CRT LEARNING MODULE

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Module 3 (Week 5-6)

Course Code MATH 02

Course Title STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Module Title NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan HOW TO USE THIS DIGITIZED /
PRINTED LEARNING MODULE
Contents of this Learning Module (Week 5-6)

No. Module Title Topic

3 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Lesson4: Determining Probabilities

Lesson5: Locating Percentiles Under
the Normal Curve

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 1

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 Lesson 6: Applying the Normal Curve Concepts in
Problem Solving

Normal Distribution

In the previous lessons, we used graphs of samples of discrete data to find a probability distribution with the
same shape or pattern. That pattern is used to calculate probabilities of a population that will enable us to make
predictions or decisions concerning the population. However, certain data are of the continuous type. In this module, we
will consider a distribution of this type. This distribution is commonly known as the normal probability distribution or
simply the normal curve. The normal curve is frequently used as a mathematical model in inferential statistics. Through
the normal curve, the inferences that we make regarding a population can be visualized.

This module deals with the concepts and processes regarding the normal curve distribution.

LESSON FOUR : DETERMINING PROBABILITIES

Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
find areas between paired z-scores;
find probabilities for the standard normal random variable z; and
express areas under the normal curve using probability notation.
Starting Point
You have learned the basic concepts about the areas under the normal curve. In this lesson, you will learn more
about this as we continue to explore the normal curve distribution. Check your readiness by doing the following exercise.
ENTRY CARD

A. Determine whether the statement is True or False by checking (✓) the appropriate box. If false,
modify the statement to make it true.
Statement True False
1. Probability value is a number from 0 to 1.
2. Probability value is a number from –1 to 1.
3. The normal curve is a probability distribution.
4. Finding the area of a region under the curve is the same as finding the probability associated
with that region.
5. It is possible to obtain a probability of .000001 under the normal curve.
6. In this module, the z-Table refers to the table of areas under the normal curve.
B. Explain your answer in number 5.
Getting Ready
COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 2
FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 You have learned that a standard normal distribution is a normal distribution u have also learned that a random
variable with a standard normal distribution, denoted by X, is called a standard normal random variable.
Further, you have also seen that all probabilities associated with the standard normal random variables can be
shown as areas under the standard normal curve. Let us learn how to use the probability notation in equating desired
probability to an area.
Activity 1
Learning the Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve

Task 1: Read the following notes about probability expressions that you can use to enhance understanding of the
normal curve distribution.

The following notations for a random variable are used in our various solutions concerning the normal curve.
Mathematical notations are convenient forms of lengthy expressions.
P (a<z<b) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
P (Z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
P (z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
where a and b are z-score values.
For example, to denote the area between z = 1 and z = 2, we use the notation:
P (1<z<2) = 0.1359
which we read as "The probability that the z-score falls between z = 1 and z = 2 is 0.1359."
With continuous probability distributions such as the normal distribution, P(z = a) = 0. This means that with
infinitely many different possible values, the probability of getting any one exact value is 0. For example, take z = 1.22
exactly. A single point like 1.22 would be represented graphically by a vertical line above 1.22 but the vertical line
contains no area, so P(z = 1.22) = 0. With any continuous random variable, the probability of any one exact value is 0.
Thus, it follows that
P(a ≤ Z ≤ b) = P( a < z< b).
It also follows that the probability of getting a score of at most b is equal to the probability of getting a Z-score of
less than b. It is important to correctly interpret key phrases such as at most, at least, more than, no more than, and so
on. The illustrations of these concepts follow.

Task 2:
 Study the following examples illustrating improved processes in determining areas under the normal curve.
 Provide missing solutions, if any.
 Use the z-Table in this module.

Modified Steps in Determining Areas Under the Normal Curve

1. Use a cardboard model to draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the given z-value or values at the base line.
3. Draw a vertical line through these values.
4. Shade the required region. Find models, if any.
5. Consult the z-Table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-value or values.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form an equation showing an appropriate operation to get the
required area,
SO
7. Make a statement indicating the required area.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 3

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Illustrative Examples
Case 1. The required area, as depicted by the shaded regions under the curve in Fig. 2.8 and Fig. 2.9, are:
'greater than z' ' at least z' 'more than z' 'to the right of z' 'above z'

Example 1. Find the proportion of the area above z=-1.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.8.

