4 —/ COEFFICIENT OF VIScosITY d ‘Area A Fixed surface 4 o7? () proportional to the area A of the layers in contact. FoA Gi) proportional to the velocity gradient ~ betweenthe two layers av « F dx | v Dimenisio is of n. Clearly, MLT~2.L unit of n is dyne s cm —2 or gcm called poise. idyne _1cm tem?" Yems™ 2 1 poise = = 1 dyne scm~STREAMLINE Flows such that each particle of the liquid passing a given point moves along the sa path and has the same velocity as its wi predecessor Plane velocity Parabolic velocity profile profil LAMINAR FLOW The velocity of the flow of a liquid is less than its critical velocity, the liquid flows steadily. Each layer of the the other layer. It behaves as if di ing over one anothe: slides over lamina are Turbulent flow. When the liquid velocity exceeds a certain limi value, called critical velocity, the liquid flow becomes zig- zag. The path and the velocity of a liquid Particle changes continuously, haphazardly.I" c BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE any States that the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a streamlined irrotational flow remains constant along a streamline. Mathematically, can be expressed as P+ jv? +pgh = constant om, (_) m = Volumex den: = Area of cross-section x length x density or m =a,v,Atp = av, Atp or a,v; = a2V2 Change in K.E. of the fluid =K.E. atB—K.E.atA 1 m(v3 = vf) = pars Atp (v3 ~ vp) Been Change in P.E. of the fluid WAN 2 =P.E.atB—P.E. atA = mg(hz — hy) = a;v; Atp Net work done on = Work done on the fluid at BNet work done on “ = Work done on t the fluid at B -WWork done by Pray x Vz At — Phapy\At [Using (2)] (LA ary at(P, - P,) = Change in K.E. of the fluid + Change in P.E. of the fluid av, At(P, — P2) 1 = parvitp(v3 — vi?) + ayv,At pg(hz — hy) Dividing both sides by a,v, At, we get 1 1 P,—P2 = 5p V3 —5pvi +p gh2 —p gh or P, + Spvi +p gh =P; +2p v3 +p Ghz orP+ Sev? +pgh=constant _...(3) v\ This proves Bernoulli's principle according to which the total energy per unit volume remains constant. Equation (3) can also be written as Po iv? —+-— + h= constant pe 2g‘STOKES' LAW The backward viscous force acting on a small spherical body of radius r moving with uniform velocity v through fluid of viscosity q is given by Fe6nnv Samet (1) Whoré k is dimensionless constant. Tho dimensions of various quantities are (F] = [MLT~*] ,m = [ML T-4] [rl = (Uv) = (LT) Substituting these dimensions in equation (1), we get [MLT~2] = [MLAT}(LPLT 1] ees Equating the powers M,|_ and T on both sides, seek cA ee ant oe ie. C 2 On solving, a Feknrv Condi @ The flui has infini through which the body moves extension. (i) The body is perfectly rigid and smooth. (ii) There is no slip between the body and fluid. (iv) The motion of the body does not give rise to turbulent motion and eddies. Hence motion is streamlined. (v) The size of the body is small but it is larger than the distance between the molecules of the liquid. Thus the medium isTERMINAL VELOCITY The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling through a viscous medium is called its terminal velocity. W=mg= Sn pg Upward thrust equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. U= 3 So g Force of viscosity F acting in the upward direction. According to Stokes' law, F=6mrv Time > 4 ef uU+F=W far og+ 6mrv= smog or 6m rv =!nr©-0)g 2(p-o)g a or