Microscopic Momentum Balance

Microscopic Momentum Balance
Macroscopic momentum balance: Microscopic momentum balance:

• Momentum balances are • We take into consideration
analyzed by using an overall what is going on in fluid body.
macroscopic control volume. • Momentum balance is written
• From this analysis we obtain for a differential volume
the total or overall changes in element.
momentum crossing the • Both convective & diffusional
system boundaries. momentum transport is taken
into consideration.
But macroscopic momentum
balance did not tell us the
Model for velocity
detail of what is going on
profile
inside the system under
consideration.
Average Maximum Shear Volumetric
velocity velocity stress flow rate
Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering
How does a fluid flow?
2
Fluid body
Stationary
Free fluid solid
surface surface
un  umax
Fluid
layers u4
u3
u2
u1  0

Fluid flow & diffusional momentum transport
3
Diffusional Velocity profile
Shear forces
momentum
(yx)
y
y vector () 
un  umax
u4 ux  f ( y)
u3  yx
u2
u1  0
x ux
un>..... u4> u3> u2>u1 F u x
 
A y
A  yx u x
 yx   (N / m 2 )
y
Newton’s Viscosity Law
4
(Newtonian fluids)   viscosity of the fluid (kg/m.s)

y  distance from the solid surface (m)
u x u
 yx   (N / m 2 )  velocity gradient (m / s/m)
y y
 yx  viscous flux or stress force (N/m 2 )
 x - component of the viscous flux in y - direction
Notation:
yx may be interpreted as:
• x–component of the viscous flux in y-direction
• the force needed to keep a fluid layer flowing at a
constant velocity in x-direction
The Equation of Motion
5
To get the equation of motion we write a

microscopic momentum balance over the stationary
volume element xyz (CV) through which a
Newtonian fluid is flowing.
Flowing fluid
control volume
( xyz)

Diffusional momentum components
6
Each stress vector acting on a surface has 3 components

xx : diffusion momentum
y transported in x-dir.
due to flow in x-dir.
y  y
 xy (normal stress)
 xz z y
zz z zy y yx : diffusion momentum
 xx x
zx x transported in y- dir.
y due to flow in x-dir.
z  z  
yz z yy
y (shear stress)
z  yx
x
zx : diffusion momentum
z y transported in z-dir.
z
x x x  x due to flow in x-dir.
x
(shear stress)
Volume element xyz in a flowing fluid body with arrows
indicating diffusional momentum vector acting on each surface
in cartesian coordinates.
Convective momentum components
7
Each momentum vector acting on a surface has 3 components

y
(ux)ux : convective momentum
(u x )u y
y  y transported in x-dir.
(uz )uz z
y
(uz )u y
(ux )uz z y
(ux )ux x
(uz )ux x
(uy)ux : convective momentum
(u y )u y
y transported in y-dir.
(u y )u z
z  z z y
z (uz)ux : convective momentum (u y )u x
z y
transported in z-dir.
x
z
x x
x  x due to flow in x-dir.
x
Volume element xyz in a flowing fluid body with arrows
indicating convective momentum vector acting on each surface
in cartesian coordinates.
8
Momentum balance:
Rate of momentum  Rate of momentum  Sum forces acting 
   
into the system/CV  out of the system/CV  on the system/CV 
Rate of change of momemtum 
 
of in the system/CV 
Notice:
• No momentum generation/consumption in CV
• The sum of forces acting on the surfaces and the
volume of the CV will be considered

9
Diffusional components of momentum in x-direction:

Rate of x - diffusive momentum in @x  x : (xx yz) x
Rate of x - diffusive momentum in @x  x  x : (xx yz) x  x
Rate of y - diffusive momentum in @y  y : ( yx xz) y
Rate of y - diffusive momentum in @y  y  y : ( yx xz) y y
Rate of z - diffusive momentum in @z  z : (zx xy) z

Rate of z - diffusive momentum in @z  z  z : (zx xy) z z

10
Convective components of momentum in x-direction:

Rate of x - convective momentum in @x  x : yz(u x u x ) x
Rate of x - convective momentum in @x  x  x : yz(u x u x ) x  x
Rate of y - convective momentum in @y  y : xz(u y u x ) y

Rate of y - convective momentum in @y  y  y : xz(u y u x ) y y
Rate of z - convective momentum in @z  z : xy(u z u x ) z
Rate of z - convective momentum in @z  z  z : xy(u z u x ) z z