5. Consult the Z-Table and find the area that corresponds Z=-1 corresponds to an area of 3414
to z=-1.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form The graph suggests addition. The required area is equal
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the to 0.3413 + 0.5 = 0.8413
required area. That is,
P(z > -1) = 0.3413 + 0.5
= 0.8413
7. Make a statement indicating the required area. The proportion of the area above is.8413.

Example 2. Find the area greater than z = 1.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.9.
5. Consult the Z-Table and find the area that corresponds Z=1 corresponds to an area of 0.3414
to z = 1.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form The graph suggests addition. The required area is equal
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the to 0.5 - 0.3413 = 0.1587
required area. That is,
P(z > 1) = 0.5 - 0.3413
= 0.1587
7. Make a statement indicating the required area. The proportion of the area greater than is 0.1587.

Case 2. The required area is:

‘less than' ‘almost ‘ ‘No more than z' ‘not greater than z' ‘to the left of z'

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 4

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 Fig. 2.10 Fig. 2.11
Example 3. Find the area to the left of z=-1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.10.

5. Consult the Z-Table and find the area that corresponds z = 1.5 corresponds to the area 0.4332
to z = -1.5.

6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form The graph suggests subtraction.
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the The required area is equal to 0.5 -0.4332 = 0.0668
required area.
That is,
P(Z < -1.5) = 0.5 – 0.4332
= 0.0668
7. Make a statement indicating the required area. The proportion of the area to the left of z = -1.5 is
0.0668.

Example 4. Find the area below z = 1.5.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.11.

5. Consult the Z-Table and find the area that corresponds z = 1.5 corresponds to the area 0.4332
to z = 1.5.

6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form The graph suggests subtraction.
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the The required area is equal to 0.5 + 0.4332 = 0.9332
required area.
That is,
P(Z < -1.5) = 0.5 + 0.4332
= 0.9332
7. Make a statement indicating the required area. The proportion of the area to the left of z = 1.5 is 0.9332

Case 3. Models when the required area is between z1, and z2.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 5

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Task: Complete the solution for each of the following.

Example 5. Find the area between z = -2 and z = -1.5.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.12.

5. Consult the 2-Table and find the area that z = -2 corresponds to 4772
corresponds to z= -2 and z = -1.5. z = -1.5 corresponds to .4332

6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the
required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required area.
The graph suggests subtraction.
The required area is equal to 0.4772 -0.4332
That is,
P(-2<z<-1.5) = 0.4772 - 0.4332
= 0.0440
The required area between Z= -2 and z=-15 is 0.0440.

Example 6. Find the area between z = 0.98 and z = 2.58.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.13.
5. Consult the z-Table and find the area that z = .98 corresponds to __________________
corresponds to z = 0.98 and z = 2.58. z = 2.58 corresponds to __________________
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form The graph suggests subtraction.
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the
required area. The required area is equal to ____________ .

That is,

P(0.98 < z < 2.58) = ____________

= ____________
7. Make a statement indicating the required area. The required area between z = 0.98 and 2 = 2.58
is ____________ .

Case 4. The area is ‘between –z and z’

Example 7: Find the area between z = -1.32 and z = 2.37.
Task: Provide the missing solution.
Steps Solution
COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 6
FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the two given Z-values.
3. Draw a line through the Z-values.
4. Shade the required region.
The model is Fig. 2.13.
5. Consult the z-Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = -1.32 and z = 2.37.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form
an equation showing the appropriate operation to get the
required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required area.

Exercises : Write your answer in a clean paper, make sure that your handwritten is readable.
Determine each of the following areas and show these graphically. Use probability notation in your final answer.
1. above z = 1.46
2. below z = -0.58
3. between z = -78 and z=-1.95
4. between z = 0.76 and z = 2.88
5. between z = -0.92 and z = 1.75
6. to the right of z = 1.32
7. to the left of z = 2.78
8. at most z = -1.5
9. at least z =1
10. at least z = -2

Look Back & Reflect

You have learned of the importance of the area of the regions under the normal curve. You have also learned
how to compute these values.
Think about your answers to the following questions. Them, discuss your ideas with your other students.
What probability expression is equivalent to P( /z/ > 1.96)?
How does the graph look like?
Explain your procedure.

