

Cholinesterase CHE 3.1.1.8 Cholinesterases (ChEs) are Organophosph Between

TRANSFERAS specialized carboxylic ester ate poisoning, 8 and 18
ES hydrolases that break down Genetic units per
esters of choline.  variants, milliliter
Hepatic
(U/mL) or
disorder,
8 and 18
Suxamethoniu
kilounits
 m sensitivity per liter
(kU/L).

Chymotrypsin is a member
Chymotrypsin CHY 3.4.21.1 of a family of enzymes that Chronic mean
HYDROLASES cleave peptide bonds pancreatitis (SD) 2.4
through the action of an insufficiency 1.79 U/g
active site serine (the serine stool
proteases)

Pancreatic elastase 1 (PE1)
Elastase-1 E1 is a proteolytic enzyme Chronic 200 to
HYDROLASES 3.4.21.36 secreted exclusively by the pancreatitis >500 ug
human pancreas, and as insufficiency E1/g stool
such, it reflects overall
pancreatic exocrine function.

5-nucleotidase is a protein
5-nucleotidase NTP 3.1.3.5 produced by the liver. A test Hepatic 2-17 U/L 
HYDROLASES can be done to measure the disorder
amount of this protein in your
blood.

Triacylglycerol lipase LPS 3.1.1.3 Lipase (LPS) is an enzyme Acute 0–1.0

HYDROLASES that hydrolyzes the ester pancreatitis U/mL
linkages of fats to produce
alcohols and fatty acids.

Trypsin is a serine protease

Trypsin TRY 3.4.21.4 found in the digestive system Acute 7.5–8.5
HYDROLASES of many vertebrates, where it pancreatitis pH
hydrolyzes proteins at the
carboxyl side of the amino
acids lysine or arginine.

Aldolase is a glycolytic
LYASES Aldolase ALD 4.1.2.13 enzyme that catalyzes the Skeletal 1.0-7.5
conversion of fructose 1-6- muscle U/L
diphosphate to disorder
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
and dihydroxy-acetone
phosphate via the glycolysis
metabolic pathway.

2-30% of
ISOMERASES Triosephosphate TPI 5.3.1.1 Triosephosphate Hemolytic the normal
isomerase isomerase (TPI) is highly anemia values
expressed in many human
 cancers and is involved in
migration and invasion of
cancer cells

LIGASE Glutathione synthetase GSH-S 6.3.2.3 Glutathione synthetase is Severe

largely overlooked when metabolic
considering the regulation of acidosis,
cellular glutathione levels. Hemolytic
anemia,
Neurological p
roblems.

B. Tabulate the following: ELECTROLYTES (35pts)

ELECTROLYTES SYMBOL BRIEF DESCRIPTION REFERENCE VALUE Term referring to less Term referring to more
than the reference than the reference
value value

· Give 2 · Give 2
possible causes possible causes

Sodium Na Na is the most abundant Serum, plasma 136–

cation in the ECF, 145 mmol/L
representing 90% of all
extracellular cations, and Urine (24-h) 40–220
largely determines the mmol/day, varies with
osmolality of the plasma. diet

CSF 136–150 mmol/L

Potassium K Potassium is the major Serum 3.5–5.1

intracellular cation in the mmol/L
body, with a
concentration 20 times Plasma Males: 3.5–
greater inside the cells 4.5 mmol/L Females:
than outside. 3.4–4.4 mmol/L

Urine (24-h) 25–125

mmol/day

Chloride Cl Chloride is the major Plasma, serum 98–

extracellular anion. Its 107 mmol/L
precise function in the
 body is not well Urine (24-h) 110–250
understood; however, it mmol/day, varies with
is involved in maintaining diet
osmolality, blood
volume, and electric
neutrality.

Calcium Ca A mineral found mainly For total Ca, the

in the hard part of bones, reference range
where it is stored. varies slightly with
age.

TOTAL CALCIUM—
SERUM,

PLASMA Child, 12
years 2.20–2.70
mmol/L (8.8–10.8
mg/dL) Adult 2.15–
2.50 mmol/L (8.6–
10.0 mg/dL)

IONIZED CALCIUM
—SERUM Child
1.20–1.38 mmol/L
(4.8–5.5 mg/dL) Adult
1.16–1.32 mmol/L
(4.6–5.3 mg/dL)

IONIZED CALCIUM
—PLASMA Adult
1.03–1.23 mmol/L
(4.1–4.9 mg/dL)

IONIZED CALCIUM
—WHOLE BLOOD
Adult 1.15–1.27
mmol/L (4.6–5.1
mg/dL) TOTAL
CALCIUM— 2.50–
7.50 mmol/day (100–
300 mg/ URINE (24-
h) day), varies with
diet

Phosphate P Phosphate is the SERUM

 predominant intracellular Neonate 1.45–2.91
anion, with intracellular mmol/L (4.5–9.0
concentrations varying, mg/dL)
depending on the type of
cell. Child 15 years 1.07–
1.74 mmol/L (3.3–5.4
mg/dL)

Adult 0.78–1.42
mmol/L (2.4–4.4
mg/dL)

Urine (24-h) 13–42

mmol/day (0.4–1.3
g/day)

Magnesium Mg Magnesium is the fourth Serum, colorimetric

most abundant cation in 0.63–1.0 mmol/L
the body and second (1.26–2.10 mEq/L)
most abundant
intracellular ion.

Bicarbonate HCO Bicarbonate is the Carbon dioxide,

second most abundant venous 23 to 29
anion in the ECF. mmol/L (plasma,
serum)