11
Forces acting on the CV in x-direction:

x  component of pressure
acting on the surfaces at x and x  x : yz(P x  P x Δx )
x  component of gravity
forces acting on the body : g x xyz
rate of momemtum accumulati on in

the x  direction in the CV : ( u x xyz)
t
p  presure forces acting on the surface of the CV
ρ  the density of the fluid
g  gravitatio nal acceleration
12
Inserting all components into the momentum balance equation,

dividing the entire equation by xyz, and taking limits as x,
y and z approach zero gives:
x-component of the equation of motion:
(u x )  (u xu x ) (u yu x ) (u zu x )    xx  yx  zx  p
         gx
t  x y z   x y z  x
y-component of the equation of the motion:
(u y )  (u xu y ) (u yu y ) (u zu y )    xy  yy  zy  p
         gy
t  x y z   x y z  y
z-component of the equation of motion:
(u z )  (u xu z ) (u yu z ) (uzu z )    xz  yz  zz  p
         gz
t  x y z   x y z  z
13
The equation of motion for Newtonian fluids with

constant  and  in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):
 u x u x u x u x  p   2u x  2u x  2u x 
x:   ux  uy  uz   -    2  2  2   gx
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 u y u y u y u y  p   2u y  2u y  2u y 
y:   ux  uy  uz   -    2  2  2   g y
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 u z u z u z u z  p   2 u z  2 u z  2 u z 
z:   ux  uy  uz   -    2  2  2   g z
 t x y z  x  x y z 
These equations are also known as
“Navier-Stokes Equations”
Boundary Conditions for
Momentum Transfer Problems
14
The most widely encountered boundary

conditions in momentum transfer:
At solid – fluid interface:

• At stationary surfaces:
ux  0 @y0
• A solid surface moves at velocity u0:
ux  ux0 @y0
y = the position of the interface between the solid and
liquid
15
At liquid–gas interface:
Quiescent air
Gas  liquid interface
Gas gas
y  L1
Liquid liquid
 gas  liquid
u x
 yx    0 @ y  L1
y
y = the position of the
u x interface between
or  0 @ y  L1 two liquids.
y
16
At liquid – liquid interface:

The momentum flux perpendicular to the interface and
the velocity are continuous across the interface. That is,
if liquid A and liquid B are in contact, at the interface:
Liquid A (u A )
x  x0
Liquid B (uB )
u A  uB @ x  x0 (Flow in same dir.)
u A  uB @ x  x0 (Flow in opposite dir.)
liquid A  liquid B @ x  x 0
17
Flow in circular pipe:
Fluid
r
R
x
u x
0 @r  0 (at the centre)
r
u0 @r R (at the surface)

Example 1: Momentum balance for circular pipe
18
Flow in a circular conduit is a common problem

engineers deal with.
A horizontal pipe in which an incompressible
Newtonian fluid is flowing in one-dimensional,
steady-state, laminar flow. The flow is fully
developed, that is, it is not influenced by the
entrance effects and velocity profile does not vary
along the axis of the flow direction (x-axis).
Analyze the system and derive a mathematical
equation defining the velocity distribution along
the axis of flow in terms of fluid properties and
pipe diameter.
19
Microscopic momentum balance • Velocity gradient exists

in the r-direction.
on fluid flowing in circular pipe
r • The pipe has definite size
Control
x volume u = f (r)
Microscopic system
Fluid
u(m/s)
Assumptions:
• Fluid properties are constant
x x  x
• Fluid is Newtonian and
incompressible
r
• Velocity is constant in the
r
x-direction
• Steady-state
x • Fully developed, laminar flow
20
rx (2rx ) r  r
r
Forces acting rx (2rx ) r
on CV volume r
in fluid body
(2rru x )u x (2rru x )u x
x x  x
x
(2rrxg)
Momentum balance in the x-direction:
ux is independent of x
 (2rx )
rx r
 rx (2rx ) r  r  (2rru x )u x x  (2rru x )u x x  x


 (2rrP)  (2rrP) x  x  2rrxg x  (2rrxu x )
x
t
21
At steady-state:
 rx
(2rx ) r  rx (2rx ) r  r  (2rrP) x  (2rrP) x  x 
 2rrxg x  0
Dividing the entire equation by 2xr gives:

 rrx r  rrx r  r

   rP x  rP x  x 

 
    rgx  0

 r 
   x 

(rrx ) (rP)
Taking limits as x and r  0:    rgx  0
r x
x-component of gravity force (rrx ) P

 r 0
neglected: r x
22
Fluid is incompressible: P P
  constant
x L
d (r rx ) P
 r  P  P2  P1
dr L
d ( r rx ) P
or  r  P  P1  P2
dr L
P C1
Integrating this ODE once gives:  rx  r
2L r
P
BC1: rx is finite @r  0  C1  0 rx  r
2L
23
du x
Inserting Newton’s viscosity law: rx  
dr
du x P
 r
dr 2L
P 2
Integrating second time gives: u x   r  C2
4L
P 2
BC2: u  0 @ r  R  C2  R
4L
Substitution of C2 gives:
PR  r 
2 2
ux  1     (parabolic velocity profile)
4L   R  
24
The momentum and velocity profiles

ux  0 u x, max rx  0 rx, max
r
x
parabolic velocity profile momentum flux profile