LESSON FIVE : LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
find z-scores when probabilities are given; and
locate percentiles under the normal curve.
Starting point
You have learned about computing probabilities under the normal curve. You have also learned about the proper
use of the z-Table. In this lesson, you will learn how to determine percentiles and locate them under the normal curve.
Check your readiness for this lesson by doing the following starter.
ENTRY CARD
A. Sketch the graph of each of the following and compute the probability.
1. Below z = -1.96
2. To the left of z = 1.96
3. At most z = 2.58
B. What do you understand by the word percentile?
C. Write the computing formula for a:
1. Sample z-score
2. Population z-score

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 7

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Getting Ready
Which of the following expressions are familiar to you?
‘First honor’
‘Top five'
'a score of 98%’

Recalling basic Statistics, these are expressions of order. They indicate relative standing. In real life, many people
want to belong to a high level in terms of relative standing
Activity 1
Locating Percentile under the Normal Curve
Task 1:
Recall the concept of percentile.
Read the following notes carefully

For any set of measurements (arranged in ascending or descending order), a percentile (or a centile) is a point in
the distribution such that a given number of cases is below it. A percentile is a measure of relative standing. It is a
descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement to the rest of the data.
For example, in a test in Algebra, you got a score of 82 and you want to know how you fared in comparison with
your classmates. If your teacher tells you that you scored at the 90th percentile, it means that 90% of the grades were
lower than yours and 10% were higher. If the relative frequency histogram were used to show the scores, the 90th
percentile would be located at a point such that 90% of the total area under the relative frequency histogram lies below
the 90th percentile and 10% lies above.
In a previous lesson, we learned how to compute the z-scores based on means and standard deviations for both
sample and population. The resulting z-scores allowed us to read the corresponding areas (or probabilities) using the
standard
Suppose that we know the probability this time. What is the corresponding z-score? For example, where is 95%
under the normal curve?
There are three important things to remember when we are given probabilities and we want to know their
corresponding z-scores.
 First, a probability value corresponds to an area under the normal curve.
 Second, in the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve, the numbers in the extreme left and across the
top are z-scores, which are the distances along the horizontal scale. The numbers in the body of the
table are areas or probabilities.
 Third, the z-scores to the left of the mean are negative values.
Thus, when we are given the area and we wish to find the corresponding z-value, we locate the given area at
the body of the table. If the exact area is not available, we take the nearest area. Then, we look up the corresponding
z-value in the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve or z-Table.
Task 2:
Compute z scores when probabilities are given. Locate the point under the normal curve.
Example 1. Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.
Analysis: By definition of P99, this means locating an area before (or below) the point. We want to know what the z-
value is at this point.
Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve.

2. Express the given percentage as probability. 95% is the same as 0.9500

3. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.4500 0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500
4. Shade .5000 of the sketch of the normal curve in Step
1.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 8

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 5. Refer to the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
Locate the area 0.4500 in the body of the table.
6. Find the Z-score that corresponds to 0.4500 on the
leftmost column.
7. Find the Z-value that corresponds to 0.4505
8. Find the Z-value that corresponds to 0.4495.
9. Find the average of the two Z-values.
10. Locate z = 1.645 under the curve in Step 1 and make
a statement.
11. Draw a line through under the curve in Step Do this
under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
12. Shade the region to the left of z = 1.645.
13. Describe the shaded region.
This area is not found in the table. It is between the
values of 0.4495 and 0.4505.
Find z by interpolation, as follows.
0.4505 ↔ z = 1.65
0.4495 ↔ z = 1.64
z = (1.65 + 1.64)/2 = 1.645
The 95th percentile is z = 1.645.
Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
The shaded region is 95% of the distribution.

If on the sixth step, you find a z-value on the leftmost column, skip interpolation (steps 7, 8, and 9) and proceed
to the other steps.
Task 3:
Study the steps involved in this problem.
Complete the solution if needed.

Example 2. Find the upper 10% of the normal curve.

Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve.

