WHY PAKISTAN WAS CREATED?

PREPARED BY
FATIMA JAHANZEB
ROLL # 55
SUBMITTED TO:
MA’AM SALMA NAWAZ

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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
TWO NATION THEORY.................................................................................................................................1
HISTORY IS EVIDENT....................................................................................................................................2
1. Religious Differences:......................................................................................................................2
2. Hindu Nationalism:..........................................................................................................................2
3. Culture Differences:.........................................................................................................................3
4. Social Differences:...........................................................................................................................3
5. Economical Differences:..................................................................................................................3
6. Educational Differences:..................................................................................................................3
7. Political Differences:........................................................................................................................3
• Hindi Urdu Controversy...............................................................................................................4
• Congress Attitude........................................................................................................................4
• Partition of Bengal.......................................................................................................................4
EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS OF CREATION OF PAKISTAN...............................................................................4
1. Language.........................................................................................................................................4
2. Anti-Muslim Campaign....................................................................................................................4
3. Unacceptance of British Rule...........................................................................................................4
4. Hindus Betrayed Muslims................................................................................................................5
5. Refusal of Muslim Identity...............................................................................................................5
6. War of Independence......................................................................................................................5
7. Sir Syed's Idea..................................................................................................................................5
NOTABLE EVENTS........................................................................................................................................5
1. War of Independence......................................................................................................................5
2. Arya Samaj.......................................................................................................................................6
3. Shuddhi and Sangathan Movements...............................................................................................6
4. Urdu-Hindi Controversy...................................................................................................................6
5. Aligarh Movement...........................................................................................................................7
6. Simla Deputation.............................................................................................................................7
7. Nehru Report...................................................................................................................................7
8. Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.......................................................................................8
9. Allahabad Address...........................................................................................................................8
10. Lahore Resolution........................................................................................................................9

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 11. Quit India Movement...................................................................................................................9
BIRTH OF PAKISTAN.....................................................................................................................................9
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN................................................................................................10
1. Protection of Muslims of Sub-continent........................................................................................10
2. End of Hindu-Muslim Tension........................................................................................................11
3. Symbol of Security of the Muslims................................................................................................11
4. Character Building.........................................................................................................................11
5. Freedom from Hindu-British Society.............................................................................................11
6. Protection of Muslim Civilization and Culture...............................................................................11
7. Source of Economic Development of Muslims..............................................................................12
8. Establishment of Welfare State.....................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................12

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 WHY WAS PAKISTAN CREATED?
INTRODUCTION
Keeping in view the ideological dimensions, it is clear that every nation state has her own which provides
objectives, vision and justification to the nation formation. No doubt, Pakistan was achieved on the basis
of Two Nation Theory which was the driving slogan during the struggle for Pakistan and to establish a
distinct identity of Muslim as a nation. Islam was used as a motivating force to gather the Muslims to the
cause of Pakistan politically. And the method to achieve the goal was not a religious movement but
political struggle.

The Two-Nation Theory also known as The Ideology of Pakistan was the basis for the Partition of Sub-
continent in 1947. It stated that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations by every definition, and
therefore Muslims should have a self-governing homeland in the Muslim majority areas for the safeguard
of their political, cultural, and social rights. The Two Nation Theory is the reason Pakistan came into
being and acquired independence.

TWO NATION THEORY

The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should have a
separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess their religion freely
and safeguard Islamic traditions.

The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social
dissimilarities between the two major communities; Hindus and Muslims of the sub-continent. These
differences of outlook were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which
was responsible for the partition of sub-continent into two independent states.

Quaid-e-Azam said in his presidential address at Lahore on 23rd March about the demand for separate
homeland for the Muslims as:

“Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions based on totally different beliefs and present the
different ideologies. They have different epics, different heroes and different histories. Therefore, the

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union of the two is fatal for the sub-continent, because it is not based on equality but on numerical
minority and other as a majority. It would be better for the British government to partition the sub-
continent by keeping in view the interests of the two nations. It will be correct decision religiously and
historically.”

Thus, this fundamental concept of Two Nation led to the formation of Pakistan.

HISTORY IS EVIDENT
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and
Muslims are two separate Nations. They, in spite of living together for centuries, could not forget their
individual cultures and civilization.

Al-Beruni recorded this ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book “Kitab-ul-Hind” as:

“The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries. The two societies, Hindus and
Muslims, like two streams have sometimes touched but never merged, each following its separate
course.”

There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the sub-continent into two Nations. Each of them is
examined separately.