Use of velocity profile?
It can be used to calculate: • maximum velocity
• average velocity,
• volumetric flow rate
• forces fluid exerts on surface
25
Maximum velocity (umax): It occurs at r = 0
PR 2   r 2  PR 2
ux  1     umax 
4L   R   4L
Average velocity (uav): Over cross section of pipe
2 R Since, ux  f()
integration related
1
  u rdrd
x to  is canceled.
1
R
uav 
A  u x dA  0 0
2 R uav 
R 0
2 
u x 2rdr
  rdrd
0 0
PR  r2 
2 R
PR 2
uav 
4LR 0  R 
2 
1  2 2rdr uav 
8L
26
The volumetric flow rate (Q):

PR 2 PR 4
Q  uav A  R 
2
(Hagen–Poiseuille)
8L 8L
Force exerted by fluid on the solid surface:

x-component at r = R
 u x    RP 
Fr  A r  rx r  R  (2RL)     (2RL)   
 r    2L 
Fr  R P 2

Example 2:
Adjacent Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids
27
Two immiscible incompressible fluids are flowing in

the z-direction in a horizontal thin slit of length L
and with width W under the influence of a pressure
gradient. The fluid rates are so adjusted that the
slit is half filled with fluid I (the lesser dense phase)
and half filled with fluid II (the more dense phase).
It is desired to analyze the system in terms of the
distribution of velocity and momentum flux.

28
Flow of 2 immiscible fluids between • Velocity gradient exists
2 flat plates in the x-direction.
L • The slit has definite size
b
Fluid I uI, I
Microscopic system
Fluid II uII, II b
Assumptions:
x • Constant fluid properties
y CV • Fluids are immiscible
L
z • Fluid is Newtonian &
x
incompressible
x
z
• Velocity is constant in z-dir.
• Steady-state
• Fully developed, laminar
Note the location of the origin flow
29
Forces acting on a control volume in the fluid body

z0 L z L
( xW uz )uz z L

( xW uz )uz (LW )(  xz ) x  x
z 0 ( xW )P z L
x ( xW )P z 0 x  x  x
y W
(LW )(  xz ) x 0 x
z x0
Momentum balance over a system of thickness x, bounded
by the planes z = 0 & z = L:
z-direction: uz is independent of z
 (LW)
xz x
 xz (LW) x  x  (xWu z )u z z 0  (xWu z )u z z L 
gz is zero

(xWP )  (xWP ) z L  LWxg z  (LWxu z )
z 0
t
30
At steady-state:
 xz (LW) x  
  xz (LW) x  x  ( xWP) z 0  ( xWP) z L  0 
Dividing equation by LWx and taking limits as x  0:

  xz   xz x  x  
  P z 0  P z L 

 0
x


 x 
 
 L 

d xz (PL  P0 ) d xz P0  PL
  0 
dx L dx L
How many boundary conditions do we need?
Momentum flux:
31
Region I Region II
P0  PL P0  PL
Ixz  ( )x  C1I IIxz  ( )x  C1II
L L
u z
Insert Newton’s viscosity law:  xz  
x
Region I Region II
I
I duz P  PL duIIz P  PL
 ( 0 )x  C1I  II
( 0 )x  C1II
dx L dx L
BC1: Ixz  IIxz @ x  0 (interface)
Boundary BC2 : uIz  uIIz @x0

Conditions BC3 : uIz  0 @ x  b
BC4 : uIIz  0 @ x  b
32
Integrating of last two eqn’s gives:

Region I Region II
P  P C I
P  P C II
uIz  ( 0 I L )x 2  1I  CI2 uIIz  ( 0 II L )x 2  II1  CII2
2 L  2 L 
Inserting BCs into above eqn’s gives velocity profiles:

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Microscopic Momentum Balance

Macroscopic momentum balance: Microscopic momentum balance:

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

(Newtonian fluids)   viscosity of the fluid (kg/m.s)

To get the equation of motion we write a

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Each stress vector acting on a surface has 3 components

Each momentum vector acting on a surface has 3 components

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Diffusional components of momentum in x-direction:

Rate of y - diffusive momentum in @y  y  y : ( yx xz) y y

Rate of z - diffusive momentum in @z  z : (zx xy) z

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Convective components of momentum in x-direction:

Rate of y - convective momentum in @y  y : xz(u y u x ) y

Rate of z - convective momentum in @z  z : xy(u z u x ) z

Rate of z - convective momentum in @z  z  z : xy(u z u x ) z z

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Forces acting on the CV in x-direction:

Inserting all components into the momentum balance equation,

The equation of motion for Newtonian fluids with

The most widely encountered boundary

At solid – fluid interface:

At liquid – liquid interface:

u A  uB @ x  x0 (Flow in same dir.)

u A  uB @ x  x0 (Flow in opposite dir.)

Flow in circular pipe:

Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Flow in a circular conduit is a common problem