2. Express the given percentage as probability. 10% is the same as 0.1000

3. With respect to the mean, locate the upper 10%
4. Using the upper side of the mean, find the remaining
area.
5. Refer to the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
Locate 0.4000.
6. Find the Z-score that corresponds to .3997 on the
leftmost column.
7. Locate z = 1.28 under the sketch of the curve in Step 1
and make a statement.
8. Draw a line through under the sketch of the curve in
Step 1.
9. Shade the region to the right of z = 1.28.
10. Describe the shaded region.
To the right of the mean
10.5000 – 0.1000 = 0.4000
This area is not found in the body of the table, so we take
0.3997, which is the closest value.
z = 1.28.
That is, the upper 10% is above z = 1.28.
Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
The shaded region is the upper 10% of the normal curve.

Task 4:
Study the steps used in this problem.
Compare the solution with the previous one.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 9

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Example 3: The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with u =80 and s =15. What
is the percentile rank of a score of 84?

Analysis:
Since we are interested in the percentile rank of 84, this means percentage of scores below 84. To find the
required area from the Table of Areas, we transform 84 to z-score form and then perform the appropriate
mathematical operation.
Steps Solution
1. Convert the raw score of 84 to z-score form. z = (X- u)/ σ = (84 – 80)/15 = 0.27
2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 0.27 z = 0.27 corresponds to the area 0.1064.
3. Draw the normal curve showing the Z-score.

4. Draw a line through z = 0.27 in the sketch of the Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 3.
normal curve in Step 3.

5. Shade the required region in the sketch of the normal
curve in Step 3.
6. Examine the shaded regions and decide what operation
to apply.
7. Compute the percentile rank of the score 84.
8. Make a concluding statement.
Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 3. The
required region is below z = 0.27 expressed as percentile
rank.
First, get the total area below z = 0.27.
That is, 0.5000 + 0.1064 = 0.6064.
Percentile rank of 84.
= 0.6064 x 100
= 60.64%
The percentile rank of the score 84 in a test is 60.64.

Notice that there is no prescriptive procedure in the computation of the z-scores and the probabilities. You have
to analyze the problem carefully and apply what you have learned about the concepts and procedures involving the
normal curve.
Mathematical Journal
Is the normal curve a versatile mathematical concept? Why do you think so Write your thoughts and discuss it
with your classmates.
Exercises : Write your answer in a clean paper, make sure that your handwritten is readable.
 Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve.
 Complete your procedures.
1. P99 2. P90 3. P68 4. P80
Extension
Access real data on crimes in your barangay. Which crime has the highest percentage? Show the rank using the
sketch of a normal curve

LESSON SIX: APPLYING THE NORMAL CURVE CONCEPTS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
apply the normal curve in solving word problems; and
develop habits of reasoning using the normal curve concepts.
Starting Point

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 10

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 You have learned how to deal with probabilities and show them in graph representations. How well can you apply
these in dealing with some com problems? You will learn the rudiments in this lesson. Check your readiness first.
ENTRY CARD
A. Draw the sketch of a normal curve for each of the following. 1. Below 70% 2. Above 30% 3. Between z = -1 and z
=1
B. Modify the formula to solve for X.
z = (X – u)/ σ
C. Using the computing formula for z, find the value of X in each of the following:
1. u = 70, σ = 10, z = 1.5
2. u = 68, σ = 4, z = 1.2
3. u = 53, σ = 6, z = -1.5
4. u = 50, σ = 8, z = 2.4
5. u = 86, σ = 15, z = 1.6

Getting Ready
In the discussion of the normal curve, there are situations when we are over the and we want to know the corresponding
new one. We can modify the computing form for the score to determine the raw score.
Let us look at the procedures applying the normal curve concepts in solving the following problems
Activity 1
Understanding Test Results
Task 1:
Read the problems and the illustrative solution.
Discuss the answers to the questions pertinent to the analysis.
Supply the missing parts of the solution, if any.

Example 1. The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with u= 80 and s= 15.
Find the raw score such that 70% of the cases are below it.
Analysis Questions:
1. What are the given?
2. What are you going to find?
3. What is suggested by the given to help you solve the problem?
4. Will the application of the normal curve concepts be useful?