1. Religious Differences:
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions. Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and
believes in equality of man before law. Muslims are the believers of Allah, The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
the Holy Book Quran and hold a consistent approach towards life. Hinduism, on the other hand is based
on the concept of multiple Gods. Their societies follow a caste system and are divided into four classes
and have a very narrow approach towards life.

2. Hindu Nationalism:
A number of Hindu nationalist movements, which emerged from time to time in the Indian history, added
fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and antagonism which already existed between the two
communities. The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in
the Indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities. Their writings and ideas
speeded the communal riots between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.

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3. Culture Differences:
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self-build culture. The Hindus burnt their
dead bodies while Muslims buried them. Hindus considered the “Mother cow‟ as a sacred animal and
worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it. Hindus performed “sati” while Muslims abhorred this
tradition. The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.

4. Social Differences:
The two communities of the sub-continent differ in their social life as well. The clothes, the foods, the
household utensils, the layout of homes, the words of salutation, the gestures and everything about them
was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.

5. Economical Differences:
After 1857, the Muslim economy was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to
damage the Muslim condition. They were thrown out of Government services and their estates and
properties were confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with sufficient opportunities to progress
economically.

6. Educational Differences:
Lord Macaulay’s introduces radical and influential educational reforms which led to numerous changes to
the introduction and teaching of Western languages. The Hindus advanced in the educational field
because they quickly and readily took the English education. While Muslims barred their children to be
educated at English universities and receive modern education which proved to be disastrous to Muslim
Communities affecting heavily their economic conditions.

7. Political Differences:
The political differences, as listed below, between the Hindus and Muslims played an important role in
the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.

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• Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867, Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This
created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.

• Congress Attitude
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but
oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.

• Partition of Bengal
In 1905 the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims, but the Hindus
launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.

EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS OF CREATION OF PAKISTAN

The following factors played an important role in paving the way to a new and Islamic democratic State,
Pakistan.

1. Language
The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages. The language of the former was Urdu
and it was written in Arabic Script. On the other hand, the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it
was written in Sanskrit. Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts,
painting and words of music. Even this small difference lead to a moving conflict between the two
nations.

2. Anti-Muslim Campaign
The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith, belief, customs and national importance of
Muslims because Muslims rebellion was creating much problem for both.

3. Unacceptance of British Rule

Muslims had been ruling the sub-continent for ages. Therefore, they could not resist any power over
them. When British came to rule the sub-continent, Muslims were the only nation who opposed them.
Thus, in order to gain power, British had to crush the Muslims collectively.

4. Hindus Betrayed Muslims

In the beginning, Hindus appeared to be on Muslim's side but later on, their hostility was exposed as they
opposed various steps taken by British Government which purely benefited for Muslims.

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5. Refusal of Muslim Identity
British wanted to implement parliamentary system in sub-continent in which the majority was the power
and authority. Due to Hindu majority it was probable that if British left India undivided, it would fall
under the Hindu rule. Furthermore, Hindus did not accept the separate identity of Muslims and thus, there
were no chances of freedom even after the British rule.

6. War of Independence
In 1857, Muslims and Hindus tried to expel the British out of India but failed. Later due to Hindu
conspiracies, Muslims were held sole responsible for the war and hence were crushed further by
Britishers.

7. Sir Syed's Idea

Sir Syed for the first time put down the idea that Muslims were a separate nation. He convinced Muslims
to unite themselves in order to have a separate social and political identity.

NOTABLE EVENTS
Struggle for attainment of Pakistan started very after the War of Independence 1857 because of which the
Muslims were greatly pressed by the Hindus as well as British. Social, political and economical
conditions of the Muslims were totally changed. That is why they demanded for a separate state of their
own. Following is a brief description of the famous addresses, events and movements that led to the
formation of Pakistan:

1. War of Independence
The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857 after which the British government
assumed sovereignty over the lands of the British East India Company. The British thus became masters
of India.

According to Hunter, a prominent historian,

“The Muslims of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger to the British
power in India”.

The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result, property belonging to Muslims
was confiscated and they were denied employment opportunities everywhere in the army, revenue
department, and judiciary. They followed a discriminatory policy against the Muslims, even in filling
minor jobs.

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2. Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj, Sanskrit word for ‘Society of Nobles’ was a vigorous reform movement of modern
Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, whose aim was to re-establish the Vedas, the earliest
Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. He rejected all later deposits to the Vedas as degenerate. This
movement was surely a threat to Islam as a religion and to Muslims as minority in sub-continent.

