UNIT 10: Reported speech
Kate: “I’m doing a report on emotional •• We use reported speech to report someone’s
intelligence.”
Kate said (that) she is / was doing a report on
emotional intelligence.
Mary: “I took an EQ test last year.”
Mary said (that) she took / had taken an EQ test
last year.
Josh: “Scientists are developing robots that judge
emotions.”
Josh said (that) scientists were developing robots
that judge emotions.
Bill: “As part of their research, they were studying
facial expressions.”
Bill said (that) as part of their research, they were /
had been studying facial expressions.
Jin: “Emotion-sensing technology will probably
become popular within ten years.”
Jin said (that) emotion-sensing technology would
probably become popular within ten years.
Miki: “Jon, have you ever taken an IQ test?”
Miki asked Jon if / whether he had ever taken an
IQ test.
Sunhee: “What kind of issues will facial recognition
technology raise?”
Sunhee asked what kind of issues facial
recognition technology would raise.
He admitted that IQ was not always a good
measure of success.
The presenter told the audience to think about the
last time they got annoyed.
She told him that learning a new language would
help improve his memory.
He suggested researching the privacy challenges
emotionally intelligent technology could create.
They promised to get in touch soon after the job
interview.
According to Daniel Goleman, EQ is just as
important as IQ.
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words or thoughts.
•• The most common reporting verb for statements is
say. After the reporting verb, that is optional.
Verb tenses often change when we report what
someone said.
•• Simple present becomes simple past.
•• Simple past usually becomes past perfect, though it
may stay as simple past.
•• Present progressive becomes past progressive.
•• Past progressive becomes past perfect
progressive.
•• The modal verbs might, should, would, and could
don’t usually change. Will becomes would. Must
becomes had to.
•• The most common reporting verb for questions
is ask.
•• We use if or whether to report yes/no questions.
•• We use the same wh- word to report questions
with who, where, what, why, etc.
Some reporting verbs use other patterns:
•• verb + that
Verbs that use this pattern include admit, agree,
deny, explain, realize, say, and warn.
•• verb + object + (not) + infinitive
Verbs that use this pattern include advise, ask,
convince, encourage, invite, persuade, remind, tell,
and warn.
•• verb + object + that
Verbs that use this pattern include advise,
persuade, tell, and warn.
•• verb + -ing
Verbs that use this pattern include admit, advise,
deny, mention, propose, recommend, and suggest.
•• verb + (not) + infinitive
Verbs that use this pattern include agree, offer,
promise, refuse, and threaten.
•• according to
We use according to when we want to report a fact
as described by somebody.
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 Pronoun, adjective, and adverb changes
Direct speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech
I he/she now then
we they today that day
my his/her tomorrow the next day
our their yesterday the previous day
here there last night the night before
this classroom that classroom

UNIT 11: Modals of necessity

You must be flexible to be a good leader.
If you want to succeed, you mustn’t give up.
Companies have to accept that failure is often a
necessary part of business.
You don’t have to have a degree to start your own
business.
You need to take risks sometimes to grow your
business.
People don’t need to be ruthless to get to the top.
Businesses should aim to give customers
something exciting and new.
Leaders shouldn’t forget that employee job
satisfaction is very important for success.
•• We use must, have to, and need to to say that
something is necessary. We often use must and
have to to talk about rules.
•• We use mustn’t to talk about things that are not
permitted, when there is an obligation not to do
them.
•• We use don’t have to and don’t need to to
say something is not necessary, or there is no
obligation to do something.
•• We use should and shouldn’t to give advice or to
make a recommendation about what is the right or
wrong thing to do.

UNIT 12: Second conditional

If workdays were shorter, I would have
more time to relax.
If I had more time, I would go to the
gym.
If I could do any job, I would be a dance
instructor.
If she lived by the sea, she would go for
a swim every day.
Eating more fruits and vegetables would
help.
•• We form the second conditional using: If + simple past, would
+ infinitive (without to)
if-clause main clause
If + simple past would + infinitive (without to)
•• We can use if in two positions: if-clause first or main clause
first. When the if-clause is at the beginning of the sentence,
we use a comma to separate it from the main clause.
If I ate less fast food, I would lose weight.
I would lose weight if I ate less fast food.
We use the second conditional to:
•• talk about situations that are imaginary or not probable
If I had my own gym, I would use it every day.
•• give advice (with were)
If I were you, I would exercise more.
•• talk about hypothetical outcomes with no if-clause
Getting more sleep would be good.

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