Supreme Court of Pakistan

The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the highest appellate court of the country and
court of last resort. It is the final arbiter of the law and the Constitution. Its
orders/decisions are binding on all other courts in the country. All executive and
judicial authorities are bound to act in aid of the Supreme Court. The Constitution
contains elaborate provisions on the composition, jurisdiction, powers and
functions of the Court. The qualifications for and mode of appointment of judges,
the age of retirement, the grounds and procedure for removal and the terms and
conditions of service of judges are elaborately prescribed.
Established in accordance to the Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan, it has ultimate
and extensive appellate, original, and advisory jurisdictions on all courts (including the high
courts, district, special and Shariat court), involving issues of laws and may act on the
verdicts rendered on the cases in context in which it enjoys jurisdiction. In the court
system of Pakistan, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal and constitutional
disputes as well as final interpreter of constitutional law, and the highest court of appeal
in Pakistan.
In its modern composition, the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of
Pakistan, sixteen justices and two ad hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by
the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister's selection based on their
merited qualifications. Once appointed, justices are expected to completed a designated
term and then retire at 65 years old, unless their term is terminated through resignation
or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in
regards to the misconduct of judge(s). In their discourse judgement, the justices are often
categorized as having the conservative, textual, moderate, and liberal philosophies of law in
their judicial interpretation of law and judgements.:1915[2]:436[3]
The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court
Building at the Constitution Avenue.[4]
Court Bar Association of Pakistan

In 1861, the British government in India enacted the Indian High Courts Act that created

the high courts in all over the Indian subcontinent in various provinces while abolishing the
supreme courts Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lahore, and also the Panchayati system in
autonomous presidencies.:234[5]
Until the enactment of the Government of India Act 1935 in 1935 that created the Federal
Court, these new high courts had the distinctionary powers of being the highest Courts
for all cases.:235–236[5] The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve
disputes between the provinces, presidencies, and the Government of India Act 1935,
often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts. :44–50[6]