3. Shuddhi and Sangathan Movements

The word ‘Shuddhi’ is a Sanskrit word and it means cleansing, purifying and freedom from defilement
and purification. Arya Samaj launched Shuddhi movement to bring non-Hindus to Hinduism this process
was called Shuddhi. The concept of Shuddhi played a major roll and a few Arya Samaj leaders
recognized the unifying potential of shuddhi. Their slogan was “India for Indians”. These forced
conversions posed a serious problem for the Muslims.

The Sangathan movement was also launched by the founders of Arya Samaj. meant to create solidarity
among the Hindus in the event of communal conflict. In retaliation, the Muslims sponsored the Tabligh
and Tanzim organizations to counter the impact of the Shuddhi and the Sangathan as both these
movements gave rise to intensive communal riots between Hindus and Muslims.

4. Urdu-Hindi Controversy
During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the north-
western provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in
this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded
the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court
language in the north-western provinces.

The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to
the Arabic script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims. The
opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the region that
Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims.

5. Aligarh Movement
In 1886 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the ‘All India Muhammadan Educational Conference’ in which
he launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was the centre. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title
“Prophet of Education”. Keeping education and social reform common to his program, he launched the
movement with the following objectives:

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• To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the
Muslims.

• To persuade Muslims to learn English education.

• To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation.

• To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community.

6. Simla Deputation
The anti-partition agitation convinced the Muslims of the futility of expecting any fair-play from the
Hindu majority. Therefore, to safeguard their interests, the Muslim leaders drew up a plan for separate
electorates for their community, and presented it to the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla, on October 1, 1906.
This is known as Simla Deputation. The acceptance of the Deputation’s demands proved to be a turning
point in the history of the sub-continent. For the first time, the Hindu-Muslim conflict was raised to the
constitutional plane. The Muslims made it clear that they had no confidence in the Hindu majority. It was
the beginning of the realization of the Two Nation Theory.

7. Nehru Report
A memorandum by Moti Lal Nehru called as the ‘Nehru Report’ which recommended that a Declaration
of Rights should be inserted in the constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion. Out
of 12 recommendations, majority went against the interests of the Muslim community. It was an attempt
to serve Hindu predominance over Muslims. The Nehru Committee’s greatest blow was the rejection of
separate electorates of Muslims.

8. Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

In 1929, Quaid-e-Azam termed the Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but considered simply rejecting
the report as insufficient. He decided to give an alternative Muslim agenda. It was in this meeting that
Quaid-i-Azam presented his famous Fourteen Points.

The council of the All India Muslim League accepted fourteen points of the Quaid. A resolution was
passed according to which no scheme for the future constitution of the Government of India would be
acceptable to the Muslims unless and until it included the demands of the Quaid presented in the fourteen
points.

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9. Allahabad Address
Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most accurate explanation of the inner feelings of Muslim community
in his presidential address to the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. Allama Muhammad
Iqbal was a poet, philosopher and thinker who had gained countrywide fame and recognition till that time.

In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in the life history of
Indian Muslims. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no
possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation.

While addressing the annual meeting at Allahabad in 1930 he gave the idea:

“I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan in the form of one homogenous state.
Whether India gets independence under the crown of England or out of it, I think independent state of
western provinces is the destiny of the people living there.”

The greatest historical significance of Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address was that it cleared all political
confusion from the minds of the Muslims, thus enabling them to determine their new destination.

10. Lahore Resolution

From March 22 to March 24, 1940, the All India Muslim League held its annual session at Minto Park,
Lahore. This session proved to be historical. Fazl-ul-Haq moved the historical resolution which has since
come to be known as Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution.

The Resolution rejected the concept of United India and recommended the creation of an independent
Muslim state consisting of Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan in the northwest, and Bengal and
Assam in the northeast.

Having passed the Pakistan Resolution, the Muslims of India changed their ultimate goal. Instead of
seeking alliance with the Hindu community, they set out on a path whose destination was a separate
homeland for the Muslims of India

11. Quit India Movement

The All India Congress Committee passed its ‘Quit India’ resolution on August 8, 1942. The demand was
to declare India immediately as an independent country. The Muslims became certain that this movement
was directed at forcing the British government to hand over power to the Hindus without even
considering the demands of Muslims.

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Quaid-e-Azam termed the ‘Quit India’ movement as equal to “forcing their demands at the point of
bayonet” and “internecine civil war” as the movement was started without referring to the Muslim League
or any other non-Congress organizations.