The problem involves a normal distribution So, we can apply the normal curve concepts to solve the problem. The
expression 70% implies that we are given the area and that we are looking for a raw score. We can find this by
determining first the corresponding z-score from the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve. If 70% of the cases lie
below the raw score, then 30% of the cases are above it. You can choose which probability to deal with. In this example,
30% is selected.
Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.

2. Selecting 30%, express this as area. 30% is the same as 0.3000

3. This is the area to the right of the z-value we want to 0.5000 -0.3000 =0.2000
locate.
4. Find the area 0.2000 or the value nearest to it in the The nearest area is 0.1985.
Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
5. Find the z value that corresponds to 0.1985 z = 0.52 ↔ the area 0.1985
6. Find a computing formula for determining raw scores. z = (X – u)/ σ

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 11

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 7. Modify the formula to solve for X. X = u +z σ
8. Substitute the given values in the modified formula to X = u +z σ
solve for X. = 80 + (0.52)(15)
X = 87.8 = 88
9. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, 70% of the scores are below the score
88.

Example 2. In the same problem, what is the score that divides the distribution su that 99% of the cases is below it?

The score is to the right of the mean. Using 1% seems more convenient than using 99%.
Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.

2. Selecting 1%, express this as area. 1% is the same as 0.0100

3. This is the area to the right of the z-value we want to 0.5000 -0.100 =0.4900
locate.
4. Find the area 0.4900 or the value nearest to it in the The nearest area is 0.4901.
Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
5. Find the z value that corresponds to 0.4901 z = ________ ↔ the area
6. Find a computing formula for determining raw scores. z = (X – u)/ σ
7. Modify the formula to solve for X. X = u + zσ
8. Substitute the given values in the modified formula to X = u +z σ
solve for X. = __________
X = __________
9. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, 99% of the scores are below the score
________.

Task 3:
Recall the model for computing areas between paired z-scores.
Study the following example and supply the missing parts of the solution.

Example 3. What are the scores that bound the middle 95% of the distributions?
Analysis Questions:
1. What percent is left at the tails of the distribution?
2. What areas do you need to solve this problem?
3. What normal curve model applies here?
There is an area of 2.5% or 0.0250 above and below the middle 95% distribution. To determine the scores,
which bound the middle 95%, we must fire the z-score values associated with them. Then, compute the raw scores.

Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.
2. Five percent (5%) is left at the two tails of the 5% is the same as 0.05
distribution. Express it as area. This is the area to the
right of the Z-value that we want to locate.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 12

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 3. We are interested in the two areas at the tails of the 0.05/2 = 0.0
distribution. So, we divide 0.05 by 2.
4. Find the area between and 0.4750 0.5000 - 0.0250 = 0.4750
5. Find the area 0.4750 or the value nearest to it in the The area 0.4750 is found in the Table
Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve. z = 1.96 ↔ the area 0.4750
6. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.4750
7. Use the z-values at both sides of the distribution. The other z-value is _________.
8. Find a computing formula for determining raw scores. z = (X – u)/ σ
9. Modify the formula to solve for X. X = u + z σ and X = u + (-z)
10. Substitute the given values in the modified For X = u + zσ
formula to solve for X. X= ________
X= ________
For X = u + (-z)σ
X= ________
X= ________
11. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, the scores that bound the middle 95%
are _______ and __________ .

Activity 2
Using Probabilities to Determine Frequencies
We have stated earlier that the area under the curve indicates either a percentage or a proportion of
measurements. Such percentage also represents the percentage of scores in the distribution. To illustrate this concept, let
us consider the following example.
Example: Given 10,000 scores in Biology. The distribution of scores is normal shaped with u = 100 and σ = 14. The raw
scores that correspond to each z-score value are obtained by using the formula:
1. Draw the normal curve as shown below.
2. At the right of the mean, the raw score that correspond to z = 1 is u + 1s.
That is, X = 100 + (1)(14) or 114.
3. The raw score that corresponds to z = 2s is u + 2s.
That is, X = 100 + (2)(14) = 128.
4. Finally, the raw score that corresponds to z = 3 is u + 3s.
That is, X = 100 + (3)(14) = 142.
5. In a similar manner, the raw score that corresponds to z = -1 is X = 100 – (1)(14) = 86.
6. The raw score that corresponds to z = -2 is X = 100 – 2(14) = 72;
7. For the z= -3, the raw score X = 100 - (3)(14) = 58.
The normal curve that follows shows the Z-scores as well as the corresponding raw scores