BIRTH OF PAKISTAN
The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on July 18, 1947. The Act created two
dominions, Indian Union and Pakistan. It also provided for the complete end of British control over
Indian affairs from August 15, 1947. The Muslims of the sub-continent had finally achieved their goal to
have an independent state for themselves but only after a long struggle under the single-minded guidance
of the Quaid.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed the first Governor General of Pakistan and Liaquat
Ali Khan became its first Prime Minister. Pakistan became a dominion within the British Commonwealth
of Nations. The boundaries of Pakistan emerged on the map of the world in 1947.

This was accomplished on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. This theory held that there were two
nations, Hindus and Muslims living in the territory of the Sub-continent. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the
first exponent of the Two-Nation Theory in the modern era. He believed that India was a continent and
not a country, and that among the vast population of different races and different creeds, Hindus and
Muslims were the two major nations on the basis of nationality, religion, way-of-life, customs, traditions,
culture and historical conditions.

The idea of a separate homeland for the Muslims of Northern India as proposed by Allama Iqbal in his
famous Allahabad Address showed that the creation of two separate states for the Muslims and Hindus
was the only solution.

Thus, these historical, cultural, religious and social differences between the two nations accelerated the
political developments, finally leading to the division of British India into two separate, independent
states, Pakistan and India, on August 14 & 15, 1947, respectively.

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

The ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of Muslims in the historical perspective of the South
Asian sub-continent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic Ideology. Importance of
Ideology of Pakistan is as under:

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1. Protection of Muslims of Sub-continent
Ideology of Pakistan saved the Muslims of sub-continent. It was because of this Ideology that the
Muslims of India, who had become a minority due to the western democracy, became a great nation.

2 End of Hindu-Muslim Tension

After the creation of Pakistan, Hindu-Muslim tension which had been a part of daily life since ages,
ended. Along with that tension, the events of terrorism and communal riots also ended. They both got
peaceful atmosphere which is necessary for the development of any society.

3. Symbol of Security of the Muslims

The Ideology of Pakistan is very important for the Muslims of the sub-continent. After the start of this
theory, the Muslims felt better and secured in the sub-continent. Though they belonged to different areas
and races but this theory united them.

4. Character Building
Two Nation theory proved out to be source of character building for the Muslims as it was based on
Islamic Ideology and exemplary principles of Islam like honesty, tolerance, equality and fraternity.

5. Freedom from Hindu-British Society

After the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir, the decline of the Muslims of the sub-continent started. In the War
of Independence 1857, the British took over the whole of the sub-continent and Muslims became their
subordinate. The Hindus joined hands with the British and tried to crush the Muslims in every way
possible by establishing their own culture, ideas and beliefs, creating a Hindu-British society. The
Ideology of Pakistan freed the Muslims from this Society.

6. Protection of Muslim Civilization and Culture

Right from the reign of Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Hindus through their Arya Samaj, Shuddhi and
Sangathan revivalist movements tried to deprive the Muslims from their identity as a separate nation. The
British after 1857 also tried to demolish the Muslims. The Ideology of Pakistan was the only way to
protect Muslim culture and civilization from such movements.

7. Source of Economic Development of Muslims

Ideology of Pakistan is a source of development for the Muslims because after the creation of Pakistan,
the Muslims got freedom from the British and Hindu landlords. The Muslims had full control on trade,
services and agriculture. Exploitation of the Muslims came to an end and they became strong
economically.

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8. Establishment of Welfare State
On the basis of Ideology, separate state for the Muslims was to be established in which they introduced
democratic values, social system based on Islam and justice and economic prosperity of the people which
led Pakistan towards a welfare state.

CONCLUSION
The assignment work can be concluded that Pakistan emerged on the world map on August 14, 1947
under the hard work of notable and prominent leadership. Quaid-e-Azam, along with other leaders, was a
staunch believer of the Two Nation Theory. The theory asserted that the Hindus and the Muslims of the
sub-continent were two different nations with separate religion. culture. language history and civilization.
They also had different social, economical, educational and political background.

This Two Nation Theory formed the basis of the Ideology of Pakistan and proved to be a great help in the
formation of Pakistan. Along with this theory and the rising conflicts and riots between Hindus and
Muslims, the leaders of the Muslims felt dire need for a separate nation and homeland in which they
could live freely and according to the norms and principles of Islam.

At the end, the assignment work also throws some light on the notable events that occurred during the
period from 1857 to 1947 which also provided reasons for the creation of Pakistan as a free and
independent state.

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