We can also calculate the number of scores in each section under the normal curve From Figure 2.14, we see
that 34.13% of the scores are contained between a score of 100 and 114. If we multiply this area by 10,000, then we get
the number of scores in the section of the distribution that corresponds to the scores 100 and 114. Since 0.3413 x 10,000
= 3,413, this means that there are 3,413 scores between the two given scores.

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 13

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
 Similarly, 13.59% of the scores lie between the scores 114 and 128. Again, this is 0.1359 x 10,000 = 1,359
scores. Proceeding in a similar manner, there are 215 scores between 128 and 142; and 13 scores are greater than 142.
For the other half of the distribution, 3,413 scores are between 86 and 100; 1,359 scores are between 72 and 86; 215
scores are between 58 and 72; and 13 scores are below 58.
To determine the area between the mean and specific points, we simply use the statistical table for Areas under
the Normal Curve.
Task: Complete the solution to the following example.
Example: The weights of 1,000 children average 50 kg and the standard deviation is 5 kg. How many children weigh
between 40 kg and 55 kg?
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve with six z-scores.
2. Use the formula u ± (z)( σ) to determine the six raw For the raw score that corresponds to z=1,
scores that correspond to the six z-scores. x = 50 + (1)(5) = 55.
For the raw score that corresponds to z = 2,
______________________________
For the raw score that corresponds to z= 3,
______________________________
For the raw score that corresponds to z=-1,
______________________________
For the raw score that corresponds to z= -2,
X = 50 + (-2)(5) = 40.
For the raw score that corresponds to Z=-3

3. Place the raw scores under the corresponding Show this in the sketch in Step 1.
raw scores.
4. What z-score corresponds to 40?
5. What z-score corresponds to 55?
6. Find the total area between the z-values that
correspond to 40 and 50.
7. Multiply the total area by 1,000 (the total number
of children). Round up to the nearest whole number
8. Make a concluding statement.

Mathematical Journal
Explain why the normal curve is useful in problem solving.
Exercises : Write your answer in a clean paper, make sure that your handwritten is
readable.
Solve these problems.
1. Given: u = 30, σ =4.5. What is the raw score when:
a. z =1.25
b. Z=-1.67
c. z = 2.3
d. Z=-0.30
e. z= 1.96

2. In number 1, find the raw score such that 60% is below it.
3. In a job fair, 3000 applicants applied for a job. Their mean age was found be 28 with a standard deviation of 4 years.
a. Draw a normal curve distribution showing the z-scores and the raw scores.
b. How many applicants are below 20 years old? C. How many applicants are above 32 years old? d. How many have
ages between 24 and 32 years? e. Find the age such that 75% is below it.
4. Five hundred children participated in a field demonstration. Their heights averaged 110 cm with a standard deviation of
6 cm.
a. What is the probability that a child, picked at random, has a height greater than 116 cm?

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 14

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
b. What is the probability that the height of a child, picked at random, is
less than 104 cm?
c. How many children belong to the upper 15% of the group?
Look Back and Reflect
In the past lessons, you have collected real data set to be described using statistical values. Using the same or
similar data set, formulate a problem which you will solve using the normal curve concepts. Discuss your procedure with
your classmates.
Extension
Given: u = 100, σ = 12, and N = 1000. What hypothetical situation can you make out of it?

Chapter Summary
 A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that u = 0 and a standard deviation, s = 1.
 The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis always approaching the axis but never
touching it. That is, the curve asymptotic to the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability proportion or the percentage associated with
specific sets of measurement values.
 Useful computing formulas:
1. z = (X – u)/ σ
2. X = u +zσ for computing a raw score above the mean.
3. X = u + (-z)σ for computing a raw score below the mean.
Reference: Statistics & Probability 2016. (Belecina, Becay, Mateo) pp.74-89

COLLEGE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Page | 15

FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY